Bu çalışma, Singapur Ulusal Tıp Araştırma Konseyi tarafından finanse edilmiştir.

1. Dang virüsü Alexa Fluor etiketleme <ol><li> Etiketleme reaksiyon önce, sakaroz yastık dang virüs arındırmak ve protokolde belirtilen gerekli reaktifler ve ekipman hazırlamak. </li><li> Etiketleme ve filtre 0.2μm şırınga filtreler ile sterilize hemen önce taze 0,2 M sodyum bikarbonat tamponu, pH 8.5 (etiketleme tampon), ve 1,5 M hidroksilamin tamponu, pH 8.3 (reaktif durdurmak) hazırlayın. </li><li> 1ml 2ml tüp tampon etiketleme saflaştırılmış dang virüsü yaklaşık 3x10 8 plak oluşturan birim (pfu) sulandırınız. Bu virüs toplu etiketleme için orantılı büyütülüyor olabilir. </li><li> Sulandırın liyofilize Alexa Fluor 594 (AF594) hemen önce etiketleme reaksiyon tampon etiketleme 1mm succinimidyl esterleri. Alexa Fluor boya serisi Diğer fluorochromes ihtiyaçlarına göre kullanılıyor olabilir. Bu adım itibaren ışığa maruz kalma en aza indirin. </li><li> 1mm AF594 boya, 100μl seyreltilmiş virüs pipet ucu ile hafifçe karıştırarak ekleyin. </li><li> Karanlıkta 1hr için etiketleme reaksiyon karışımı oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. Nazik inversiyon her 15mins karıştırın. </li><li> Bir masaüstü santrifüj tüp kısaca Spin ve pipet ucu ile hafifçe karıştırarak durdurmak reaktifin reaksiyon karışımı 100μl ekleyin. </li><li> Karanlık bir ek saat oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. Nazik inversiyon her 15mins karıştırın. </li></ol> 2. Arındırıcı Alexa Fluor dang virüsü etiketli <ol><li> Bu arada, seçim tamponu ile arıtma sütun dengelenmesi. Bu deneyde, PD-10 sütun HNE tampon 25ml (5mM HEPES, 150mm NaCl, 0.1mm EDTA) Kullanmadan önce pH 7.4 ile dengelenmiş. </li><li> Sütunun üst etiketli virüs uygulayın ve etiketli virüs matris girer kez-through akış toplamaya başlar. Etiketli tüm virüs matris girdikten sonra HNE tamponu ile sütun doldurun. Flow-through ilk 2.5ml atın ve etiketli virüs fraksiyonu sonraki 2ml toplamak. </li><li> -80 Yılında saflaştırılmış AF594 etiketli Dang virüsü kısım ve mağaza ° C, ışık kaynağından uzakta. </li></ol><ol><li> Bir kısım çözülme ve etiketli virüs toplu kullanmadan önce virüs etiketli plak yöntemi ile titresi belirlemek. </li><li> Enfeksiyon bir gün önce iyice altındaki bir lamel ile 4 plaka M-199 büyüme ortamında yetişen Tohum Vero hücreleri 5x10 4&#39;e göre,. </li><li> 37 iyi kültür süpernatantı ve 10dk 100μl hacmi (M-199 bakım orta gerektiği gibi seyreltilmiş) etiketli bir virüsün 1 enfeksiyon çokluğu ile hücreleri enfekte ° C </li><li> Inoculums çıkarın ve 1xPBS lamelleri iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> 30 dakika için% 3 paraformalydehyde hücrelerin sabitleyin. </li><li> 1xPBS lamelleri 3 kere yıkayın. </li><li> Permeabilization çözümü ile, 30 dakika için 1xPBS% 0,1 saponin ve% 5 BSA içeren hücreler Permeabilize. </li><li> Hücreleri inkübe sulandırılmamış santrifüj açıklık, nemli bir odasında 1hr 3H5 monoklonal antikor hibridoma kültür süpernatant ışıktan korunmalıdır. </li><li> (1xPBS 1mm kalsiyum klorür, 1mm magnezyum klorür ve% 0,1 saponin içeren) yıkama tamponu lamelleri 3 kere yıkayın. </li><li> AF488 anti-fare IgG ile hücreler inkübe, 1:100 nemli odasında 45 dakikaya, ışıktan koruyarak, permeabilization çözüm seyreltilmiş. </li><li> Lamelleri 3 kez yıkama tamponu deiyonize su ile yıkayın ve bir kez yıkayın. </li><li> Dab 