Agradecemos Atsushi Miyawaki e Hiroshi Hama seus conselhos sobre as experiências de elAbSca, Charles Yokoyama para edição do manuscrito, Eriko Ohshima e Miyuki Kishino para sua assistência técnica. Este trabalho foi financiado por fundos de pesquisa de RIKEN T.H. e Grants-in-Aid para a investigação científica do Ministério da educação, cultura, esportes, ciência e tecnologia (MEXT) do Japão para T.H. (áreas inovadoras "Neurocircuitos mesoscópica"; 22115004) e S.S. (25890023).

Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comité de segurança do RIKEN genética recombinante experimento e RIKEN Wako Animal experimentos Comité e executados de acordo com as orientações institucionais das instalações da RIKEN cérebro ciência animais Instituto.
1. preparação de câmaras de imagem
<ol><li>
Câmara de imagem19
	<ol>
<li>Folhas de borracha de silicone, prepare uma câmara com uma espessura de aproximadamente 5 mm e piso chapas de várias espessuras. Além disso, prepare caixas de Petri com e sem um fundo de vidro (figura 1A).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Espaçador de fatia
	<ol>
<li>Prepare os espaçadores para manter as amostras, usando folhas de borracha de silicone com uma espessura de 0.5 mm (Figura 1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. tracer injeção
Nota: Fazer injeções no pons (2.1) ou no colículo superior (2.2). Injeção para os neurônios de projeção sub cerebral do rótulo de pons em uma região de cérebro grande, incluindo as áreas visuais e motoras, enquanto a injeção para os neurônios de projeção sub cerebral de rótulos colículo superior na área de visual. Para controle de experimentos, injetar soro, em vez de subunidade de toxina da cólera fluorescente-etiquetadas B. Para a manutenção da condição estéril use equipamento esterilizado e luvas de plástico limpadas com álcool etílico.
<ol><li>
Fazer injecções na ponte de ratos adultos.
	<ol>
<li>Desenhar 1 µ l de subunidade de toxina da cólera fluorescente-etiquetadas B (25 µ g / µ l de PBS) uma seringa Hamilton G 26.</li>
		<li>Coloque uma bomba injetora na seringa.</li>
		<li>Coloque a seringa e a bomba no suporte de um manipulador colocado num instrumento estereotáxica. Incline o manipulador 12° posteriormente de eixo vertical.</li>
		<li>Anestesiar um rato adulto masculino ou feminino (C57BL/6J ou Tlx3-cre/Ai9) através da injeção de sódio pentobarbital intraperitonealmente (60 mg/kg de peso corporal) ou através da administração de isoflurano (2-3%). Espere até que o rato faz sem resposta quando a cauda é comprimida com fórceps, indicando que o mouse é totalmente anestesiado.</li>
		<li>Coloque o mouse sobre o instrumento estereotáxica.</li>
		<li>Remova cuidadosamente o cabelo usando uma lâmina de barbear para prevenir a infecção e cortar 10mm do couro cabeludo, para que o bregma e o lambda são visíveis. Administre 0,1 mL de lidocaína a 1% usando uma pipeta. Defina o ângulo da cabeça, ajustando a posição vertical do bocal do instrumento estereotáxica para que o bregma e o lambda têm o mesmo nível de z.</li>
		<li>Ajuste a posição do manipulator deslizando-o no instrumento estereotáxica para que a ponta da seringa é perto o bregma e gravar a posição do manipulator. Retire a seringa movendo o suporte da ferramenta sobre o manipulador.</li>
		<li>Mover o manipulador 5,4 mm posterior e 0,4 mm lateralmente. Avança a seringa para que a ponta está perto de ponto de entrada no crânio. Retire a seringa e marcar o ponto de entrada.</li>
		<li>Posição do marcado, faça um furo com um diâmetro de aproximadamente 1 mm.</li>
		<li>Inserir a ponta da seringa no orifício para que a profundidade de ponta é 6,9 mm mais do que a que medida no bregma.</li>
		<li>Injete 1 µ l dos marcadores usando a bomba em 0,2 µ l/min.</li>
		<li>Retire a seringa do cérebro.</li>
		<li>Se necessário, cubra o cérebro exposto com pequenos fragmentos de pinça hemostática microfibrilar e adesivo instantâneo.</li>
		<li>Lave o cérebro exposto utilizando soro fisiológico entregado com uma pipeta para prevenir a infecção e suturar o couro cabeludo.</li>
		<li>Remova o mouse do instrumento estereotáxica. Permitir que o mouse para recuperar da anestesia em uma incubadora a 30 ˚ c, normalmente por 1h. Não deixe o mouse sem vigilância até que recuperou a consciência suficiente para manter a prostração esternal. Retorne o mouse para a companhia de outros animais depois que ele se recuperou totalmente.</li>
