Yazarlar mRNA çıkarma ve PCR ile yardım için Dr. Paul Witting ve Bayan Genevieve Fong kabul etmek isteyen, ve destek için Garnett Passe ve Rodney Williams Memorial Vakfı.

Etik Beyanı: Aşağıda belirtilen tüm işlemler Sydney Hayvan Etik Kurulu Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Hayvanlar NOT: 1 ve 8 - 9 aylık fareler (C57 / BL6) Hayvan Kaynakları Merkezi (Perth, Avustralya) elde edilmiştir. Fareler Sydney Üniversitesi&#39;nde Bosch Kemirgen Tesisinde yerleştirildiler. <ol><li> Gıda ve su ad libitum erişimi olan bir 12/12 saat ışık / karanlık döngüsünde standart fare kafesleri Ev fareleri. </li><li> Yakın kızılötesi her bir yaş grubunda Böl fareler (NUR) tedavi, ya da sahte karşılaştırma için (kontrol) gruplar muamele. </li></ol> 2. yakın kızılötesi (NIR) Işınlama ve Sham Tedavisi <ol><li> Tedavi rejiminin tamamlanmasından önce saç hızlı yeniden büyümesini önlemeye mümkün olduğunca yakından bir elektrikli ustura ile fare baş ve boyun bölgesinde kürk Tıraş. Farelerin patojensiz durumunu muhafaza etmek için,% 70 etanol kullanımıtıraş hayvanlar ve ayrı kafeslere gelen hayvanlar arasındaki F10 veteriner dezenfektan arasındaki aletleri temizlemek için. Hayvanlar üzerinde saplı değildir bu yüzden tedaviye başlamadan 3 gün önce - bu 2 yapın. </li><li> Kuyruk proksimal ucunu tutarak fare dizginlemek ve yanlış sonuçlara yol açabilir stresi en aza indirecek şekilde o bir el ya da tezgah üstünde avuç içinde dinlenmek için izin verir. </li><li> LED Nir (670 nm) (ışık yayan diyot) 1 Cihazı tutun - 2 cm uzakta maruz (traş) alan ve 90 saniye (Şekil 1A) için cihazı açın. NOT: 90 saniye maruz kalmanın bir sonucu olarak sıcaklık değişimi, 100 ml su içinde 0.2 ° C &lt;olarak ölçülmüştür. </li><li> Hayvanların sahte tedavi grubu için 2.3 ancak aygıt kapalı (Şekil 1B) bırakın - Tekrar 2.2 adımları. </li><li> Hayvanların Nir-bloke tedavi grubu için 2.3 ama alüminyum folyo ile cihazı kapak - yineleyin 2.2 adımları. </li><li> Approximat günlük 2.5 - 2.2 tekrarlayın adımlarıbirbirini takip eden 5 gün süre ile 24 saat aralıklarla, e. </li><li> Beşinci gün tedavi sonrası her iki kulaklarından vestibüler duyu epitel (3 krista ve 1 utricular makülayı) Extract (aşağıdaki Bölüm 3&#39;e bakın). </li></ol> 3. Doku Ekstraksiyon 20 <ol><li> 26 NaHCO 3, 11 glukoz, 250 gliserol, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 NaH 2 PO 4, 1.2 MgCl2, ve 2.5 CaCl2 (mM olarak) oluşan, bir gliserol bazlı yapay serebrospinal akışkan (ACSF) 300 ml hazırlayın. CaCI2 ilave edilmeden önce, 7.4 bir pH değeri ve kalsiyum çökelmesi (bulanıklık) önlemek için karbojen (% 95 O2 ve% 5 CO2) ile çözelti gaz. Bir buz bulamaç oluşturulur, böylece, 45 dakika için -80 ° C dondurucu içinde bir çözüm soğutun. </li><li> Etiketli vida üst mikrotüplerde RNA izolasyonu lizis tamponu hazırlayın (kapak haşhaş durduğunda donma ve sıvı azot içinde çözülme arasındaki boru basınç değişiklikleri) göreüretici veya olağan laboratuar uygulamalarının talimatlarına. Bir alüminyum Dewar şişede sıvı azot hazır bulundurun. NOT: Sıvı azot kullanırken koruyucu kıyafet ve Eyeware kullanın. Doğal gaz formunda hacmi yaklaşık olarak sıvı halde 700 katıdır ve boğulmaya neden olabilir gibi sıvı nitrojen iyi havalandırılmış bir odada kullanılan emin olun. </li><li> Derin bir intra-peritonal enjeksiyon yoluyla ketamin (400 mg / kg) ile fareler uyuşturan. Arka-bacak refleks tamamen fareler tamamen anestezi olduğu göstergesi olarak düşmesi. </li><li> Keskin paslanmaz çelik makas ile fareler başını kesmek ve bir