Biz Kutsal Lab üyelerine teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma, Ulusal Sağırlık ve İletişim Bozuklukları Enstitüsü (R01 DC005964) ve NSF IGERT 0.548.890 (HAA) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Hayvan Refahı yasalar ve Ulusal Sağlık kılavuzların Enstitüleri göre hayvanlar üzerinde deneyler yapıldı ve Washington Üniversitesi Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.

Bölüm 1. Elektrik Kayıt Enstrümantasyon <ol><li> Biz, silisyum nitrür ile yalıtılmış 10 mm düz titanyum nitrür elektrotlar düzlemsel multielectrode dizi (ALA Scientific Instruments) kullanın. 60 elektrotlar merkezi-merkezi, 30 mm boşluk ile bir 5x6 ızgara oluşan iki alan olarak düzenlenmiştir. (Diğer yapılandırmalar da mümkündür; elektrotlar ile 10 mm çapında bir kayıt yüzey izole tek nöronların aktivitesi açısından büyük elektrotlar daha iyi.) </li><li> Elektrik sinyalleri MEA 1060 amplifikatör (ALA Scientific Instruments) kullanılarak (1000x büyütme) güçlendirilir. Sinyaller bir veri toplama kartı (National Instruments) ve özel veri toplama yazılımı (bir de ticari yazılım satın alabilirsiniz) ile 10 kHz elde edilir. </li><li> Doku MEA kültür tüp halkasının içinde rahatça uyan özel bir eklemek için bağlı bir naylon mesh (53 mikron), MEA aşağı tutulur. </li></ol> Bölüm 2. Sıvı Teslimat Enstrümantasyon <ol><li> Doku Ringer solüsyonu (115 mM sodyum klorür, 5 mM potasyum klorür, 2 mM kalsiyum klorür, 2 mM magnezyum klorür, 25 mM sodyum bikarbonat, 10 mM HEPES ve 10 mM D-(+ sağlayarak garanti sürekli superfusion gerektirir HPLC pompası)-glikoz). Uyaranlar HPLC vana içine enjeksiyonlar ve akış yoluyla ve döngü arasında geçiş sunulmaktadır. HPLC pompası ve enjeksiyon robot şırınga pompası Ringer solüsyonu ile temin edilmektedir. </li><li> Zil çözümü deney boyunca 42 yaşında bir sıcak su banyosu (ISOTEMP 105) ° C&#39;de muhafaza edilir ve sürekli olarak% 95 O 2 /% 5 CO 2 ile kabarmış. Glikoz olmadan Ringer ayrı bir şişesi, şırınga pompası yedeklemek için hazırlanmıştır. Ringer solüsyonu, 3 ml / dak hızında 307 HPLC pompası (Gilson) kullanarak doku teslim edilir. Tipik bir 5-6 saat deneyde, her Ringer solüsyonu 1 L yeterlidir. </li><li> Deney boyunca, doku sürekli olarak 37 ° C Ringer solüsyonu ile superfused. Isıtıcı prob, doğrudan doku üzerine yerleştirilmiş. </li><li> Uyaranlar Gilson 215 Sıvı Handler robot kolu kullanarak teslim edilir. Uyaranlar kauçuk kapaklı cam şişe içinde saklanır ve sabit akış hızı ve basınç korunur Gilson yazılım kontrolü altında, robotik kol perfüzyon hattına uyaranlara sunar. </li><li> HPLC vana (döngü meşgul / meşgul değil) nöronal aktivite ile senkronizasyon sağlamak için ekstra bir kanal olarak toplama bilgisayar tarafından kaydedilmiş bir elektrik gerilimi, devlet tarafından temsil edilmektedir. </li></ol> Bölüm 3. MEA ve Stimulus Teslimat Cihaz Hazırlama <ol><li> Diseksiyonu gerçekleştirmeden önce, oda sıcaklığında en az 5 dakika içinde BSA dH2O MEA ile doldurun. </li><li> Sıcak kabarmış Ringer çözeltisi kullanılarak MEA durulayın ve buz üzerinde MEA yerleştirin. </li><li> Başbakan sıvı işleyici ve HPLC üreticinin talimatlarına göre pompa. </li></ol> Bölüm 4. VNO Diseksiyon <ol><li> Diseksiyonu yapmadan önce, buz üzerinde kabarmış Ringer çözüm yeri ve 2 60x15 mm Petri kapları doldurun. Ayrıca buz üzerinde Zil çözümü ve yeri ile aynı boyutta 2 Sylgard kaplı Petri kapları doldurun. Diseksiyonu sırasında kullanmak için ek bir sıcak-kabarmış Ringer 50ml soğutun. </li><li> Fare servikal dislokasyon CO 2 boğulma yoluyla kurban. </li><li> Başın arkasında, çene hattına paralel çalışan, ağız tarafında ikili kesiler olun. Boyun sırt boyunca 2 kesintileri katılın ve fare bağlı alt çene bırakarak, başın dorsal parçası