		<li>Manter o mouse por 3 a 7 dias.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Fazer injeções para o colículo superior de ratos adultos.
	<ol>
<li>Prepare uma pipeta de vidro com um diâmetro de ponta de 30 – 50 µm.</li>
		<li>Conectar-se a pipeta de vidro para uma seringa Hamilton através de um tubo de plástico (Figura 2A).</li>
		<li>Encha a pipeta de vidro, tubo de plástico e Hamilton seringa com o líquido de parafina.</li>
		<li>Coloque uma bomba injetora na seringa.</li>
		<li>Coloque a pipeta de vidro sobre o manipulador e incline o manipulador 60° posteriormente de eixo vertical (Figura 2B).</li>
		<li>Execute 2.1.4–2.1.9. A posição do manipulator é 1,4 mm posterior, lateral de 0,5 mm para o lambda.</li>
		<li>Coloque uma película de parafina de plástico pequena no crânio e, em seguida, coloque aproximadamente 1 µ l da solução de rastreamento nele. Rapidamente avançar a pipeta de vidro e encha-o com pelo menos 0,5 µ l da solução de rastreamento.</li>
		<li>Introduza a pipeta de vidro para que a profundidade da ponta é de 3,0 mm da superfície do cérebro.</li>
		<li>Injete 0,5 µ l dos marcadores usando a bomba em 0,2 µ l/min.</li>
		<li>Retire a pipeta de vidro do cérebro.</li>
		<li>Execute 2.1.13–2.1.16.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. fixação e remoção
<ol><li>Injectar intraperitonealmente pentobarbital de sódio (60 mg/kg de peso corporal) por um mouse (C57BL/6J ou Tlx3-cre/Ai9, com ou sem a injeção do traçador conforme descrito na etapa 2. Espere até que o rato faz sem resposta quando a cauda é comprimida com fórceps, indicando que o mouse é totalmente anestesiado.</li>
	<li>Eutanásia o mouse humanamente pelo perfusing o rato transcardially20 com soro fisiológico a 0,9%.</li>
	<li>Corrigir o rato20 por perfusing paraformaldeído 4% (PFA) em tampão de fosfato 0,1 M (pH 7,5).</li>
	<li>
Corte o couro cabeludo usando um par de tesouras para expor o crânio como descrito20.
	<ol>
<li>Corte a linha média do crânio exposta usando um par de tesouras. Remova o crânio usando fórceps.</li>
		<li>Se marcar a posição do bregma e o lambda é necessário, primeiro remova um hemisfério do crânio. Inserir agulhas de tungstênio fina do cérebro nas posições do bregma e o lambda no crânio que permaneçam no cérebro e, em seguida, remover o restante do crânio. Nota: O cérebro pode ser armazenado em PBS em 4 ˚ c.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Para executar a mancha do anticorpo de neurônios inibitórios, corte as amostras de cérebro em fatias.
	<ol>
<li>Coloque a amostra do cérebro em um vibratome.</li>
		<li>Corte as fatias até 500 µm de espessura em PBS na temperatura ambiente e vá para a etapa 5 (AbScale método).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Se a mancha do anticorpo é desnecessário, aparar a amostra do cérebro para bloqueia (até 3 mm de espessura) usando uma lâmina de barbear (Figura 3) e avance para o passo 4 (o método de SeeDB). Nota: O cérebro pode ser armazenado em PBS a 4 ° C após cortar ou aparar. O método SeeDB é preferível ao anticorpo coloração não é necessário, porque ele requer menos tempo do que o método de elAbSca.</li>
</ol>4. limpar sem anticorpo que mancha (o método de SeeDB)
<ol><li>Transferir a amostra usando uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 50 mL contendo 20 mL de 0.5% α-thioglycerol e 20% (p/v) de frutose e incube-4 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Transferir a amostra usando uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 50 mL contendo 20 mL de 0.5% α-thioglycerol e 40% (p/v) de frutose e incube-4 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Transferir a amostra usando uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 50 mL contendo 20 mL de 0.5% α-thioglycerol e 60% (p/v) de frutose e incube-4 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Transferir a amostra usando uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 50 mL contendo 20 mL de 0.5% α-thioglycerol e 80% (p/v) de frutose e incube-lo por 12 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Transferir a amostra usando uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 50 mL contendo 20 mL de 0.5% α-thioglycerol e 100% (p/v) de frutose e incube-lo por 12 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Transferir a amostra usando uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 50 mL contendo 20 mL de 0.5% α-thioglycerol e 80,2% (w/w) frutose e incube-lo por 24 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto. Nota: Manipular a amostra cuidadosamente para manter deformações tão pequena quanto possível. Não Incube as amostras mais tempo do que o indicado, como amostras podem rapidamente se tornar opacas.</li>