jilet kullanarak kafatasının sagital cilt boyunca bir kesi yapmak (# 22 yuvarlanmış). Bu noktada ve genelinde 3.5 adımları - 3.9, doku üzerinde buz soğuk ACSF düzenli uygulanması ile mümkün olduğunca serin kafatası tonoz, beyin, ve altta yatan vestibüler aparat tutun. </li><li> Bir hızlı s yapmak standart desen makas sivri kolunu kullanmal lambda kafatası insizyon ve sagital sütür boyunca kesilir. </li><li> Yavaşça beyin sürükleyerek olmadan kemik alt yüzeyine mümkün olduğunca yakın bıçak tutarak parietal kemikte altında sığ rongeurs bir kolunu kaydırın. Güvenli ve beyin maruz kadar posteriora yanal parietal kemik ve oksipital kemik uzak çekin. </li><li> Bir küçük paslanmaz çelik spatula kullanın ve vestibülokohlear sinir (CN VIII) maruz uzakta anterior ve orta kranial fossa beyni kaldırın. Doğrudan vestibüler saç hücrelerini innerve primer afferent aksonlar gereksiz gerilimi önlemek için sinir transect. </li><li> CN VIII kesisi sonrasında toto beyin çıkarın. </li><li> Koklea ve orta kranial fossada periferik vestibüler organları içeren kemik labirent gözlemleyin. Her kemik labirent yanında iki küçük kesiler yapmak ve ön semisirküler kanal tutan ve daha sonra çekerek tüm yapıyı tüketimmüttefik. </li><li> Hemen sürekli karbojen ile perfüze ise (aşama 3.1&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi), buz soğukluğunda ACSF çözeltisini ihtiva eden bir kesme çanak kesilerek çıkarılmış labirentler bırakın. </li><li> Steromikroskopla, koklea ile labirenti basılı tutun ve forseps ile çanak altına sabitleyin. <ol><li> Ön semisirküler kanal (SSC) ampulla üstünde kemik küçük bir açıklık kazımak için düz ince forseps kullanın. </li><li> Yavaşça hemen kemik altına ulaşan ve dışa uzak ampulla gelen iterek bu açılış büyütmek. Ağzına forseps itin ve aşağıda kırılgan membranöz labirent zarar değil burada dikkatli. Kesecik, ön ve yan ampülleri tüm maruz kadar bu şekilde devam ediniz. Mümkünse de arka ampulla çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Ince forseps kullanarak, hafifçe kaldırın ve kırbacık tamamen müstakil kadar kemik labirent uzak ampülleri. Mümkünse, onları tutmakilişkili semisirküler kanallar tarafından duyusal epitel zarar vermemek için. Bazı durumlarda, yarım daire membranöz kanalın proksimal kısmı kemikten ampülleri serbest bırakmak için iris makas ile kesilebilir gerekebilir. </li><li> Güvenli adımda 3.2 önceki hazırlanan lizis tamponu içine forseps ucu ile yer arasındaki vestibüler organları kavramak. Yavaşça vestibüler organları forseps kopuk emin olmak için tampon etrafında forseps girdap. Bu stereomicroscope altında forseps getirerek durumda kontrol edin. <ol><li> Mikrotübül kapağındaki vida ve hemen sıvı nitrojen içinde örnek dondurma. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. RNA Ekstraksiyonu ve RT-PCR <ol><li> Üreticinin talimatlarına veya tercih edilen laboratuvar protokollerine göre mesajcı RNA (mRNA) ekstre standart yöntemleri takip edin. NOT: mRNA küçük verim yalıtmak için taşıyıcı RNA&#39;lar kullanılan bir ticari kit bu kullanıldıprotokol. Alt elüsyon hacimleri mRNA nihai konsantrasyonlarını arttırmak için kullanılabilir. NOT: Negatif &quot;hayır enzim&quot; denetimleri (UEM) ve &quot;hayır DNA şablonu&quot; denetimleri (NTSC) da gözlenen etkilerin geçerliliğini sağlamak için tamamlanması gereken. </li><li> Hedef genlerin 21-23 tamamlayıcı DNA (cDNA) ve büyütme için mRNA&#39;nın ters transkripsiyon standart yöntemler uygulanır. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını var beyan.

