Bu çalışma NIH hibe (R15DA029863) tarafından desteklenmiştir, Florida Atlantic Üniversitesi lisans araştırma bursu (M30014) ve Veterinerlik Araştırma hibe Ross Üniversitesi. Biz bu iş için (±) 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamin (± MDMA) sağlamak için Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığı Ulusal Enstitüsü (Rockville, MD) teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

Aşağıda açıklanan Hayvan kullanım prosedürleri Veteriner Ross Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) ve Florida Atlantic University tarafından onaylanmıştır. Steril teknikler ve eldiven gerekli olmasına rağmen, bu protokolü kullanarak, RNaz içermeyen ortamda gerekli değildir. 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Doku hazırlanması ve kesit <ol><li> Üç gruba rastgele Fareleri atama:;, SAL / öneki ve / 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamin önüne taze / tuz (% 0.9 NaCI SAL) (MDMA, Tablo 1&#39;de ayrıntıları bakınız). </li><li> 2 saat aralığında SAL ve MDMA grupları, intraperitonal, sırası ile 1 ml / kg SAL ve 10 mg / kg MDMA üç doz uygulayın. Hayvanlar 6 gün boyunca tedavi hayatta izin verin. </li><li> 7. günde, 5 mg kombinasyon halinde 100 mg / kg ketamin uygulama / periton içine derin bir anestezi için sıçanlarda (kadar ksilazin kg, yani kornea yanıp sönme ve ta kaybıil) refleksleri çimdik. </li><li> Taze / SAL grubunda, hızlı fareleri başını kesmek ve (referans 5 detaylarını görmek) taze beyin testi için beyin kaldırmak. </li><li> SAL / öneki ve öneki / MDMA grupları için, sternum yaklaşık 10 -12 cm boyunca bir kesim yapmak ve daha sonra sternum sonunu maruz. </li><li> Hemostatla sternum ucunu tutun ve keskin bir makas ile her iki tarafta yanal diyafram kesilmiş ve sonra akciğerlere kaburga ve paralel boyunca yukarı kesti. </li><li> Tek bir el ile, küçük forseps ile kalbin ventral ucunu tutun. Öte yandan ile, 18 G şırınga iğnesiyle sol ventrikül delmek (buz soğukluğunda SAL ve paraformaldehit konteyner ve peristaltik pompa için bir Y-şekilli silikon hortum ile bağlantılı olan iğne bağdaştırıcı yönüne dikkat edin, bakınız, referans 9). </li><li> Akış hızı (~ 5 ml / dk) orta düzeyde SAL pompası açın ve getiri circ kaçmasını sağlamak için forseps ile sağ atrium delinmeulation. 30 dakika boyunca SAL perfüzyon koruyun. </li><li> Orta düzeyde paraformaldehid pompası açın ve buz gibi soğuk% 4 paraformaldehid 30 dakika süreyle hayvan serpmek için izin verir. </li><li> Perfüzyon aleti çıkarın ve hayvan başını kesmek. Kafatası orta hat boyunca kesilmiş bir posteroanterior yapın ve sonra kafatası boşluğu 10 maruz kafatası flap. </li><li> Kafatası boşluğundan bir spatula ile beyin çıkarın ve 25 ml% 4 paraformaldehid içeren 50 ml&#39;lik bir santrifüj tüpüne beyin yerleştirin. 24 saat süreyle 4 ° C buzdolabı da paraformaldehid içeren tüp içinde beyin tutun. </li><li> 3 gün boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de% 30 sukroz çözeltisi 25 ml içeren 50 ml&#39;lik bir santrifüj tüpü içine beyin taşıyın. Son olarak, kullanıcı kadar -80 ° C&#39;de plastik torbalar içinde beyin saklayın. </li><li> Gömme medya ile bir aynanın üzerinde beyin takın ve -26 ºC sıcaklıkta bir kriyostat beyin içeren gömme medya dondurma. Taze dondu Cutn 20 mikron bölüme beyin ve 10 mikron bölüme beyin paraformaldehid-öneki. Bölümüne slayt dokunarak RT mikroskop lamı bölümü aktarın. </li><li> Hava, kuru 4 saat oda sıcaklığında karıştırıldı. Kullanım kadar -80 ° C&#39;de sıkı kapatılmış torbaya bölümü slaytlar saklayın. </li></ol></li><li> Dehidrasyon <ol><li> -80 ° C derin dondurucuda slaytları alın ve üç testleri içine bölümleri atayın: HT2A, ppiB (pozitif kontrol) ya da dapB (negatif kontrol); işareti ve bir tükenmez kalem ile etiket bölümleri (kalem kullanmayın). 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında% 100 alkol slaytlar daldırın. Davlumbaz 5 dakika boyunca slaytlar kurulayın. </li></ol></li><li> Tedavi öncesi <ol><li> Pipet slaytlar bölümlerine Tedavi öncesi-1 reaktif 20 ul (alkalin fosfataz inaktivasyonu). Bir nem tepsisine bir raf ray üzerinde slaytlar yerleştirin (tepsi reaksiyon solutio buharlaşma önlemek için yüksek nem korumak için bir kapak ile örtülü olduğuna dikkatn). </li><li> Yavaşça 10 dakika için düşük hızda yatay çalkalayıcı üzerinde nem tepsisini sallayın. 2 dakika boyunca iki kez damıtılmış su (GKD 2 O) ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. (Paraformaldehid sabitleme ile indüklenen çapraz-bağların kırılması) ön tedavi-2 reaktifin 150 ml içeren 200 ml&#39;lik bir cam slayt daldırın. 