	<li>Incorpore a amostra em uma câmara de imagem preenchida com solução de frutose a 80,2% (figura 1B). Se necessário, corrigi a amostra, colocando pequenos pedaços de adesivo de borracha ao redor. Se a câmara for muito profunda, coloquei uma placa de piso na câmara antes de colocar as amostras.</li>
	<li>Coloque a placa de Petri com uma tampa de vidro sobre a câmara de imagem e colocar água no prato e imagem utilizando microscopia confocal ou dois fotões com uma água-imersão tempo trabalhando o objetivo de distância. Comprimentos de onda de excitação e filtros de emissão são descritos na tabela 1. Se necessário, utilize um palco motorizado.</li>
</ol>5. compensação com anticorpo que mancha (o AbScale método)
<ol><li>Prepare reagentes, conforme descrito na tabela 2.</li>
	<li>Transfira as fatias com uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 5 mL contendo 4 mL de solução de Sca/eS0 e incube-os por 12 h com agitação suave a 37 ° C (Figura 4B).</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta adicione 4 mL de solução de Sca/eA2 e incubar as fatias para 36 h com agitação suave a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta adicione 4 mL de solução de Sca/eB4 e incubar as fatias para 24 h com agitação suave a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta adicione 4 mL de solução de Sca/eA2 e incubar as fatias para 12 h com agitação suave a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta e adicionar 4 mL de PBS e incubar as fatias para 6 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Retire cuidadosamente as fatias para um tubo plástico de 2 mL, usando uma espátula.</li>
	<li>Incube com anticorpos primários (tabela 3) em 1 mL de solução de AbScale para 48-72 h a 37 ° C (Figura 4), com agitação suave.</li>
	<li>Retire cuidadosamente as fatias para um tubo de plástico de 5 mL com uma espátula.</li>
	<li>Incube em 4 mL de solução de AbScale para 2 h à temperatura ambiente com agitação suave em 2 vezes.</li>
	<li>Retire cuidadosamente as fatias para um tubo plástico de 2 mL, usando uma espátula.</li>
	<li>Incube com fluorescente etiquetado anticorpos secundários (Tabela de materiais, 1: 100) em 1 mL de solução de AbScale por 48 h a 37 ° C, com agitação suave.</li>
	<li>Retire as fatias com uma espátula para um tubo de plástico de 5 mL contendo 4 mL da solução AbScale cuidadosamente e incubar as fatias para 6 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta e adicione 4 mL da solução e AbScale incubar as fatias por 2 h 2 vezes com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta e adicionar 4 mL de 4% PFA e incubar as fatias para 1 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta e adicionar 4 mL de PBS e incubar as fatias para 1 h com agitação suave na temperatura de quarto.</li>
	<li>Remover a solução do tubo com uma pipeta adicione 4 mL da solução de Sca/eS4 e incubar as fatias para 12 h com agitação suave a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Coloque o espaçador sobre uma lâmina de vidro e coloque as fatias no espaçador e mergulhe as fatias com solução Sca/eS4. Sele o espaçador com um tampa de vidro (Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Ponha água no vidro de tampa e imagem utilizando microscopia confocal ou dois fotões com uma água-imersão tempo trabalhando o objetivo de distância. Se necessário, utilize um palco motorizado. Nota: Verifique se as partes profundas da amostra são etiquetadas similarmente às partes superficiais para confirmar a ausência de um significativo viés de rotulagem. Nota: A penetração dos anticorpos testados é descrita na tabela 3.</li>
</ol>6. determinação de posição de célula
<ol><li>Para cada posição em imagens digitalizadas, calcule os valores de correlação usando um filtro de imagem tridimensional14 (Figura 5A-5D).</li>
	<li>Determine as posições dos picos do valor de correlação (Figura 5).</li>
	<li>Investiga imagens em torno dos picos para localizar as células (Figura 5E).</li>
</ol>