Burada açıklanan temsili sonuçlar NIR ışık kısa transkraniyal dağıtım (5 gün boyunca 90 sn / gün) plasebo ile tedavi edilen fareler ile karşılaştırıldığında, daha yaşlı farelerin antioksidan ifade seviyelerini yükseltmek için yeterli olduğunu göstermektedir. Nir yaydığı ısı bizim ölçüm cihazı &lt;0,2 ° C 90 sn bitmişti LED ve gibi neden düşüktür - yayılan ısı mitokondriyal ve / veya nöronal aktivasyon kaynağı temsil edebilir ederken, sıçan vestibüler için bildirilen <su...

Denge performansını Azalan ve sonraki düşüşler yaygındır ve doğal yaşlanma 1 maalesef sıklıkla tanımlayan özellikler. Bu düşüşün etkisi fiziksel hem de sosyal olmak, ve önemli ölçüde yaşlı insanlar için yaşam kalitesini düşürür yapabilirsiniz. Buna karşılık, fizik tedaviler ve rehabilitasyon düşme içine araştırma odağı olmuştur ama tekrarlanan düşme yaygınlığı tutarlı azalma ile ilişkili değil. Aynı zamanda, iş periferik veya santral vestibüler sistemi (dengesini korumak için sorumlu sistem) kıt olduğu ve bu sistemleri hedefleyen potansiyel tedavi stratejileri değişiklik ve sınırlı dengesizliğin altında yatan nedenleri araştırmak. Yaşla ilgili maküler dejenerasyon, 2-4, Alzheimer hastalığı modelleri 5-8, ve Parkinson hastalığı dahil olmak üzere, 9-12 yaş ile ilişkili nörodejeneratif hastalıkların üzerine yapılan son çalışmalar si nöro-koruyucu etkiler göstermiştiryakın kızılötesi (NIR) ışık mple non-invaziv bir uygulama. Bundan başka, denge sisteminin, NIR in vitro 13 vestibüler birincil aferent nöronların etkinliğini geliştirmek için kullanılmıştır. Nir ışık mekanizması iyi anlaşılamamakla birlikte, Nir kullanarak çalışmaların çoğu Nir hücresel metabolizmayı kolaylaştırmak için mitokondri karmaşık IV (sitokrom-c oksidaz) 14-17 uyardığını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Vestibüler duyu epitel tip I saç hücrelerinin subkutiküler plaka mitokondri 18 yoğun olduğu ve gibi terapötik Nir tedavisi için bir eylem siteyi temsil edebilir. Burada, transcranially kısa bir invazif olmayan bir tedavi rejimi hücresel metabolizmayı ölçmek için kullanılabilir (ve dolaylı mitokondriyal fonksiyonu olarak), fare vestibüler duyusal epitel anlatılan NIR uygulanır. Ayrıca ele alınan vestibüler duyusal epitel bir preparattır ve NIR bir ubiquito ekspresyonunu arttırdığı gösterilmiştirBize Anti-oksidanın, duyusal epitel (süperoksit dismutaz 1) - daha önce koklea saç hücre hayatta kalma 19 için önemli olduğu gösterilmiştir.