8μl Mowiol 4-88 içeren% 2.5 Dabco aşırı su tahliye ve cam slayt üzerine monte etmek için bir kağıt havlu karşı lamel kenarında. </li><li> Zeiss konfokal mikroskop kullanarak görüntülemeden önce 4 geceleme ayarlamak için montaj çözümü ° C izin verin. Sıralı satın almalar, eş zamanlı dedektörleri arasında bir zaman ve anahtarlama heyecan verici bir fluorofor yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Görüntüler daha sonra etiketleme derecesini tahmin etmek Zeiss LSM Zen yazılımı kullanarak virüs etiketli E protein antikor boyama co-lokalizasyonu için analiz edilir. </li></ol> 3. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar AF594 boya ile etiketlenmiş dang virüsü verim bir örnek Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmiştir. Normalde, ilk titresi 10 kat damla daha az başarılı etiketleme dikkat edilmelidir. Ancak, tüm tamponlar, başarılı olmak ve sulu çözeltileri 8 reaktif serbest asitleri hidroliz olarak Alexa Fluor succinimidyl esterleri sulandırıldıktan sonra hemen kullanılması gerekir etiketleme için taze hazırlıklı olmak olduğunu belirtmek gerekir . Sonra, etiketli virüs deneylerde kullanmadan önce yeterli floresan için kontrol edilmelidir. Vero hücreleri üzerinde basit bir immünofloresan tahlil yapıldı ve etiketleme derecesi etiketli virüsün anti-E protein antikor boyama ile co-lokalizasyon tahmin edilebilir. Kesmekal hücreleri incelendi ve tipik bir konfokal görüntü Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilmiştir. Co-localisation virionlar yaklaşık 65 -% 80 boya ile etiketlenmiş olduğunu düşündüren, 0.65 ile 0.8 arasında değişen katsayılar örtüşme gösterdi LSM Zen yazılımı kullanarak görüntü analizi. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3168/3168fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1.Overall düzeni dang virüs prosedürü Alexa Fluor boya etiketleme resmeden İlk olarak, ilgili tamponlar ve saflaştırılmış Dang virüsü hazırlanır. Alexa Fluor boya sulandırılmış ve tampon etiketleme seyreltilmiş dang virüse eklenir. Reaksiyon, daha sonra durdurmak reaktif ilavesi ile 1 saat sonra durdurulur. Ardından, ücretsiz boya etiketli virüs kaldırmak için bir boyut dışlama sütun aracılığıyla arındırılır. Son olarak, etiketli virüs plak yöntemi ile yeniden titre ve floresans test. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3168/3168fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2. AF594 etiketleme öncesi ve sonrası bir plaket tahlil belirlenen uygulanabilir virionlar (pfu / ml) sayısı ortalama AF594 etiketli dang virüsü bir kısım çözülmüş ve plak yöntemi ile yeniden titre ve genellikle 10 kat daha az açılan menüden gösterir. başlangıç ​​titresi. Hata çubukları çiftleri standart sapma gösterir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3168/3168fig3.jpg" alt="Şekil 3" /> Şekil 3. Vero hücrelerinde dang virüs E proteinleri ile AF594 etiket Co-lokalizasyon gün önce lamelleri üzerinde yetiştirilen hücreler 37 ° 10 dakika için 1, İçişleri Bakanlığı AF594 etiketli Dang ile enfekte olmuş ° C Hücreler daha sonra sabit ve anti-D antikoru ile etiketlenmiş ve E protein ko (yeşil) ve AF594 etiketleme (kırmızı) açısından incelenir. Floresan sinyalleri 63X büyütme altında Zeiss LSM 710 konfokal mikroskop kullanılarak görüntülendi. Ölçek çubuğu 10μm. Içerlek gösterildiği gibi, Sarı, ko alanları işaret etmektedir.