100 ° C (RNA yapısı 11 ısı ile indüklenen restorasyonu) 5 dakika toplam slaytlar kaynatılır. </li><li> 2 dakika boyunca GKD 2 O ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. 5 dakika boyunca% 100 alkol slaytlar yerleştirin. Bir çeker ocak içinde 5 dakika için slaytlar kurutun. Doku bölümünde seçilen alanın etrafında bir daire çizmek için bir hidrofobik kalem kullanın (örneğin, Şekil 2&#39;de belirtildiği gibi talamus ve hipotalamus dahil olmayan kortikal yapılar). </li><li> Pipet Ön İşlem-3 reaktifi Seçilen her alana (prob penetrasyon artış) 10 ul ve kapaklı nem tepsisini kapatın. Hibridizasyon fırında tepsi yerleştirinYatay çalkalayıcı ile donatılmış ve 40 ºC de fırın sıcaklığını ayarlamak; yavaşça 30 dakika süreyle tepsiyi sallayın. 2 dakika boyunca GKD 2 O ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hibridizasyon ve amplifikasyon <ol><li> Pipet seçilmiş alanlarda sırasıyla htr2a ppiB ve dapB prob reaktifler 10 ul,. Reaktifin buharlaşmasını önlemek için kapaklı nem tepsisini örtün. Yavaşça düşük hızda ayarlanmış yatay çalkalayıcı üzerinde sallayın. 2 saat boyunca fırında 40 ºC &#39;de slaytlar inkübe edin. </li><li> 2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. Pipet seçilen her alanda Amplifikasyon-1 reaktif 10 ul, sallamak ve 30 dakika boyunca 40 ºC de slaytlar kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. </li><li> 2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. Pipet seçilen her alanda Amplifikasyon-2 reaktif 10 ul, sallamak ve 15 dakika boyunca 40 ºC de slaytlar kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. </li><li> İki kez w slaytlar yıkayın2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu i. Pipet seçilen her alanda Amplifikasyon-3 reaktif 10 ul, sallamak ve 30 dakika boyunca 40 ºC de slaytlar kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. </li><li> 2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. Pipet seçilen her alanda Amplifikasyon-4 reaktif 10 ul, sallamak ve 15 dakika boyunca 40 ºC de slaytlar kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. </li><li> 2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. Pipet seçilen her alanda amplifikasyonu-5 reaktifi 10 ul sarsıntı ve 30 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe slaytlar. </li><li> 2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. Pipet seçilen her alanda amplifikasyonu-6 reaktifi 10 ul sarsıntı ve 15 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe slaytlar. 2 dakika için bir yıkama tamponu ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. </li></ol> 3. Sinyal Algılama <ol><li> Seçilen her alana Kırmızı reaktif Pipet 10 ul (reaktif kırmızı-B ve Kızıl-A karışımı bir 1:60 oranında ve i kullanılması gerektiğini unutmayınmmediately). RT&#39;de yatay çalkalayıcı üzerinde nem tepsisine slayt yerleştirin ve 10 dakika boyunca düşük bir hızda yavaşça sallayın. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca (GKD 2 O) ile iki kez slaytlar yıkayın. 15 dakika fırında 60 ºC &#39;de slaytlar kurulayın. 5 dakika boyunca davlumbaz altında ksilen slaytlar yerleştirin. Pipet 20 Seçilen her alanda ksilen bazlı montaj medya ul ve bir lamel ile kaplayın. </li></ol> 4. Görüntü Yakalama <ol><li> 4 × ve 20 × objektif lens büyütme ile seçilmiş alanlarda (örneğin, hipotalamus, 1 ve 3 Şekiller) dijital Mikro fotoğraflar çekin. Görüntü dosyasını kaydedin. </li></ol> 5. Görüntü Parçacık Analizi <ol><li> Sürükle ve ana ImageJ penceresinin içine görüntü dosya açılır. Menü çubuğuna gidin ve &#39;Resmi&#39; seçeneğini, yanındaki açılır menüden &#39;Tip&#39; seçin ve &#39;8-bit&#39; seçeneğini seçin. </li><li> Seçin &#39;Thr seçin&#39; ayarlama &#39;eshold &#39;iletişim kutusunu açmak için. Istenmeyen arka plan çıkarılır, böylece iletişim kutusunda alt bar değerini ayarlayın. Daha sonra ikinci bir iletişim kutusunu açmak için &#39;Parçacıklar Analiz&#39; seçeneğini menü çubuğuna gidin ve &#39;Analiz&#39; seçeneğini seçin. </li><li> 10&#39;da partikül boyutunu ayarlama, yanındaki &#39;Show özetliyor&#39; seçin ve &#39;sonuçlarını görüntüle &quot;ve&quot; özetlemek&#39; kutularını seçin. Son olarak, iletişim kutularındaki parçacık verileri görüntülemek için &#39;Tamam&#39; ı tıklatın. </li></ol> 6. Çizelge Hesaplama <ol><li> Excel sayfası içine verileri girin ve bir başlangıç ​​olarak SAL grubundaki parçacıkların sayıları ortalama. Her bölümün yüzde düzeyini hesaplamak ve bir grafik buna göre (Şekil 4) yapmak. </li></ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını var olduğunu beyan ederiz.