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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super-resolution+mapping+of+neuronal+circuitry+with+an+index-optimized+clearing+agent.">Super-resolution mapping of neuronal circuitry with an index-optimized clearing agent.</a> Cell Reports. 14 (11), 2718-2732 (2016).</li><li>Lee, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACT-PRESTO:+Rapid+and+consistent+tissue+clearing+and+labeling+method+for+3-dimensional+(3D)+imaging.">ACT-PRESTO: Rapid and consistent tissue clearing and labeling method for 3-dimensional (3D) imaging.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 18631 (2016).</li><li>Renier, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+of+Brain+Activity+by+Automated+Volume+Analysis+of+Immediate+Early+Genes.">Mapping of Brain Activity by Automated Volume Analysis of Immediate Early Genes.</a> Cell. 165 (7), 1789-1802 (2016).</li><li>Kubota, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-body+profiling+of+cancer+metastasis+with+single-cell+resolution.">Whole-body profiling of cancer metastasis with single-cell resolution.</a> Cell Reports. 20 (1), 236-250 (2017).</li><li>Li, W., Germain, R. N., Gerner, M. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex,+quantitative+cellular+analysis+in+large+tissue+volumes+with+clearing-enhanced+3D+microscopy+(Ce3D).">Multiplex, quantitative cellular analysis in large tissue volumes with clearing-enhanced 3D microscopy (Ce3D).</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (35), E7321-E7330 (2017).</li><li>Liu, A. K. L., Lai, H. M., Chang, R. C. C., Gentleman, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+of+acrylamide+sodium+dodecyl+sulphate+(SDS)-based+tissue+clearing+(FASTClear):+a+novel+protocol+of+tissue+clearing+for+three-dimensional+visualization+of+human+brain+tissues.">Free of acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-based tissue clearing (FASTClear): a novel protocol of tissue clearing for three-dimensional visualization of human brain tissues.</a> Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 43 (4), 346-351 (2017).</li></ol>

