Name: nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine
Uploaded: 2015-12-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 59 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine at JoVE.com

This work has been funded in part with federal funds from the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. HHSN272201400006C.

Todos os suínos utilizados na coleta dos seguintes dados estavam protegidos sob O Comitê Animal Care Institucional e Use Ohio State University (uso de animais protocolo número 2009A0134-R1). 1. Preparação de Transporte Viral Médio e Coleta de Amostras Vials <ol><li> Adicionar 37 g de Brain Heart Infusion a 900 ml de água purificada e misturar cuidadosamente com uma vareta de agitação e um agitador magnético, enquanto se aquece a 70 ° C para dissolver completamente o pó. </li><li> Autoclave o caldo a 121 ° C durante 15 min. Legal na bancada até que o caldo atingir a temperatura ambiente. Refrigerar a 4 ° C durante a noite se necessário. </li><li> Dissolve-se, por mistura com uma vareta de agitação magnética, 6,02 g de sal de sódio da penicilina G e 10 g de sulfato de estreptomicina em 50 ml de água purificada, à temperatura ambiente. Adiciona-se água purificada adicional para levar o volume total a 100 ml. Filtrar a solução através de uma membrana de polietersulfona de 0,22 um para um frasco estéril. </li><li> Adicionar assepticamente a penicilina filtrada e estreptomicina solução para o resfriado Brain Heart Infusion caldo e misture bem (barra de agitação ou redemoinho frasco à mão) para fazer o meio de transporte viral. </li><li> Assepticamente testar o pH do meio de transporte viral; se necessário, ajustar o pH para 7,4 ± 0,2 com HCl ou NaOH. </li><li> Realizar testes de controlo de qualidade sobre o meio de transporte viral por meio de testes para influenza A proteína da matriz do vírus por TRr-PCR, tal como descrito por Zhang e Harmon. 22 </li><li> Dispensar 5 ml do meio de transporte viral em frascos de polietileno de alta densidade estéreis com a capacidade de 8 ml. Rotular os tubos de ensaio para utilização no campo. </li><li> Armazenar os frascos prontos para uso em caixas padrão crio a -20 ° C até a coleta de amostras. </li></ol> 2. Recolha de Nasal Wipes de suínos <ol><li> Descongele o número apropriado de frascos imediatamente antes da coleta da amostra; será necessário um frasco para injectáveis ​​por suíno amostrados. Descongelamento na salatemperatura leva aproximadamente 30-45 min. Manter os tubos descongelados arrefecer em blocos de gelo até o uso. </li><li> Don equipamento de proteção individual como ditadas pela situação (por exemplo, fato-macaco, capas para botas, máscara, protetor auricular, etc.). </li><li> Entre na área de animal. Se necessário, limitar o porco a uma pequena área mas não conter. Não despertar descansando animais. </li><li> Coloque em um par de luvas de exame descartáveis. Tome cuidado para não contaminar as luvas por porcos tocando, pessoas ou objetos inanimados. </li><li> Use uma mão enluvada para remover um estéreis 5,08 cm x 5,08 cm (2 pol. X 2 pol.) Gaze de algodão de sua embalagem. Compressas de gaze estéreis deve ser usada sempre que possível. Compressas de gaze embrulhados individualmente são mais convenientes de usar do que aqueles envolvidos com duas almofadas de gaze por pacote. </li><li> Segure a gaze de algodão com as pontas dos dedos de uma mão expor tanto da almofada possível para amostragem. </li><li> Limpe a gaze em todo o focinho do porco, tendocuidado extra para entrar nas narinas externas, se possível. Recolhe secreções nasais visíveis (aproximadamente 1 ml) com a mesma almofada de gaze. </li><li> Usando o mesmo lado, dobre a compressa de gaze sobre si mesmo para facilitar a colocação no frasco contendo meio de transporte viral. </li><li> Utilizando outro lado, remover a tampa do frasco e colocar a almofada de gaze dobrada para dentro do frasco. Recapitular o frasco e agite o frasco para garantir a mistura do compressa de gaze e meio de transporte viral. </li><li> Retire as luvas e coloque em um recipiente apropriado. Mudar de luvas entre cada porco. </li><li> Verificar o identificador do frasco. Número recorde de identificação porco, idade, sexo, sinais clínicos, e outras notas consideradas necessárias ao investigador. </li><li> Refrigere as amostras imediatamente após a coleta. Considere fazer alíquotas da amostra antes de congelar para evitar múltiplos ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento. Tão rapidamente quanto possível após a colheita, colocar as amostras em gelo seco durante o transporte para o laboratório. Armazenar os tubos a -80° C até que o teste é iniciado. </li></ol> 3. Detecção do vírus influenza A Ácido Nucleico <ol><li> Descongelar as amostras num banho de grânulo seco 37 ° C durante 5 min e em seguida terminar o descongelamento das amostras no cimo da bancada à temperatura ambiente durante 20-30 min. A adição simultânea de vários frascos para os grânulos irá fazer com que o banho ao calor; recomenda-se precaução, para não superaquecer os frascos. </li><li> Retirar 100 ml de meio de transporte viral para extração de RNA. <ol><li> Usar um de alto rendimento (96 formato de placa de poço) plataforma esférulas magnéticas para a extracção de ARN a partir de um grande número de amostras. 31 </li></ol></li><li> Use em tempo real PCR transcriptase reversa para a influenza A detecção rápida do vírus. 31 </li></ol> 4. O isolamento do vírus influenza A partir nasais Wipes <ol><li> Descongelar as amostras tal como descrito acima na Secção 3.1 </li><li> Trate amostras descongeladas com sulfato de gentamicina (1000ug / ml), anfotericina B (22,5 ug / ml), e sulfato de canamicina (325 ng / mL). </li><li> Inocular em Madin-Darby de rim canino (MDCK) células epiteliais como descrito anteriormente. 32 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Coleta de amostras de suínos utilizando swab nasal com ponta de poliéster tem se mostrado útil para conduzir a vigilância IAV; no entanto, a utilização do procedimento de swab nasal dificulta os esforços de vigilância devido ao uso obrigatório de um laço à contenção. Toalhetes nasais representam um refinamento de técnicas de amostragem suína atuais para minimizar o estresse sobre as pessoas e suínos durante a coleta de amostra. Enquanto o método tem sido desenvolvido e validado para exposição em ambie...