One of the major concerns of in situ hybridization test is to choose appropriate techniques used for RNA preservation because of RNase enzymes. It is well known that these enzymes are widely present in the cells and environment which can affect the results. However, enzyme activity can be quickly distinguished by placing the tissue in the dry ice/alcohol solution5,12. Although quick preservation is critical for hybridization using a riboprobe13, little is known about experimental conditions...

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome is an acute neurologic disorder caused by 5-HT-promoting drugs such as antidepressants1, while also occurring in situations of MDMA use for recreational purposes2. Molecular mechanisms responsible for mood swings, learning and memory deficits that occur in association with the acute syndrome are not well understood3,4. In situ hybridization is a powerful research tool allowing the detection and quantification of specific mRNAs expressed potentially at a single-cell level. The conventional way to perform in situ hybridization is to utilize a radioactive-labeled riboprobe that specifically hybridizes the gene of interest. However, a major drawback is that the method requires complicated and time-consuming probe preparation and hybridization steps, as well as access to fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment5,6. 
Oligonucleotide probes have been recently developed to hybridize shorter RNA fragments than those required for riboprobes7. Furthermore, the probes produce a low background signal without sacrificing specificity8. This newly-developed probe technology can be used in situ hybridization on paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain tissues commonly available in immunocytochemical laboratories.
Here, we describe a protocol for in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes on paraformaldehyde-prefixed rat brain and compare findings with those noted in a fresh frozen brain5,6. This protocol is used to test the hypothesis that MDMA substance abuse causes changes in 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a mRNA in the brain. We began the procedure with MDMA treatment followed by paraformaldehyde tissue perfusion of the animal, in situ hybridization of the thr2a probe, and data analysis. Note that dapB (the bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase) is used as a negative control, and ppiB (housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B) as a positive control.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RNAscope Negative Control Probe-DapB</td><td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td><td>310098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAscope Pretreat 4</td><td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td><td>320046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAscope 2.0 HD Reagent Kit - Red</td><td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td><td>310036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAscope Probe - Rn-Ppib</td><td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td><td>313921</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat Htr2a</td><td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td><td>300031</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Leica</td><td>CM 1850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Horizontal shaker</td><td>VWR</td><td>88032-088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization oven</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>222000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost Plus microscope slide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-550-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrophobic pen</td><td>Vector</td><td>H-4000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>Provis AX70</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes on paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain of rats with serotonin syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Oligonükleotid RNA sondaları (&lt;25 nt) kullanılarak, hibridizasyon paraformaldehit önekli ve taze dondurulmuş beyinlerinden hazırlanan hipotalamik hücrelerde kırmızı noktalar halinde tespit edilebilir. Htr2a mRNA molekülleri (bir katı oklar ile gösterilmektedir), bazı hücrelerde mevcut olan, ancak diğerleri (açık oklar) görülmektedir. Biz paraformaldehıt-öneki ve taze donmuş dokular (Şekil 1) arasında hiçbir fark olmadığını gözlemledik. Başarılı bir melezleş...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome at JoVE.com