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near infrared (nir) light increases expression of a marker of mitochondrial function in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium

Artan yaş ile denge fonksiyonu düşüş zayıflatmaya yönelik stratejiler denge görevleri ve egzersiz gibi fiziksel tedaviler ağırlıklı odaklanmış bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bu yaklaşım denge düşüş yatan nedenleri ele yoktur. Fareler kullanarak, vestibüler duyu epitel hücrelerin metabolizması üzerine yakın kızılötesi ışığın etkisi (NUR) değerlendirildi. Toplanan veriler bu basit ve güvenli bir müdahale doğal yaşlanma zararlı etkilerinden bu hassas hücreleri koruyan olabileceğini göstermektedir. mRNA izole vestibüler duyusal epiteli (krista ampullaris ve utricular makula) elde edilir ve daha sonra, bir cDNA kitaplığında transkribe edilmiştir. Bu kütüphane, daha sonra her yerde antioksidan (SOD-1) ifadesi için problanmıştır. Antioksidan gen ifadesi hücre metabolizmasını ölçmek için kullanıldı. Genç Nir ve transkranial teslim (4 hafta) ve üzeri kullanma - 5 d (8 9 ay) fareler ve kısa bir tedavi rejimi (90 sn / günays), bu çalışma vestibüler duyusal epitel mitokondriyal fonksiyonu geliştirmek için yeterli olabilir ve yalnız NIR göstermektedir. Vestibüler saç hücre fonksiyonunu artırmak için tedavinin hiçbir mevcut, uygun fiyatlı, non-invaziv yöntemler şu anda olduğundan, dış NIR radyasyon uygulaması vestibüler duyu epiteli inthe hücresel metabolizma üzerinde yaşlanma etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak için potansiyel bir strateji sağlar.

Genç NIR tedavi etkisini (4 hafta) ve daha büyük karşılaştırılması - fareler (8 9 ay) (n = 20) (n = 16), genç antioksidan süperoksit dismutaz 1 (SOD-1) ifadesini ölçülür ve eski plasebo ile tedavi edilmiş, NIR-muamele ya da NIR-bloke fareler. Şekil 2, genç plasebo ile tedavi edilen hayvanlara kıyasla NIR tedavi genç hayvanlarda en fazla 2 misli β-aktin normalize SOD-1 ekspresyonunda önemli bir artış olduğunu göstermektedir (p &lt;0.01) ve genç Nir-bloke hayvanlar (p &lt;0.01)....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium at JoVE.com

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Mitokondriyal disfonksiyon hücresel yaşlanma bir özelliğidir. Bu kağıt yaşlanma fare vestibüler duyu epitel mitokondriyal fonksiyon geliştirmek için non-invaziv yakın kızılötesi (NIR) tedavi kullanır.

Yakın Kızılötesi (NIR) Işık Fare Vestibüler Duyu Epitelinin Mitokondriyal Fonksiyonun bir Marker Anlatım artırır

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and ...

near-infrared-nir-light-increases-expression-marker-mitochondrial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

9.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Sydney.  Mitokondriyal disfonksiyon hücresel yaşlanma bir özelliğidir. Bu kağıt yaşlanma fare vestibüler duyu epitel mitokondriyal fonksiyon geliştirmek için non-invaziv yakın kızılötesi (NIR) tedavi kullanır. 