kaldırın. </li><li> Ince makas kullanarak, doku ve kemik dokusu ayrı üst çene kemiğinin iki tarafında arasında kesti. </li><li> Nazal kavite maruz damak dokusu soyulabilir, # 3 forseps kullanarak. </li><li> Küçük bir makas veya kemik vomeronasal kapsül ücretsiz ve her iki tarafta üst 2 ön dişler arasında kesilmiş bir neşter, kullanma. </li><li> # 3 forseps kullanarak, buz üzerinde Petri kabındaki düz kemik ve yerine göre vomeronasal kapsül pick up. Daldırma yoluyla adımları en az 3 dakika içinde yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Yansıyan ışık ile aydınlatılmış bir stereomikroskop altında tabak yerleştirin. # 3 forseps kullanarak bir seferde, tek bir VNO kemik kapsül çıkarın. VNO kemik kabuğu, kuyruk ucu ve diğer taraftan sürükleyici VNO zarar vermemeye özen kemik kapsül stabilize etmek için tek bir elinizi kullanın. </li><li> Kemik kaldırıldığı zaman, bir Sylgard kaplı Petri kabı VNO aktarın. Diğer VNO kalan çanak kullanın. Iletilen ışık aydınlatma geçin. </li><li> Mikro-makas veya # 5 forseps kullanarak, kan damarı VNO VNO kenarından keserek ayırın. Bu noktadakan damarı tamamen ayrılmış nöral bir levha var. </li><li> VNO iç (dendritik) yüzü yukarı bakacak şekilde yerleştirin. # 3 forseps kullanarak, doku bir köşesinde Sylgard VNO çapa. Teflon kaplı jilet bir kelepçe ile yapılan küçük bir parçası kullanılarak bazal lamina sinir epiteli soyun. Sığ bir açı bıçak Holding (&lt;30 ° çanak yüzeyinden) en iyisidir. </li><li> Cam bir pipet kullanarak, MEA, çanak sinirsel epitel parçası transfer. Dendritik yüzü VNO elektrot alanının üstüne yerleştirin. Aşırı Ringer solüsyonu bir pipet yardımıyla çıkarın. VNO bir yerde tutun ve soğuk Ringer solüsyonu ile doldurun dizinin kuyuya örgü doku tutucu yerleştirin. </li></ol> Bölüm 5. Kayıt <ol><li> MEA 1060 amplifikatör MEA doğrudan doku üzerine yerleştirin ve ısıtıcı prob pozisyonu. </li><li> Uygun ısıtıcı prob yerleştirme onaylamak için, Ringer solüsyonu 2 saniye için 50 mM potasyum (ekimolar sodyum yerine) içeren uyarır. Potasyum çözüm nöral yanıt gecikmeyi en aza indirmek için konumlandırma ayarlayın. </li><li> Doku gelmesini bekleyin kayıt önce 45 dakika ile 1 saat boyunca ısıtmalı Ringer solüsyonu ile doku Superfuse. </li><li> Elektrik sinyalleri özel kayıt yazılımı kullanarak diske kaydedilir. </li></ol> Bölüm 6. Veri Analizi <ol><li> Çevrimdışı veri analizi ham elektrot kayıtları kullanılarak yapılabilir. Örneğin, özellikle ligandlar tepki olarak kaydedilen hücrelerinin ateşleme hızı değişiklikleri ölçmek. Ortaya çıkan veri setleri büyük ve çok farklı soruları yanıtlamak için kullanılabilir; bir programlama veya analiz dili (C, Matlab, R, Python, ya da benzeri) aşinalık gereklidir. </li></ol> Bölüm 7. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Bu preparat, genellikle yeteri kadar sabit verileri (60 elektrotlar 6 saat kayıt) büyük miktarda verimli, 6 saat boyunca kayıt. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1845/1845fig1tmb.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" border="0" /> Şekil 1: Bir anlık bir dizinin yarısı boyunca eş zamanlı aktivite gösterilmiştir . Zaman penceresi 400 ms kapsar. Lütfen Şekil 1&#39;de bir büyük halini görmek için <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/1845/1845fig1.jpg">buraya tıklayınız</a> . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1845/1845fig2tmb.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" border="0" /> Şekil 2. Tipik bir deneyde, 10 saniye boyunca belirli ilgi bileşikleri ile uyarır. Bu eser 100 kat seyreltilmiş dişi fare idrar bir yanıt bir örnektir. Lütfen Şekil 2&#39;de büyük halini görmek için <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/1845/1845fig2.jpg">buraya tıklayın</a> .