<ol>
	<li>Olenych, S. G., Claxton, N. S., Ottenberg, G. K. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Davidson, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Fluorescent+Protein+Color+Palette.">The Fluorescent Protein Color Palette.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. 21.5, 1-34 (2007).</li><li>Panchuk-Voloshina, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alexa+dyes,+a+series+of+new+fluorescent+dyes+that+yield+exceptionally+bright,+photostable+conjugates.">Alexa dyes, a series of new fluorescent dyes that yield exceptionally bright, photostable conjugates.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 47, 1179-1188 (1999).</li><li>Shaner, N. C., Patterson, G. H., Davidson, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+fluorescent+protein+technology.">Advances in fluorescent protein technology.</a> J Cell Sci. 120, 4247-4260 (2007).</li><li>Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Patterson, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+use+of+fluorescent+protein+markers+in+living+cells.">Development and use of fluorescent protein markers in living cells.</a> Science. 300, 87-91 (2003).</li><li>Kuhn, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+dengue+virus:+implications+for+flavivirus+organization,+maturation,+and+fusion.">Structure of dengue virus: implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion.</a> Cell. 108, 717-725 (2002).</li><li>Aguilar, J. S., Roy, D., Ghazal, P., Wagner, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimethyl+sulfoxide+blocks+herpes+simplex+virus-1+productive+infection+in+vitro+acting+at+different+stages+with+positive+cooperativity.+Application+of+micro-array+analysis.">Dimethyl sulfoxide blocks herpes simplex virus-1 productive infection in vitro acting at different stages with positive cooperativity. Application of micro-array analysis.</a> BMC Infect Dis. 2, 9-9 (2002).</li><li>Zhang, S. L., Tan, H. C., Hanson, B. J., Ooi, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+Alexa+Fluor+dye+labelling+of+dengue+virus.">A simple method for Alexa Fluor dye labelling of dengue virus.</a> J Virol Methods. 167, 172-177 (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Alexa Fluor Succinimidyl Esters (Molecular Probes. , (2009).</li><li>Huang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+proteins+stained+by+Alexa+dyes.">Analysis of proteins stained by Alexa dyes.</a> Electrophoresis. 25, 779-784 (2004).</li><li>Freistadt, M. S., Eberle, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+poliovirus+for+flow+cytometric+cell+surface+binding+studies.">Fluorescent poliovirus for flow cytometric cell surface binding studies.</a> J Virol Methods. 134, 1-7 (2006).</li></ol>