Video: Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured neurons for extended durations1-3. This is now possible through the use of vital dyes and fluorescent proteins with which cytoskeletal components, organelles, and other structures in living cells can be labeled and then visualized via dynamic fluorescence microscopy. For example, in embryonic chicken sympathetic neurons, mitochondrial movement was characterized using the vital dye rhodamine 1234. In another study, mitochondria were visualized in rat forebrain neurons by transfection of mitochondrially targeted eYFP5. However, imaging of primary neurons over minutes, hours, or even days presents a number of issues. Foremost among these are: 1) maintenance of culture conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pH during long imaging sessions; 2) a strong, stable fluorescent signal to assure both the quality of acquired images and accurate measurement of signal intensity during image analysis; and 3) limiting exposure times during image acquisition to minimize photobleaching and avoid phototoxicity.
Here, we describe a protocol that permits the observation, visualization, and analysis of mitochondrial movement in cultured hippocampal neurons with high temporal resolution and under optimal life support conditions. We have constructed an affordable stage-top incubator that provides good temperature regulation and atmospheric gas flow, and also limits the degree of media evaporation, assuring stable pH and osmolarity. This incubator is connected, via inlet and outlet hoses, to a standard tissue culture incubator, which provides constant humidity levels and an atmosphere of 5-10% CO2/air. This design offers a cost-effective alternative to significantly more expensive microscope incubators that don't necessarily assure the viability of cells over many hours or even days. To visualize mitochondria, we infect cells with a lentivirus encoding a red fluorescent protein that is targeted to the mitochondrion. This assures a strong and persistent signal, which, in conjunction with the use of a stable xenon light source, allows us to limit exposure times during image acquisition and all but precludes photobleaching and phototoxicity. Two injection ports on the top of the stage-top incubator allow the acute administration of neurotransmitters and other reagents intended to modulate mitochondrial movement. In sum, lentivirus-mediated expression of an organelle-targeted red fluorescent protein and the combination of our stage-top incubator, a conventional inverted fluorescence microscope, CCD camera, and xenon light source allow us to acquire time-lapse images of mitochondrial transport in living neurons over longer durations than those possible in studies deploying conventional vital dyes and off-the-shelf life support systems.

We describe a protocol that allows imaging of mitochondria in living neurons via fluorescence microscopy over long durations. Imaging over extended periods is accomplished through lentivirus-mediated expression of a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein and use of an inexpensive stage-top incubator that was designed and built in our laboratory.

Nöromodülasyon ve Mitokondrial Ulaştırma: Uzun Süreleri içinde Hipokampal Nöronlar Canlı Görüntüleme

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured ...

Nörobilim

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

Elektrofizyoloji ve yüksek çözünürlüklü İki foton Mikroskopi için Fare Vestibüler Duyu epiteli bir İzole Yarı sağlam Hazırlık

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and postsynaptic projections to the visual cortex. Based on its distinct anatomical structure and convenient accessibility, it has become the favored structure for studies on neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advancements in MR imaging have enabled the in vivo visualization of the retino-tectal part of this projection using manganese mediated contrast enhancement (MEMRI). Here, we present a MEMRI protocol for illustration of the visual projection in mice, by which resolutions of (200 &#181;m)3 can be achieved using common 3 Tesla scanners. We demonstrate how intravitreal injection of a single dosage of 15 nmol MnCl2 leads to a saturated enhancement of the intact projection within 24 hr. With exception of the retina, changes in signal intensity are independent of coincided visual stimulation or physiological aging. We further apply this technique to longitudinally monitor axonal degeneration in response to acute optic nerve injury, a paradigm by which Mn2+ transport completely arrests at the lesion site. Conversely, active Mn2+ transport is quantitatively proportionate to the viability, number, and electrical activity of axon fibers. For such an analysis, we exemplify Mn2+ transport kinetics along the visual path in a transgenic mouse model (NF-&#954;B p50KO) displaying spontaneous atrophy of sensory, including visual, projections. In these mice, MEMRI indicates reduced but not delayed Mn2+ transport as compared to wild type mice, thus revealing signs of structural and/or functional impairments by NF-&#954;B mutations.
In summary, MEMRI conveniently bridges in vivo assays and post mortem histology for the characterization of nerve fiber integrity and activity. It is highly useful for longitudinal studies on axonal degeneration and regeneration, and investigations of mutant mice for genuine or inducible phenotypes.