<ol>
	<li>Dulac, C., Torelo, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+detection+of+pheromone+signals+in+mammals:+from+genes+to+behaviour.">Molecular detection of pheromone signals in mammals: from genes to behaviour.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 4, 551-562 (2003).</li><li>Holy, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+Vomeronasal+neurons+to+natural+stimuli.">Responses of Vomeronasal neurons to natural stimuli.</a> Science. 289, 1569-1572 (2000).</li><li>Nodari, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sulfated+steroids+as+natural+ligands+of+mouse+pheromone-sensing+neurons.">Sulfated steroids as natural ligands of mouse pheromone-sensing neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 6407-6418 (2008).</li></ol>

Multielectrode dizi kayıtları bize büyük bir nüfusun nöronların eş zamanlı etkinliğini izlemek için izin verir. Bu, özellikle VNO bir duyu sistemi özellikleri problama için yararlı bir araçtır. Ana koku alma sisteminin aksine, VNO sıvı faz uyaranlara algılar. Buna ek olarak, VNO heterojen bir dokudur. Muhtemelen farklı tepki profilleri fare 1 reseptörlerinin yaklaşık 300 farklı türleri vardır. Robotik kol ile birlikte MEA kayıtları bize, güvenilir, nöronlar ve elektrofizyolojik ...

multielectrode array recordings of the vomeronasal epithelium

Sinir devreleri anlamak yöntemleri aynı anda birçok nöron kayıt gerektirir. Için<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Çalışmaları, mevcut teknolojisi düzlemsel multielectrode array (MEA) kayıt. Burada reseptör türleri yüzlerce ifade duyu nöronlarının çeşitli nüfus üzerinden, feromonlar ve sosyal ipuçlarını algılama önemli bir rol oynar fare vomeronasal organ (VNO), çalışmak için ÇÇA kullanımı belge. MEA kayıt kimyasal uyaranlara sunmak için bir robot sıvı işleyicisi ile birleştiren, geniş ve çeşitli bir nöron nüfusun duyusal yanıtları kaydedilebilir. Hazırlık bize fare VNO sağlam neuroepithelium kaldırmak ve birkaç saat için nöronların elektriksel aktivitenin izlenmesi, kimyasal ya da potansiyel ligandlar bir pil ile uyarmak için izin verir. Bu nedenle, bu tekniğin yanı sıra ligand faaliyet değerlendirirken reseptör nöronların özelliklerini keşfetmek için yararlı bir yöntem olarak hizmet vermektedir. Biz vomeronasal epiteli, MEA kayıt ve kimyasal stimülasyon hazırlamak için gerekli teknikleri sunar.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multielectrode Array Recordings of the Vomeronasal Epithelium at JoVE.com