<html> Os vírus influenza A (IAV) causam doenças respiratórias em muitas espécies, incluindo aves domésticas, suínos e seres humanos. Devido ao rearranjo da evolução viral rápida segmentado genoma IAV pode ocorrer e novas cepas IAV frequentemente surgem. Suína são uma espécie que pode servir como um recipiente de mistura para rearranjo de iAVS a partir de múltiplas espécies hospedeiras. 1 Atualmente, existem três principais subtipos de IAV normalmente circulam entre os porcos da América do Norte (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2), mas várias introduções IAV de seres humanos têm levou a extensa diversidade IAV dentro desses subtipos. 2 evolução rápida da iAVS infectam suínos tem sido evidente desde 1998, quando um recombinante triplo IAV contendo segmentos de genes de vírus humanos, aviários e suínos 3 tornou-se difundido entre os porcos nos Estados Unidos. 4 O gene interno segmentos de que IAV recombinado triplo permanecem altamente prevalente entre iAVS atualmente infectando porcos. 5 &quot;&gt; Em todo o mundo, IAV é uma importante causa de doenças respiratórias em suínos em que os sinais clínicos típicos incluem febre, anorexia, letargia, tosse, dificuldade para respirar, espirros, corrimento nasal e pouco ganho de peso. IAV pode ser particularmente caro para semear fazendas onde reprodutiva falha devido a febre IAV induzida e leitões fracos-nascido foram documentados 6,7. Nos Estados Unidos, IAV é comumente detectada em rebanhos suínos comerciais e extensa diversidade antigênica e genômica e evolução contínua entre IAV suína infectar tem dificultado o controle deste vírus 8-11. Preocupações de saúde pública sobre a emergência de uma estirpe IAV pandemia resultante do rearranjo em suínos foram realizados em 2009, quando um IAV suína-linhagem contendo segmentos de genes da linhagem suína norte-americana triple-reassortant e da linhagem suína aviária do tipo Eurasian causou uma pandemia mundial em humanos 12. A pandemia do vírus (A (H1N1) pdm09), desde então,rearranjado com suínos endêmica IAV estirpes 13,14 e algumas destas estirpes recentemente rearranjado foram transmitidos de volta para os seres humanos. 15 A freqüência de eventos de rearranjo e surgimento de novas cepas IAV com potencial pandêmico faz a vigilância ativa de vírus circulando IAV em suínos imperativo, especialmente na interface suína-humano. A interface suína-humano é importante para a transmissão bi-direcional interespécies do IAV. Humano-a-suína transmissão que ocorrem na produção suína comercial é responsável por uma grande quantidade de diversidade IAV actualmente presente na população de porcos. Feiras agrícolas são os maiores configurações para o comingling de pessoas e suína nos Estados Unidos e são locais para a transmissão zoonótica do IAV 15-21. Em 2012 conhecido, durante o surto de uma variante H3N2 IAV, 93% dos casos relatados no atendimento uma feira agrícola nos dias 15 Análise Genômica antes do início da doença.dos isolados virais de suínos de exposição em comparação com isolados humanos confirmaram transmissão zoonótica. suína 21 Exposição infectado com IAV muitas vezes não mostram sinais clínicos da doença, 21-23, indicando a necessidade de testes de diagnóstico diretos. Amostragem de suínos visivelmente doente por si só não irá identificar com sucesso prevalência IAV