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Apresentamos os procedimentos para obter imagens tridimensionais em grande escala da organização de tipo específico de célula a tipos de grandes células na camada neocortical do rato 5. Em comparação com a coloração da fatia convencional, o método é mais útil na determinação da organização tridimensional do neocórtex. O método permite a aquisição de imagens do mais amplo e as mais profundas regiões do cérebro em comparação com o típico na vivo microscopia 2-fóton ou microscopia confocal...

O neocórtex dos mamíferos é composto por um grande número de tipos de células, cada uma com os padrões de expressão de genes específicos, propriedades bioquímicas e eletrofisiológicas, conexões sinápticas, e na vivo funções1,2 ,3,4,5,6,7. Se estes tipos de células são organizados em estruturas repetidas tem sido pouco claras. Colunas corticais, incluindo colunas de orientação visual e somatossensorial barris, repetiram-se estruturas, mas sua organização celular permanece incerto8,9. Estas estão presentes nas áreas corticais específicas e não são um sistema de todo o cérebro.
Na camada neocortical 5, a grande maioria dos neurônios é classificada em quatro tipos principais. Um tipo importante de neurônios excitatórios, neurônios de projeção sub cerebral, projeta axônios para alvos subcorticais, incluindo o pons, medula espinhal e colículo superior e, portanto, representa a principal saída cortical via10. Neurônios de projeção cortical, um outro tipo importante de neurônios excitatórios, inervam o córtex10. Os neurônios inibitórios também contém duas classes principais: células parvalbumin-expressando e somatostatina-expressando11.
Análises recentes indicam que os tipos de quatro célula são organizados em estruturas repetidas12,13,14. Tanto os neurônios de projeção cerebral secundário a12,13,14 e de neurônios de projeção cortical14 organizam em célula-tipo específico microcolumns com um diâmetro de 1 – 2 células. Células Parvalbumin-expressando e somatostatina-expressando alinham especificamente com microcolumns de neurônios de projeção sub cerebral, mas não com microcolumns de neurônios de projeção cortical14. Microcolumns se alinhar periodicamente para formar um hexagonal lattice de matriz14 e estão presentes em múltiplas áreas corticais incluindo áreas visuais, somatossensorial e motor em cérebro de rato,12,14 e na língua áreas do cérebro humano13. Neurônios no microcolumn individual apresentam atividade sincronizada e ter respostas sensoriais semelhantes14. Estas observações indicam que tipos de células da camada 5 organizam em uma estrutura de treliça de microcolumn que representa a primeira organização de todo o cérebro conhecida de repetir módulos funcionais.
Microcolumns ter um raio de aproximadamente 10 µm e têm uma periodicidade espacial de aproximadamente 40 µm. Além disso, a orientação do microcolumns é paralela às suas dendrites apicais e alterações dependendo de sua posição no córtex14. Portanto, o sistema microcolumn é difícil de analisar usando fatias corticais convencionais com uma espessura típica de algumas dezenas de micrômetros. Além disso, a análise de periodicidade requer dados tridimensionais de uma vasta gama de áreas do cérebro e, portanto, a área de imagem típica de microscopia confocal ou na vivo imagem 2-fóton é muito estreita.
Recentemente, técnicas têm sido desenvolvidas para limpar tecidos grossos15,16. Aqui descrevemos a aplicação desses métodos para obter imagens tridimensionais, em grande escala os tipos de células principais na camada neocortical do rato 5 que compõem o sistema de microcolumn. Neurônios de projeção subcerebral são rotulados pela rotulagem retrógrada ou a expressão da proteína fluorescente verde reforçada em Crym-egfp ratos transgénicos12e projeção cortical neurônios são rotulados por ambos o retrógrado rotulagem ou pela expressão tdTomato em Tlx3-cre/Ai9 ratos17. Parvalbumin-expressando e somatostatina-expressando células são rotuladas por imuno-histoquímica. O método de (anticorpo escala S) AbScale18 é usado para o anticorpo que mancha experimentos, enquanto o método de SeeDB (ver profunda do cérebro)19 é usado para outras experiências. Esses métodos de superassem as dificuldades acima referidas dos métodos convencionais de imagem e revelam a organização celular exata da camada 514.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Crym-egfp transgenic mice</td>
			<td>MMRRC</td>
			<td>012003-UCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tlx3-cre transgenic mice</td>
			<td>MMRRC</td>
			<td>36547-UCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROSA-CAG-flox-tdTomato mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>JAX #7909</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber sheet</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>6-611-01</td>
			<td>0.5 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber sheet</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>6-611-02</td>
			<td>1.0 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber sheet</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>6-611-05</td>
			<td>3.0 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>Matsunami</td>
			<td>C022241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin subunit B (recombinant), Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C22841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin subunit B (recombinant), Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C22843</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin subunit B (recombinant), Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C22842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin subunit B (recombinant), Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C34778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26G Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>701N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injector pump</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>KDS 310</td>
			<td>Pons injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injector pump</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>KDS 100</td>
			<td>Superior colliculus injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>SM-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Kyoritsu Seiyaku</td>
			<td>Somnopentyl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine</td>
			<td>AstraZeneca</td>
			<td>Xylocaine injection 1% with epinephrine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Toyo Associates</td>
			<td>HP-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avitene microfibrillar hemostat</td>
			<td>Davol Inc</td>
			<td>1010090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alonalfa</td>
			<td>Daiichi-Sankyo</td>
			<td>Alonalpha A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical silk</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>K881H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>UVP</td>
			<td>HB-1000 Hybridizer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pipette</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>2-000-075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin Liquid, light</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>26132-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>Otsuka</td>
			<td>1326</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>26126-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten needle</td>
			<td>Inter medical</td>
			<td>&#934;0.1 *L200 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL plastic tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-thioglycerol</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>33709-62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D(-) Fructose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>16315-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BluTack</td>
			<td>Bostik</td>
			<td>CKBT-450000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two-photon microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>A1RMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-immersion long working distance objectives</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td colspan="2">CFI Apo LWD 25XW, NA 1.1, WD 2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-immersion long working distance objectives</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>CFI LWD 16XW, NA 0.8, WD 3 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized stage</td>
			<td>COMS</td>
			<td>PT100C-50XY</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF01-492/SP-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF03-525/50-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF03-575/25-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF01-629/56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>D605/55m</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL plastic tube</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>VIO-5B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL plastic tube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf&#160;</td>
			<td>0030120094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>35905-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>35501-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glyserol</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>191612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D(-)-sorbitol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-14735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl-&#946;-cyclodextrin</td>
			<td>Tokyo chemical industry</td>
			<td>M1356</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#947;-Cyclodextrin</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>037-10643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetyl-L-hydroxyproline</td>
			<td>Skin Essential Actives</td>
			<td>33996-33-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>13445-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20 (1.1 g/mL)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>35624-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly CrossAdsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly CrossAdsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-immersion long working distance objectives</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>XLUMPLFLN 20XW, NA 1.0, WD 2 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NeuN</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NeuN</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>ABN78</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CTIP2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab18465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Statb2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab51502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAD67</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB5406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GABA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Parvalbumin</td>
			<td>Swant</td>
			<td>235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Parvalbumin</td>
			<td>Frontier Institute</td>
			<td>PV-Go-Af460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Parvalbumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Parvalbumin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Somatostatin</td>
			<td>Peninsula Laboratories</td>
			<td>T-4103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-c-Fos</td>
			<td>CalbioChem</td>
			<td>PC38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