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

Çabuk<em&gt; In Situ</emSerotonin Sendromu ile Ratlarda Paraformaldehyde-öneki Beyin oligonükleotid Problar kullanarak&gt; Melezleme

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

8.8K Görüntüleme.  Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine. This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

Video: Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh frozen brain sections. Our group has successfully used this approach to study gene co-regulation. More specifically, we have used this dFISH method to explore the anatomical organization, neurochemical properties, and the impact of sensory experience in central sensory circuits, at single cell resolution. This protocol has been validated in brain tissue from mice, rats and songbirds but is expected to be easily adaptable to other vertebrate species, as well as to an array of non-neural tissues. In this film we provide a detailed demonstration of the main steps of this procedure.

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.

Çift Floresans In situ Taze Beyin Bölüm Hibridizasyon

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh ...

Nörobilim

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

TSSB, Nöral Hematolojik ve Davranış Bağlantılı Revealing için Hayvan Modelinde Biyobelirteçler

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

Tıp

DetectSyn: A Rapid, Unbiased Fluorescent Method to Detect Changes in Synapse Density

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is characteristic of disease states like major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional techniques to investigate synapse numbers include genetic expression of fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP)), dyes that fill a neuron (e.g., carbocyanine dye, DiI), and immunofluorescent detection of spine markers (e.g., postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95)). A major caveat to these proxy techniques is that they only identify postsynaptic changes. Yet, a synapse is a connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic spine. The gold standard for measuring synapse formation/elimination requires time-consuming electron microscopy or array tomography techniques. These techniques require specialized training and costly equipment. Further, only a limited number of neurons can be assessed and are used to represent changes to an entire brain region. DetectSyn is a rapid fluorescent technique that identifies changes to synapse formation or elimination due to a disease state or drug activity. DetectSyn utilizes a rapid proximity ligation assay to detect juxtaposed pre- and postsynaptic proteins and standard fluorescent microscopy, a technique readily available to most laboratories. Fluorescent detection of the resulting puncta allows for quick and unbiased analysis of experiments. DetectSyn provides more representative results than electron microscopy because larger areas can be analyzed than a limited number of fluorescent neurons. Moreover, DetectSyn works for in vitro cultured neurons and fixed tissue slices. Finally, a method is provided to analyze the data collected from this technique. Overall, DetectSyn offers a procedure for detecting relative changes in synapse density across treatments or disease states and is more accessible than traditional techniques.

DetectSyn is an unbiased, rapid fluorescent assay that measures changes in relative synapse (pre- and postsynaptic engagement) number across treatments or disease states. This technique utilizes a proximity ligation technique that can be used both in cultured neurons and fixed tissue.

DetectSyn: Sinaps Yoğunluğundaki Değişiklikleri Tespit Etmek için Hızlı, Tarafsız Bir Floresan Yöntemi

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is ...