Bu raporda AF594 boya kullanılmış olmasına rağmen, Alexa Fluor succinimidyl esterleri serisi fluorophores geniş bir yelpazede benzer etiketleme kimyası ile kullanılabilir. Bu etiketleme uygulaması görüntüleme ötesinde genişletmek olabilir. Flow sitometri, heyecanlı ve FACS makine ile tespit edilebilir fluorophores etiketleme derecesini tahmin etmek için konfokal mikroskopi bir alternatif olarak kullanılabilir. Alexa Fluor boyalar, serbest amino grupları, öncelikle arginin ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Reaktifin Adı </th><th> Şirket </th><th> Katalog numarası </th><th> Yorumlar (isteğe bağlı) </th></tr><tr><td> Sodyum bikarbonat </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S6297 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hidroksilamin </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 159417 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sodyum hidroksit </td><td> Merck </td><td> 106498 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AF594 succinimidyl esterleri </td><td> Moleküler Problar, Invitrogen </td><td> A20004 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PD-10 sütun </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 17-0851-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> H6147 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaCl </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S3014 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> E9884 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> M-199 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11150 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30070.03 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4-plaka </td><td> Nunc </td><td> 176740 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lameller </td><td> Einst </td><td> 0111520 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mikroskop lamı </td><td> Marka Yelken </td><td> 7105 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3H5 hibridoma </td><td> ATCC </td><td> HB46 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10x PBS </td><td> 1. Tabanı </td><td> BUF-2040-10X1L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Saponin </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S4521 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BSA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A7906 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Magnezyum klorür </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M2670 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kalsiyum klorür </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> C3306 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehye </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 15,812-7 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mowiol 4-88 </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 475904 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dabco </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D27802 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Masa üstü santrifüj </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> 5424 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Konfokal mikroskop </td><td> Zeiss </td><td> EKK 710 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> M-199 büyüme ortamı hazırlamak için, 500ml M-199, steril filtre olmayan amino asitlerin sodyum piruvat ve 5ml 5ml, FBS 50ml ekleyin. M-199 bakım ortamı hazırlamak için, FBS, 15ml, 500ml M-199, steril filtre olmayan amino asitlerin sodyum piruvat ve 5ml, 5ml ekleyin.

visualizing dengue virus through alexa fluor labeling

Virüs ve hücre arasındaki etkileşimin erken olaylar enfeksiyon sonucu üzerinde derin bir etkiye sahip olabilir. Bu etkileşimin etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi, hastalık patogenezi daha iyi anlaşılması için yol ve böylece aşı veya tedavi edici tasarımı etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle, bu etkileşimin prob yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi yararlı olacaktır. Fluorophores geliştirme 1-3 ve görüntüleme teknolojisi 4, son gelişmeler, dang patogenezi ile ilgili mevcut bilgi geliştirmek ve böylece milyonlarca yılda meydana gelen dang enfeksiyonları azaltmak için önünü yararlanılabilir. Zarflı Dang virüsü tek bir pozitif iplikli RNA genomu 5 içeren nucleocapsid kabuk korunması, 90 zarf glikoprotein (E) dimerleri oluşan harici bir iskele vardır. Böylece virüsün yüzeyinde aynı protein altbirimden amin reaktif boya ile etiketlenmiş ve immunofluorescent mikroskobu yoluyla görüntülendi olabilir. Burada, Alexa Fluor succinimidyl ester boya etiketleme sonra, son derece canlı virüs vermiştir sodyum bikarbonat tampon doğrudan çözünmüş dang virüsü etiketleme basit bir yöntem mevcut. Canlı virüs ve protein etiketleme genellikle dimetil sülfoksit boya sulandırılması gereklidir mevcut üretici protokol etiketlenmesi için standart bir prosedür yoktur. Varlığı, dimetil sülfoksit dakika miktarlarda bile, virüs verimli enfeksiyonu engellemek ve aynı zamanda hücre sitotoksik 6 neden. Bu protokol dimetil sülfoksit kullanımı dışlama böylece bu olasılığı azalır. Alexa Fluor boyalar üstün fotostabilite ve hücresel alımı ve virüs endosomal taşıma çalışmaları için ideal hale getirir, floresein ve rodamin 2 olarak ortak boyalar, daha az pH duyarlı . Alexa Fluor boya konjugasyon virüs spesifik antikor ve konak hücrelerine 7 varsayılan reseptörleri etiketli Dang virüsü tanıma etkilemedi. Bu yöntem, virolojik çalışmalarda faydalı uygulamalar olabilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling at JoVE.com

Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling

Fluorofor geliştirme ve görüntüleme teknolojisi, virüs, virüs ve hücre arasındaki ilk etkileşimleri görselleştirmek için geliştirildi dang Alexa Fluor etiketleme basit bir yöntem gelişmeler yararlanan.