Multielectrode Array Recordings of the Vomeronasal Epithelium

Multielectrode array (MEA) kayıtları nöronların büyük nüfus elektriksel aktivite eğitimi için bir yöntem sağlar. Burada, aynı anda doku uyarıcı fare vomeronasal epitel kayıt MEA hazırlanması ayrıntılar mevcut.

Vomeronasal Epitel Multielectrode Dizi Kayıtlar

Understanding neural circuits requires methods to record from many neurons simultaneously. For in vitro studies, one currently available technology is ...

multielectrode-array-recordings-of-the-vomeronasal-epithelium

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.1K Görüntüleme.  Washington University School of Medicine. Multielectrode array (MEA) kayıtları nöronların büyük nüfus elektriksel aktivite eğitimi için bir yöntem sağlar. Burada, aynı anda doku uyarıcı fare vomeronasal epitel kayıt MEA hazırlanması ayrıntılar mevcut.

Video: Multielectrode Array Recordings of the Vomeronasal Epithelium

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic nerve. In vivo recordings of ganglion cell spike trains in several animal models have revealed much of what is known about how the early visual system processes and encodes visual information. However, such recordings have been rare in one of the most common animal models, the rat, possibly owing to difficulty in detecting spikes fired by small diameter axons. The many retinal disease models involving rats motivate a need for characterizing the functional properties of ganglion cells without disturbing the eye, as with intraocular or in vitro recordings. Here, we demonstrate a method for recording ganglion cell spike trains from the optic chiasm of the anesthetized rat. We first show how to fabricate tungsten-in-glass electrodes that can pick up electrical activity from single ganglion cell axons in rat. The electrodes outperform all commercial ones that we have tried. We then illustrate our custom-designed stereotaxic system for in vivo visual neurophysiology experiments and our procedures for animal preparation and reliable and stable electrode placement in the optic chiasm.

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retinal ganglion cells transmit visual information from the eye to the brain with sequences of action potentials. Here, we demonstrate how to record the action potentials of single ganglion cells in vivo from anesthetized rats.

Tek birim In vivo</emSıçan, optik kiazma> Kayıtlar

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

Nörobilim

Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster

When startled adult D. melanogaster react by jumping into the air and flying away. In many invertebrate species, including D. melanogaster, the "escape" (or "startle") response during the adult stage is mediated by the multi-component neuronal circuit called the Giant Fiber System (GFS). The comparative large size of the neurons, their distinctive morphology and simple connectivity make the GFS an attractive model system for studying neuronal circuitry. The GFS pathway is composed of two bilaterally symmetrical Giant Fiber (GF) interneurons whose axons descend from the brain along the midline into the thoracic ganglion via the cervical connective. In the mesothoracic neuromere (T2) of the ventral ganglia the GFs form electro-chemical synapses with 1) the large medial dendrite of the ipsilateral motorneuron (TTMn) which drives the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM), the main extensor for the mesothoracic femur/leg, and 2) the contralateral peripherally synapsing interneuron (PSI) which in turn forms chemical (cholinergic) synapses with the motorneurons (DLMns) of the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), the wing depressors. The neuronal pathway(s) to the dorsovental muscles (DVMs), the wing elevators, has not yet been worked out (the DLMs and DVMs are known jointly as indirect flight muscles - they are not attached directly to the wings, but rather move the wings indirectly by distorting the nearby thoracic cuticle) (King and Wyman, 1980; Allen et al., 2006). The di-synaptic activation of the DLMs (via PSI) causes a small but important delay in the timing of the contraction of these muscles relative to the monosynaptic activation of TTM (~0.5 ms) allowing the TTMs to first extend the femur and propel the fly off the ground. The TTMs simultaneously stretch-activate the DLMs which in turn mutually stretch-activate the DVMs for the duration of the flight. The GF pathway can be activated either indirectly by applying a sensory (e.g."air-puff" or "lights-off") stimulus, or directly by a supra-threshold electrical stimulus to the brain (described here). In both cases, an action potential reaches the TTMs and DLMs solely via the GFs, PSIs, and TTM/DLM motoneurons, although the TTMns and DLMns do have other, as yet unidentified, sensory inputs. Measuring "latency response" (the time between the stimulation and muscle depolarization) and the "following to high frequency stimulation" (the number of successful responses to a certain number of high frequency stimuli) provides a way to reproducibly and quantitatively assess the functional status of the GFS components, including both central synapses (GF-TTMn, GF-PSI, PSI-DLMn) and the chemical (glutamatergic) neuromuscular junctions (TTMn-TTM and DLMn-DLM). It has been used to identify genes involved in central synapse formation and to assess CNS function.

Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster

The Giant Fiber System is a simple neuronal circuit of adult Drosophila melanogaster containing the largest neurons in the fly. We describe the protocol for monitoring synaptic transmission through this pathway by recording post synaptic potentials in dorsal longitudinal (DLM) and tergotrochanteral (TTM) muscles following direct stimulation of the Giant Fiber interneurons.

Dev Fiber Pathway Elektrofizyolojik Kayıtlar D. melanogaster</em

When startled adult D. melanogaster react by jumping into the air and flying away. In many invertebrate species, including D. melanogaster, the "escape" ...

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Retina pigment epiteli Tüm Mount Fare Göz Diseksiyon

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

Organotipik Kültürleri nöronal Çığ Çok elektrot Dizi Kayıtlar

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. Pheromones are volatile or non-volatile short-lived molecules2 secreted and/or contained in biological fluids3,4, such as urine, a liquid known to be a main source of pheromones3. Pheromonal communication is implicated in a variety of key animal modalities such as kin interactions5,6, hierarchical organisations3 and sexual interactions7,8 and are consequently directly correlated with the survival of a given species9,10,11. In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO)10,12, a paired structure located at the base of the nasal cavity, and enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. Each VNO has a tubular shape with a lumen13,14 allowing the contact with the external chemical world. The sensory neuroepithelium is principally composed of vomeronasal bipolar sensory neurons (VSNs)15. Each VSN extends a single dendrite to the lumen ending in a large dendritic knob bearing up to 100 microvilli implicated in chemical detection16. Numerous subpopulations of VSNs are present. They are differentiated by the chemoreceptor they express and thus possibly by the ligand(s) they recognize17,18. Two main vomeronasal receptor families, V1Rs and V2Rs19,20,21,22, are composed respectively by 24023 and 12024 members and are expressed in separate layers of the neuroepithelium. Olfactory receptors (ORs)25 and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)26,27 are also expressed in VSNs.
Whether or not these neuronal subpopulations use the same downstream signalling pathway for sensing pheromones is unknown. Despite a major role played by a calcium-permeable channel (TRPC2) present in the microvilli of mature neurons28 TRPC2 independent transduction channels have been suggested6,29. Due to the high number of neuronal subpopulations and the peculiar morphology of the organ, pharmacological and physiological investigations of the signalling elements present in the VNO are complex.
Here, we present an acute tissue slice preparation of the mouse VNO for performing calcium imaging investigations. This physiological approach allows observations, in the natural environment of a living tissue, of general or individual subpopulations of VSNs previously loaded with Fura-2AM, a calcium dye. This method is also convenient for studying any GFP-tagged pheromone receptor and is adaptable for the use of other fluorescent calcium probes. As an example, we use here a VG mouse line30, in which the translation of the pheromone V1rb2 receptor is linked to the expression of GFP by a polycistronic strategy.