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

This video illustrates a method, using a clinical 3 T scanner, for contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the na&#239;ve mouse visual projection and for repetitive and longitudinal in vivo studies of optic nerve degeneration associated with acute optic nerve crush injury and chronic optic nerve degeneration in knock-out mice (p50KO).

Farelerde kontrastlı MR ile optik sinir lifi Dürüstlük İn vivo

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

Vitro ve In Vivo insan hücreleri, C. Elegansve fareler Mitophagy tespiti

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Tıp

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

Farelerde Transkraniyal Photobiomodulation tedavisi için bir iletişim kuralı

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is important for neuronal viability and function. Although mitochondria contain several redox systems, the highly abundant thiol-disulfide redox buffer glutathione is considered a central player in antioxidant defenses. Therefore, measuring the mitochondrial glutathione redox potential provides useful information about mitochondrial redox status and oxidative stress. Glutaredoxin1-roGFP2 (Grx1-roGFP2) is a genetically encoded, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based ratiometric indicator of the glutathione redox potential that has two redox-state-sensitive excitation peaks at 400 nm and 490 nm with a single emission peak at 510 nm. This article describes how to perform confocal live microscopy of mitochondria-targeted Grx1-roGFP2 in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons. It describes how to assess steady-state mitochondrial glutathione redox potential (e.g., to compare disease states or long-term treatments) and how to measure redox changes upon acute treatments (using the excitotoxic drug N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) as an example). In addition, the article presents co-imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and the mitochondrial membrane potential indicator, tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE), to demonstrate how Grx1-roGPF2 can be multiplexed with additional indicators for multiparametric analyses. This protocol provides a detailed description of how to (i) optimize confocal laser scanning microscope settings, (ii) apply drugs for stimulation followed by sensor calibration with diamide and dithiothreitol, and (iii) analyze data with ImageJ/FIJI.

This article describes a protocol to determine differences in basal redox state and redox responses to acute perturbations in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons using confocal live microscopy. The protocol can be applied to other cell types and microscopes with minimal modifications.

Primer Nöronlarda Mitokondriyal Glutatyon Redoksu Durumunun Oranmetrik Gösterge Kullanılarak Canlı Görüntülenmesi

Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is important for neuronal viability and function. Although mitochondria contain several redox systems, the highly abundant ...

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and experimentally tractable. It is economical and easy to culture and dispense in liquid medium which makes it well suited for medium-throughput screening. We have previously validated the use of transgenic luciferase expressing C. elegans strains to provide rapid in vivo assessment of the nematode&#8217;s ATP levels.1-3 Here we present the required materials and procedure to carry out bioassays with the bioluminescent C. elegans strains PE254 or PE255 (or any of their derivative strains). The protocol allows for in vivo detection of sublethal effects of drugs that may identify mitochondrial toxicity, as well as for in vivo detection of potential beneficial drug effects. Representative results are provided for the chemicals paraquat, rotenone, oxaloacetate and for four firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds. The methodology can be scaled up to provide a platform for screening drug libraries for compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial function. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug toxicity is often carried out on immortalized cancerous human cell lines which derive ATP mostly from glycolysis and are often tolerant of mitochondrial toxicants.4,5 In contrast, C. elegans depends on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain development into adulthood, drawing a parallel with humans and providing a unique opportunity for compound evaluation in the physiological context of a whole live multicellular organism.

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

A protocol is described for in vivo detection of effects of mitochondrial inhibitors in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and for identification of potential enhancing compounds. This protocol can be used to screen drug libraries for compounds modulating mitochondrial function.

Bir taranabilir<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Transjenik biyolojik olarak ışık veren kullanarak Mitokondriyal Modülatörleri için tahlil<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and ...