Alexa Fluor Etiketleme Dang Virüs görselleştirme

The early events in the interaction between virus and cell can have profound influence on the outcome of infection. Determining the factors 
that ...

visualizing-dengue-virus-through-alexa-fluor-labeling

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.8K Görüntüleme.  DSO National Laboratories. Fluorofor geliştirme ve görüntüleme teknolojisi, virüs, virüs ve hücre arasındaki ilk etkileşimleri görselleştirmek için geliştirildi dang Alexa Fluor etiketleme basit bir yöntem gelişmeler yararlanan.

Video: Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling

Alphavirus Transducing System:  Tools for Visualizing Infection in Mosquito Vectors

Alphavirus transducing systems (ATSs) are important tools for expressing genes of interest (GOI) during infection. ATSs are derived from cDNA clones of mosquito-borne RNA viruses (genus Alphavirus; family Togaviridae). The Alphavirus genus contains about 30 different mosquito-borne virus species. Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses and contain single-stranded RNA genomes (~11.7 Kb). Alphaviruses transcribe a subgenomic mRNA that encodes the structural proteins of the virus required for encapsidation of the genome and maturation of the virus. Alphaviruses are usually highly lytic in vertebrate cells, but persistently infect susceptible mosquito cells with minimal cytopathology. These attributes make them excellent tools for gene expression in mosquito vectors. The most common ATSs in use are derived from Sindbis virus (SINV). The broad species tropism of SINV allows for infection of insect, avian, and mammalian cells8. However, ATSs have been derived from other alphaviruses as well9,10,20. Foreign gene expression is made possible by the insertion of an additional viral subgenomic RNA initiation site or promoter. ATSs in which an exogenous gene sequence is positioned 5' to the viral structural genes is used for stable protein expression in insects. ATSs, in which a gene sequence is positioned 3' to the structural genes, is used to trigger RNAi and silence expression of that gene in the insect.
ATSs have proven to be valuable tools for understanding vector-pathogen interactions, molecular details of viral replication and maintenance infectious cycles3,4,11,19,21. In particular, the expression of fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters has been instrumental tracking the viral infection in the vector and virus transmission5,14-16,18. Additionally, the vector immune response has been described using two strains of SINV engineered to express GFP2,9.
Here, we present a method for the production of SINV containing a fluorescent reporter (GFP) from the cDNA infectious clone. Infectious, full-length RNA is transcribed from the linearized cDNA clone. Infectious RNA is introduced into permissive target cells by electroporation. Transfected cells generate infectious virus particles expressing the GOI. Harvested virus is used to infect mosquitoes, as described here, or other host species (not shown herein). Vector competence is assessed by detecting fluorescence outside the midgut or by monitoring virus transmission7. Use of a fluorescent reporter as the GOI allows for convenient estimation of virus spread throughout a cell culture, for determination of rate of infection, dissemination in exposed mosquitoes, virus transmission from the mosquito and provides a rapid gauge of vector competence.

Methods for using alphavirus transducing systems to express fluorescent reporters in vitro and in adult mosquitoes are described. This technique may be adapted to express any protein of interest in lieu of or in addition to a reporter.

Alphavirus uyum Sistemi: Sivrisinek Vektörler Enfeksiyon görselleştirme için Araçlar