large-scale three-dimensional imaging of cellular organization in the mouse neocortex

O neocórtex dos mamíferos é composto de muitos tipos de neurônios excitatórios e inibitórios, cada um com propriedades específicas eletrofisiológicas e bioquímicas, conexões sinápticas, e na vivo de funções, mas sua basic funcional e anatômica organização de celular para escala de rede é mal compreendida. Aqui nós descrevemos um método para a imagem tridimensional de neurônios fluorescente-etiquetadas em grandes áreas do cérebro para a investigação da organização celular cortical. Tipos específicos de neurônios são rotulados por injeção de traçadores neuronais retrógrados fluorescentes ou expressão de proteínas fluorescentes em ratos transgénicos. Amostras de cérebro de bloco, por exemplo, um hemisfério, são preparadas após a fixação, transparentes com tecido métodos de compensação e submetidas a fluorescente immunolabeling os tipos de células específicas. Grandes áreas são verificadas usando microscópios confocal ou dois fotões equipados com grandes objectivos de distância de trabalho e estágios motorizados. Esse método pode resolver a organização periódica dos módulos funcionais específicas do tipo microcolumn célula no neocórtex do mouse. O procedimento pode ser útil para o estudo da arquitetura celular tridimensional nas áreas diversas do cérebro e outros tecidos complexos.

Nós rotulados de neurônios de projeção cortical pela expressão de tdTomato em Tlx3-cre/Ai9 ratos transgénicos e visualizado neurônios de projeção sub cerebral através da injeção do traçador retrógrado CTB488 em ponte. O hemisfério esquerdo do cérebro foi submetido ao método SeeDB e digitalizados usando um microscópio de dois fotões equipado com uma água-imersão tempo trabalhando o objetivo de distância (25 X, N.A. 1.1, distância de trabalho 2 mm) e...

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Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Imagem tridimensional em grande escala de organização celular no neocórtex Mouse

Aqui descrevemos um procedimento para tecido limpando, etiquetando fluorescente e imagens em grande escala do tecido de cérebro de rato que, desse modo, permite a visualização da organização tridimensional de tipos de células no neocórtex.

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical ...

large-scale-three-dimensional-imaging-cellular-organization-mouse

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.3K visualizações.  RIKEN Brain Science Institute. Aqui descrevemos um procedimento para tecido limpando, etiquetando fluorescente e imagens em grande escala do tecido de cérebro de rato que, desse modo, permite a visualização da organização tridimensional de tipos de células no neocórtex.

Vídeo: Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Múltiplas mouse-Imagem por Ressonância Magnética neuroanatômicos

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Neurociência

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of behaviors from the spiking activity of its neurons. One of the most effective methods to monitor spiking activity from a large number of neurons in multiple local neuronal circuits simultaneously is by using silicon electrode arrays1-3.
Action potentials produce large transmembrane voltage changes in the vicinity of cell somata. These output signals can be measured by placing a conductor in close proximity of a neuron. If there are many active (spiking) neurons in the vicinity of the tip, the electrode records combined signal from all of them, where contribution of a single neuron is weighted by its 'electrical distance'. Silicon probes are ideal recording electrodes to monitor multiple neurons because of a large number of recording sites (+64) and a small volume. Furthermore, multiple sites can be arranged over a distance of millimeters, thus allowing for the simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity in the various cortical layers or in multiple cortical columns (Fig. 1). Importantly, the geometrically precise distribution of the recording sites also allows for the determination of the spatial relationship of the isolated single neurons4. Here, we describe an acute, large-scale neuronal recording from the left and right forelimb somatosensory cortex simultaneously in an anesthetized rat with silicon probes (Fig. 2).

Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity using silicon probes in the anesthetized rat will be described. This technique allows information to be obtained across multiple brain areas from more than 100 neurons simultaneously. It provides information with single cell resolution about neuronal ensembles dynamics in multiple local circuits.

Gravação em grande escala Ensembles Neuronal com Sondas Silício na rato anestesiado

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

Em larga escala de gravação de Neurônios por sondas de silicone móveis em Comportando Roedores

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Acute Slices of the Adult Mouse Forebrain

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells in restricted areas of the adult mammalian brain. Newborn neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to their final destination in the olfactory bulb (OB)1. In the RMS, neuroblasts migrate tangentially in chains ensheathed by astrocytic processes2,3 using blood vessels as a structural support and a source of molecular factors required for migration4,5. In the OB, neuroblasts detach from the chains and migrate radially into the different bulbar layers where they differentiate into interneurons and integrate into the existing network1, 6.
In this manuscript we describe the procedure for monitoring cell migration in acute slices of the rodent brain. The use of acute slices allows the assessment of cell migration in the microenvironment that closely resembling to in vivo conditions and in brain regions that are difficult to access for in vivo imaging. In addition, it avoids long culturing condition as in the case of organotypic and cell cultures that may eventually alter the migration properties of the cells. Neuronal precursors in acute slices can be visualized using DIC optics or fluorescent proteins. Viral labeling of neuronal precursors in the SVZ, grafting neuroblasts from reporter mice into the SVZ of wild-type mice, and using transgenic mice that express fluorescent protein in neuroblasts are all suitable methods for visualizing neuroblasts and following their migration. The later method, however, does not allow individual cells to be tracked for long periods of time because of the high density of labeled cells. We used a wide-field fluorescent upright microscope equipped with a CCD camera to achieve a relatively rapid acquisition interval (one image every 15 or 30 sec) to reliably identify the stationary and migratory phases. A precise identification of the duration of the stationary and migratory phases is crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of results. We also performed multiple z-step acquisitions to monitor neuroblasts migration in 3D. Wide-field fluorescent imaging has been used extensively to visualize neuronal migration7-10. Here, we describe detailed protocol for labeling neuroblasts, performing real-time video-imaging of neuroblast migration in acute slices of the adult mouse forebrain, and analyzing cell migration. While the described protocol exemplified the migration of neuroblasts in the adult RMS, it can also be used to follow cell migration in embryonic and early postnatal brains.

We describe a protocol for real-time videoimaging of neuronal migration in the mouse forebrain. The migration of virally-labeled or grafted neuronal precursors was recorded in acute live slices using wide-field fluorescent imaging with a relatively rapid acquisition interval to study the different phases of cell migration, including the durations of the stationary and migration phases and the speed of migration.

Lapso de tempo de imagem de migração neuroblastos em fatias agudas do cérebro anterior Rato Adulto

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

A new ex vivo preparation for imaging the mouse spinal cord. This protocol allows for two-photon imaging of live cellular interactions throughout the spinal cord.

Dois fótons de imagem da Cellular Dynamics na Medula Espinhal Rato

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca2+), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections (&#8220;slices&#8221;) of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca2+ level. The protocol also allows &#8220;in-slice measurement&#8221; of absolute Ca2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

We describe a protocol to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors using an ex-vivo&#160;slice preparation of the mouse retina. This protocol allows comprehensive studies of cone Ca2+ signaling in an important mammalian model system, the mouse.

Imagem Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Dynamics nos terminais Cone fotorreceptores Axon do mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

Protocol for Three-dimensional Confocal Morphometric Analysis of Astrocytes

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify their functional and structural properties, a condition called reactive astrogliosis. Here, a protocol for assessment of the morphological properties of astrocytes is presented. This protocol includes quantification of 12 different parameters i.e. the surface area and volume of the tissue covered by an astrocyte (astrocyte territory), the entire astrocyte including branches, cell body, and nucleus, as well as total length and number of branches, the intensity of fluorescence immunoreactivity of antibodies used for astrocyte detection, and astrocyte density (number/1,000 &#181;m2). For this purpose three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopic images were created, and 3D image analysis software such as Volocity 6.3 was used for measurements. Rat brain tissue exposed to amyloid beta1-40 (A&#946;1-40) with or without a therapeutic&#160;intervention was used to present the method. This protocol can also be used for 3D morphometric analysis of other cells from either in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Astrocytes in the CNS change their functional and structural properties in response to harmful stimuli. This report presents a protocol for assessment of three-dimensional astrocyte morphology in diseased conditions or after therapeutic interventions.