Biyokimya

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for maintenance, repair or neurodegeneration in postdevelopmental periods. High throughput analyses have recently revealed that axons have a more dynamic and complex transcriptome than previously expected. These analysis, however have been mostly done in cultured neurons where axons can be isolated from the somato-dendritic compartments. It is virtually impossible to achieve such isolation in whole tissues in vivo. Thus, in order to verify the recruitment of mRNAs and their functional relevance in a whole animal, transcriptome analyses should ideally be combined with techniques that allow the visualization of mRNAs in situ. Recently, novel ISH technologies that detect RNAs at a single-molecule level have been developed. This is especially important when analyzing the subcellular localization of mRNA, since localized RNAs are typically found at low levels. Here we describe two protocols for the detection of axonally-localized mRNAs using a novel ultrasensitive RNA ISH technology. We have combined RNAscope ISH with axonal counterstain using fluorescence immunohistochemistry or histological dyes to verify the recruitment of Atf4 mRNA to axons in vivo in the mature mouse and human brains.

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

Yüksek Çözünürlük kullanma Beyin bölümlerde Axonally Lokalize mRNA&#39;larının Algılama<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Melezleme

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

Çift Floresan birleştiren<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Fare Beyin Bölüm Üç Genlerin İfade tespiti için immünoişaretleme ile Hibridizasyon

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

Dopamin D1-Alfa reseptör kemirgen Nucleus Accumbens bir yenilikçi RNA Situ içinde hafiye teknoloji tarafından içinde tanımlaması

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

Kemirgen beyninde protein Ifadesini ölçmek için yakın kızılötesi floresan ve yüksek çözünürlüklü tarama kullanma

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within cells. Neurochemical phenotyping of functionally identified neurons usually requires concurrent labelling with multiple antibodies (targeting protein) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and optimization of in situ hybridization (targeting RNA), in tandem. A &#34;neurochemical signature&#34; to characterize particular neurons may be achieved however complicating factors include the need to verify FISH and IHC targets before combining the methods, and the limited number of RNAs and proteins that may be targeted simultaneously within the same tissue section.
Here we describe a protocol, using both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain preparations, which detects multiple mRNAs and proteins in the same brain section using RNAscope FISH followed by fluorescence immunostaining, respectively. We use the combined method to describe the expression pattern of low abundance mRNAs (e.g., galanin receptor 1) and high abundance mRNAs (e.g., glycine transporter 2), in immunohistochemically identified brainstem nuclei.
Key considerations for protein labelling downstream of the FISH assay extend beyond tissue preparation and optimization of FISH probe labelling. For example, we found that antibody binding and labelling specificity can be detrimentally affected by the protease step within the FISH probe assay. Proteases catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds, facilitating FISH probe entry into cells, however they may also digest the protein targeted by the subsequent IHC assay, producing off target binding. The subcellular location of the targeted protein is another factor contributing to IHC success following FISH probe assay. We observed IHC specificity to be retained when the targeted protein is membrane bound, whereas IHC targeting cytoplasmic protein required extensive troubleshooting. Finally, we found handling of slide-mounted fixed frozen tissue more challenging than fresh frozen tissue, however IHC quality was overall better with fixed frozen tissue, when combined with RNAscope.

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

This protocol describes a method for combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain sections, with the goal of achieving multilabel FISH and fluorescence IHC signal. IHC targeted cytoplasmic and membrane attached proteins.

Multipleks Floresan In Situ Hibridizasyonun Floresan İmmünohistokimya ile Taze Dondurulmuş veya Sabit Fare Beyin Kesitlerinde Birleştirilmesi

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within ...

In Situ Hybridization Using Oligonucleotide Probes to Study RNA Expression in Rat Brain Sections

Source: Shokry, I. M., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/53165">Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2015).
This video demonstrates the detection of serotonin receptor RNA synthesis using oligonucleotide probes in rat brain tissue affected by serotonin syndrome. The protocol includes tissue pretreatment, probe hybridization, and enzymatic detection to visualize and quantify serotonin receptor RNA expression under a microscope.

Source: Shokry, I. M., et al. Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuropathology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

 Performing Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Detect Gene Expression in Mouse Brain Sections

<a href='https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/53976/combining-double-fluorescence-situ-hybridization-with-immunolabelling'>Source: Jolly, S., et.al. Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).</a>This video demonstrates the use of double fluorescence in situ hybridization to visualize the expression of two RNA targets in mouse brain sections. The protocol involves sequential detection of RNA using probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and digoxigenin, followed by enzymatic signal amplification to enhance sensitivity. The resulting fluorescence enables co-localization analysis of the target RNAs within the tissue.

Source: Jolly, S., et.al. Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse ...

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