Alphavirus transducing systems (ATSs) are important tools for expressing genes of interest (GOI) during infection.  ATSs are derived from cDNA clones of ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in the thymus proper vasculature formation and patterning is essential for thymocyte entry into the organ and mature T-cell exit to the periphery. The spatial arrangement of blood vessels in the thymus is dependent upon signals from the local microenvironment, namely thymic epithelial cells (TEC). Several recent reports suggest that disruption of these signals results in thymus blood vessel defects 1,2. Previous studies have described techniques used to label the neonatal and adult thymus vasculature 1,2. We demonstrate here a technique for labeling blood vessels in the embryonic thymus. This method combines the use of FITC-dextran or Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1 - isolectin B4) facial vein injections and CD31 antibody staining to identify thymus vascular structures and PDGFR-&beta; to label thymic perivascular mesenchyme 3-5. The option of using cryosections or vibratome sections is also provided. This protocol can be used to identify thymus vascular defects, which is critical for defining the roles of TEC-derived molecules in thymus blood vessel formation. As the method labels the entire vasculature, it can also be used to analyze the vascular networks in multiple organs and tissues throughout the embryo including skin and heart 6-10.

This article describes a method for labeling embryonic skin and thymus blood vessels.

Embriyonik Farelerde damarları Etiketleme Bir Yöntem

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

Nötrofil İzolasyon ve Analiz Terapötik Ajanların için Lenfoma Hücre Duyarlılık kendi Rolü belirleme

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential to be used as drug therapies for HIV-1 infection. Post-integration inhibitors include ribozymes, short hairpin (sh) RNAs, small interfering (si) RNAs, U1 interference (U1i) RNAs and RNA aptamers. Many of these have been identified using transient co-transfection assays with an HIV-1 expression plasmid and some have advanced to clinical trials. In addition to measures of efficacy, small RNAs have been evaluated for their potential to affect the expression of human RNAs, alter cell growth and/or differentiation, and elicit innate immune responses. In the protocols described here, a set of transient transfection assays designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. We have used these assays to identify new ribozymes and optimize the format of shRNAs and siRNAs targeting HIV-1 RNA. The methods provide a quick set of assays that are useful for screening new anti-HIV-1 RNAs and could be adapted to screen other post-integration inhibitors of HIV-1 replication.

Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones.

Bir gen ya da ilaç terapisinde kullanım için, HIV-1 üretim yapan RNA&#39;lar etkinlik ve toksisite Değerlendirilmesi

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral evolution. Here we describe the construction of an infectious clone for Zika virus (ZIKV), which is currently causing an explosive outbreak in the Americas. To prevent toxicity to bacteria that is commonly observed with flavivirus-derived plasmids, we generated a two-plasmid system which separates the genome at the NS1 gene and is more stable than full-length constructs that could not be successfully recovered without mutations. After digestion and ligation to join the two fragments, full-length viral RNA can be generated by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. Following electroporation of transcribed RNA into cells, virus was recovered that exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics and in vivo virulence and infection phenotypes in mice and mosquitoes, respectively.

This protocol describes the recovery of infectious Zika virus from a two-plasmid infectious cDNA clone.

Yeni Bir Dünyadan Rekombinant Virüsün Kurtarılması ve Karakterizasyonu Zika Virüsü Bulaşıcı Klon

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal microscopy methods to visualize macrophage extracellular traps (METs). These extracellular traps are defined by the presence of extracellular chromatin with co-expression of other components such as granule proteases, citrullinated histones, and peptidyl arginase deiminase (PAD). The expression of METs is generally measured after exposure to a stimulus and compared to un-stimulated samples. Samples are also included for background and isotype control. Cells are analyzed using well-defined image analysis software. Confocal microscopy may be used to define the presence of METs both in vitro and in vivo in lung tissue.

Macrophage extracellular traps are a newly described entity. This article will concentrate on confocal microscopy methods and how they are visualized in vitro and in vivo from lung samples.

Makrofaj hücre dışı tuzaklar Confocal mikroskobu kullanılarak görüntülenmesi

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal ...