Biyoloji

Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential In Vivo using a Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator

Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is critical for mitochondrial functions, including ATP synthesis, ion transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the import of proteins encoded by the nucleus. Existing methods for measuring &#916;&#936;m typically use lipophilic cation dyes, such as Rhodamine 800 and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), but these are limited by low specificity and are not well-suited for in vivo applications. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel protocol utilizing genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), which generate fluorescent signals in response to membrane potential changes, have demonstrated significant potential for monitoring plasma membrane and neuronal potentials. However, their application to mitochondrial membranes remains unexplored. Here, we developed protein-based mitochondrial-targeted GEVIs capable of detecting &#916;&#936;m fluctuations in cells and the motor cortex of living animals. The mitochondrial potential indicator (MPI)offers a non-invasive approach to study &#916;&#936;m dynamics in real-time, providing a method to investigate mitochondrial function under both normal and pathological conditions.

This protocol describes the application of mitochondria-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). These GEVIs offer a significant advantage over traditional mitochondrial membrane potential dyes by enabling specific, in vivo, and real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Mitokondriyal Membran Potansiyelinin İn Vivo Olarak Genetik Olarak Kodlanmış Bir Voltaj Göstergesi Kullanılarak Ölçülmesi

Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is critical for mitochondrial functions, including ATP synthesis, ion transport, reactive oxygen ...

Canlı Maya Hücrelerinde Mitokondriyal Peroksitin mtHyper7 Kullanılarak Görüntülenmesi

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, and normal aging. Here, an approach is described to assess mitochondrial function in living yeast cells at cellular and subcellular resolutions using a genetically encoded, minimally invasive, ratiometric biosensor. The biosensor, mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), detects hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mitochondria. It consists of a mitochondrial signal sequence fused to a circularly permuted fluorescent protein and the H2O2-responsive domain of a bacterial OxyR protein. The biosensor is generated and integrated into the yeast genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 marker-free system, for&#160;more consistent expression compared to plasmid-borne constructs.
mtHyPer7 is quantitatively targeted to mitochondria, has no detectable effect on yeast growth rate or mitochondrial morphology, and provides a quantitative readout for mitochondrial H2O2 under normal growth conditions and upon exposure to oxidative stress. This protocol explains how to optimize imaging conditions using a spinning-disk confocal microscope system and perform quantitative analysis using freely available software. These tools make it possible to collect rich spatiotemporal information on mitochondria both within cells and among cells in a population. Moreover, the workflow described here can be used to validate other biosensors.

Yazar Spotlight: Mitokondriyal Araştırmaları İlerletmek - Hücre Altı Analiz için mtHyper7 Biyosensör 

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is both a source of oxidative damage and a signaling molecule. This protocol describes how to measure mitochondrial H2O2 using mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), a genetically encoded ratiometric biosensor, in living yeast. It details how to optimize imaging conditions and perform quantitative cellular and subcellular analysis using freely available software.

Mitokondriyal Peroksit için Oransal Bir Biyosensör olan mtHyPer7'nin Canlı Maya Hücrelerinde Görüntülenmesi

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, ...

Yakın Kızılötesi (NIR) Işık Fare Vestibüler Duyu Epitelinin Mitokondriyal Fonksiyonun bir Marker Anlatım artırır

Özet

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Farelerde kontrastlı MR ile optik sinir lifi Dürüstlük İn vivo

Vitro ve In Vivo insan hücreleri, C. Elegansve fareler Mitophagy tespiti

Farelerde Transkraniyal Photobiomodulation tedavisi için bir iletişim kuralı

Primer Nöronlarda Mitokondriyal Glutatyon Redoksu Durumunun Oranmetrik Gösterge Kullanılarak Canlı Görüntülenmesi

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Mitokondriyal Peroksit için Oransal Bir Biyosensör olan mtHyPer7'nin Canlı Maya Hücrelerinde Görüntülenmesi