In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Here, an acute tissue slice preparation of VNO for performing calcium imaging is described. This physiological approach allows observations of subpopulations and/or individual neurons in a living tissue and is convenient for receptor-ligand identification.

Görüntüleme Feromon Fare Vomeronasal Akut Doku Dilim Hazırlama içinde Algılama

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. ...

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within the same species 1,2. These intraspecies signals, the pheromones, as well as signals from some predators 3, activate the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) with high levels of specificity and sensitivity 4. At least three distinct families of G-protein coupled receptors, V1R, V2R and FPR 5-14, are expressed in VNO neurons to mediate the detection of the chemosensory cues. To understand how pheromone information is encoded by the VNO, it is critical to analyze the response profiles of individual VSNs to various stimuli and identify the specific receptors that mediate these responses.
The neuroepithelia of VNO are enclosed in a pair of vomer bones. The semi-blind tubular structure of VNO has one open end (the vomeronasal duct) connecting to the nasal cavity. VSNs extend their dendrites to the lumen part of the VNO, where the pheromone cues are in contact with the receptors expressed at the dendritic knobs. The cell bodies of the VSNs form pseudo-stratified layers with V1R and V2R expressed in the apical and basal layers respectively 6-8. Several techniques have been utilized to monitor responses of VSNs to sensory stimuli 4,12,15-19. Among these techniques, acute slice preparation offers several advantages. First, compared to dissociated VSNs 3,17, slice preparations maintain the neurons in their native morphology and the dendrites of the cells stay relatively intact. Second, the cell bodies of the VSNs are easily accessible in coronal slice of the VNO to allow electrophysiology studies and imaging experiments as compared to whole epithelium and whole-mount preparations 12,20. Third, this method can be combined with molecular cloning techniques to allow receptor identification.
Sensory stimulation elicits strong Ca2+ influx in VSNs that is indicative of receptor activation 4,21. We thus develop transgenic mice that express G-CaMP2 in the olfactory sensory neurons, including the VSNs 15,22. The sensitivity and the genetic nature of the probe greatly facilitate Ca2+ imaging experiments. This method has eliminated the dye loading process used in previous studies 4,21. We also employ a ligand delivery system that enables application of various stimuli to the VNO slices. The combination of the two techniques allows us to monitor multiple neurons simultaneously in response to large numbers of stimuli. Finally, we have established a semi-automated analysis pipeline to assist image processing.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

Görüntüleme Nöronal cevaplar Vomeronasal Organ Dilim hazırlıklar Genetiği Kodlanmış Kalsiyum Sensör ifade

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Bozulmamış Vomeronasal Organ ve Aksesuar Koku Ampul Ex Vivo Hazırlıklar

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) express a specific type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) from at least three different chemoreceptor gene families allowing sensitive and specific detection of chemosensory cues. These families comprise the V1r and V2r gene families as well as the formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-related sequence (Fpr-rs) family of putative chemoreceptor genes. In order to understand the physiology of vomeronasal receptor-ligand interactions and downstream signaling, it is essential to identify the biophysical properties inherent to each specific class of VSNs.
The physiological approach described here allows identification and in-depth analysis of a defined population of sensory neurons using a transgenic mouse line (Fpr-rs3-i-Venus). The use of this protocol, however, is not restricted to this specific line and thus can easily be extended to other genetically modified lines or wild type animals.

Here, we describe a physiological approach that allows identification and in-depth analysis of a defined population of sensory neurons in acute coronal tissue slices of the mouse vomeronasal organ using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings.

Fare Vomeronazal Organ Akut Doku Dilimleri Tanımlı hücre popülasyonlarının derinlemesine Fizyolojik Analizi

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

Nigral Dopamin Nöronlar somatodendritik Domain hücre içi Patch-kelepçe Kayıtlar

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

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