Protocolo para tridimensional confocal morfométrica Análise de astrócitos

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify ...

Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers

The goal of this protocol is to study mitochondria within intraepidermal nerve fibers. Therefore, 3D imaging and analysis techniques were developed to isolate nerve-specific mitochondria and evaluate disease-induced alterations of mitochondria in the distal tip of sensory nerves. The protocol combines fluorescence immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy and 3D image analysis techniques to visualize and quantify nerve-specific mitochondria. Detailed parameters are defined throughout the procedures in order to provide a concrete example of how to use these techniques to isolate nerve-specific mitochondria. Antibodies were used to label nerve and mitochondrial signals within tissue sections of skin punch biopsies, which was followed by indirect immunofluorescence to visualize nerves and mitochondria with a green and red fluorescent signal respectively. Z-series images were acquired with confocal microscopy and 3D analysis software was used to process and analyze the signals. It is not necessary to follow the exact parameters described within, but it is important to be consistent with the ones chosen throughout the staining, acquisition and analysis steps. The strength of this protocol is that it is applicable to a wide variety of circumstances where one fluorescent signal is used to isolate other signals that would otherwise be impossible to study alone.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis techniques to visualize and quantify nerve-specific mitochondria. The techniques are applicable to other situations where one fluorescent signal is used to isolate a subset of data from another fluorescent signal.

Imagem tridimensional e análise de mitocôndrias dentro as fibras nervosas intraepidérmicas humana

The goal of this protocol is to study mitochondria within intraepidermal nerve fibers. Therefore, 3D imaging and analysis techniques were developed to ...

Three-Dimensional Motor Nerve Organoid Generation

A fascicle of axons is one of the major structural motifs observed in the nervous system. Disruption of axon fascicles could cause developmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Although numerous studies of axons have been conducted, our understanding of formation and dysfunction of axon fascicles is still limited due to the lack of robust three-dimensional in vitro models. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for the rapid generation of a motor nerve organoid (MNO) from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in a microfluidic-based tissue culture chip. First, fabrication of chips used for the method is described. From human iPS cells, a motor neuron spheroid (MNS) is formed. Next, the differentiated MNS is transferred into the chip. Thereafter, axons spontaneously grow out of the spheroid and assemble into a fascicle within a microchannel equipped in the chip, which generates an MNO tissue carrying a bundle of axons extended from the spheroid. For the downstream analysis, MNOs can be taken out of the chip to be fixed for morphological analyses or dissected for biochemical analyses, as well as calcium imaging and multi-electrode array recordings. MNOs generated with this protocol can facilitate drug testing and screening and can contribute to understanding of mechanisms underlying development and diseases of axon fascicles.

This protocol provides a comprehensive procedure to fabricate human iPS cell-derived motor nerve organoid through spontaneous assembly of a robust bundle of axons extended from a spheroid in a tissue culture chip.

Geração organoide do nervo motor tridimensional

A fascicle of axons is one of the major structural motifs observed in the nervous system. Disruption of axon fascicles could cause developmental and ...

In Vivo Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus

Microglia, the only immune cells resident in the brain, actively participate in neural circuit maintenance by modifying synapses and neuronal excitability. Recent studies have revealed the differential gene expression and functional heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions. The unique functions of the hippocampal neural network in learning and memory may be associated with the active roles of microglia in synapse remodeling. However, inflammatory responses induced by surgical procedures have been problematic in the two-photon microscopic analysis of hippocampal microglia. Here, a method is presented that enables the chronic observation of microglia in all layers of the hippocampal CA1 through an imaging window. This method allows the analysis of morphological changes in microglial processes for more than 1 month. Long-term and high-resolution imaging of the resting microglia requires minimally invasive surgical procedures, appropriate objective lens selection, and optimized imaging techniques. The transient inflammatory response of hippocampal microglia may prevent imaging immediately after surgery, but the microglia restore their quiescent morphology within a few weeks. Furthermore, imaging neurons simultaneously with microglia allows us to analyze the interactions of multiple cell types in the hippocampus. This technique may provide essential information about microglial function in the hippocampus.

In Vivo Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus

This paper describes a method for chronic in vivo observation of the resting microglia in the mouse hippocampal CA1 using precisely controlled surgery and two-photon microscopy.

Imagem tridimensional em grande escala de organização celular no neocórtex Mouse

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