Visualizing Intracellular SNARE Trafficking by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are key for membrane trafficking, as they catalyze membrane fusion within eukaryotic cells. The SNARE protein family consists of about 36 different members. Specific intracellular transport routes are catalyzed by specific sets of 3 or 4 SNARE proteins that thereby contribute to the specificity and fidelity of membrane trafficking. However, studying the precise function of SNARE proteins is technically challenging, because SNAREs are highly abundant and functionally redundant, with most SNAREs having multiple and overlapping functions. In this protocol, a new method for the visualization of SNARE complex formation in live cells is described. This method is based on expressing SNARE proteins C-terminally fused to fluorescent proteins and measuring their interaction by F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) employing fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). By fitting the fluorescence lifetime histograms with a multicomponent decay model, FRET-FLIM allows (semi-)quantitative estimation of the fraction of the SNARE complex formation at different vesicles. This protocol has been successfully applied to visualize SNARE complex formation at the plasma membrane and at endosomal compartments in mammalian cell lines and primary immune cells, and can be readily extended to study SNARE functions at other organelles in animal, plant, and fungal cells.

This protocol describes a new method allowing for the quantitative visualization of complex formation of SNARE proteins, based on F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.

Hücre içi SNARE mikroskobu Imaging Floresans ömür tarafından kaçakçılığı görüntülenmesi

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are key for membrane trafficking, as they catalyze ...

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity of antibodies or serum to enhance infection in impermissible cell lines have relied on using viral output in the media followed by plaque assays to quantify infection. More recently, these assays have examined Dengue virus (DENV) infection in the cell lines using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Both these approaches have limitations that restrict the widespread use of these techniques. Here, we describe a simple in vitro assay using Dengue virus reporter viral particles (RVPs) that express green fluorescent protein and K562 cells to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV infection using serum that was obtained from rhesus macaques 16 weeks after infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). This technique is reliable, involves minimal manipulation of cells, does not involve the use of live replication competent virus, and can be performed in a high throughput format to get a quantitative readout using flow cytometry. Additionally, this assay can be easily adapted to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of other flavivirus infections such as Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Japanese Equine Encephalitis virus (JEEV), West Nile virus (WNV) etc. where RVPs are available. The ease of setting up the assay, analyzing the data, and interpreting results makes it highly amenable to most laboratory settings.

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

We describe a simple and easy protocol for measuring antibody dependent enhancement of infection by Zika virus convalescent serum using Dengue virus Reporter Viral Particles.

Basit Akış Sitometresi Vitro antikor bağımlı Enhancement-in dang virüs Zika virüs nekahat Serum kullanarak belirlemek için tahlil dayalı

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

Tam kan örneklerinde virüs tespiti için hızlı, güvenli ve basit el ile başucu nükleik asit çıkarma

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

At present, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is an indispensable tool for the detection and quantification of viral genomes in research laboratories, as well as for molecular diagnosis, because of its sensitivity, specificity, and convenience. However, in most cases, the quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay generally used to detect virus infection has relied on the purification of viral nucleic acid prior to the PCR step. In this study, the fluorescence-based reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) assay is developed through the combination of a processing buffer and a one-step RT-PCR reagent so that the whole process, from the harvest of the culture supernatant of virus-infected cells until real-time detection, can be performed without viral RNA purification. The established protocol enables the quantification of a wide range of RNA concentrations of dengue virus (DENV) within 90 min. In addition, the adaptability of the direct RT-qPCR assay to the evaluation of an antiviral agent is demonstrated by an in vitro experiment using a previously reported DENV inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MPA). Moreover, other RNA viruses, including yellow fever virus (YFV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and measles virus (MeV), can be quantified by direct RT-qPCR with the same protocol. Therefore, the direct RT-qPCR assay described in this report is useful for monitoring RNA virus replication in a simple and rapid manner, which will be further developed into a promising platform for a high-throughput screening study and clinical diagnosis.

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis combined with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) has been widely used to measure the level of RNA virus infections. Here we present a direct RT-qPCR assay, which does not require an RNA purification step, developed for the quantification of several RNA viruses, including dengue virus.

Alexa Fluor Etiketleme Dang Virüs görselleştirme

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