em suínos e não pode ser invocado para identificar novas cepas de IAV emergentes entre suína. A vigilância ativa é absolutamente necessário para a detecção de estirpes emergentes da IAV nos suínos e para avaliar sua ameaça tanto para suínos e de saúde pública. A maioria das actividades de fiscalização do IAV são voluntárias e, portanto, são necessários métodos minimamente perturbadoras. Os três principais procedimentos de coleta de amostra ante-mortem para IAV infectar suínos são: swab nasal, fluidos orais e nasais toalhetes. As actuais recomendações para a amostragem suína indivíduo para detectar a inserção lista IAV-de fibra sintética com ponta cotonetes nas narinas como o método preferidopara recolher secreções nasais e células epiteliais. 24,25 Porque os porcos podem tentar evitar este procedimento, uma equipe de pessoal treinado deve conter suínos manualmente ou com um laço, dependendo do tamanho do animal. 26 O processo de contenção é trabalhoso para o pessoal e estressante para os porcos. Além disso, exposição suína estão freqüentemente envolvidos em várias competições em uma feira de modo a percepção de stress em um animal de competição pode fazer proprietários resistente aos esforços de vigilância. Com probabilidades de detecção IAV que variam de 80-100% em IAV rebanhos infectados, fluidos orais tornaram-se uma alternativa popular para nasal swabs para a detecção molecular do IAV em populações de suínos. 27,28 Além disso, líquidos orais podem fornecer uma janela mais ampla de IAV detecção de swab nasal após a infecção inicial. No entanto, IAV isolamento a partir de fluidos orais tem sido problemática com apenas 50% das tentativas de isolamento de vírus, resultando em IAV recuperação. 29 Usando toalhetes nasais em vez de swab nasal durante a vigilância IAV em suínos supera as limitações descritas acima. Toalhetes nasais não requerem o uso de uma armadilha de restrição e pode ser realizada sem perturbar os animais testemunhas ou do procedimento. Treinamento técnico mínimo é necessário para coletar limpezas nasais, que permite que os profissionais não-veterinários, incluindo os proprietários de suínos, para recolher as amostras de vigilância. Toalhetes nasais foram comparadas anteriormente para esfregaços nasais para a detecção e isolamento de vírus influenza A e 30 do protocolo detalhado para este método não-invasivo de amostragem é descrito abaixo.

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nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine

Vigilância de vírus da gripe A em suínos é fundamental para a saúde humana e animal, porque o vírus influenza A evolui rapidamente em populações de suínos e novas estirpes estão surgindo continuamente. Suínos são capazes de ser infectado por diversas linhagens do vírus influenza A, tornando-os anfitriões importantes para o surgimento e manutenção da nova gripe A estirpes de vírus. Amostragem suínos em diversas configurações, como granjas comerciais de suínos, feiras e mercados agrícolas, de animais vivos é importante para fornecer uma visão abrangente das cepas que circulam atualmente IAV. O ante-mortem técnica de amostragem padrão-ouro atual (ou seja, coleta de swab nasal) é trabalhoso porque exige contenção física dos porcos. Toalhetes nasais envolvem esfregando um pedaço de tecido em todo o focinho do porco com o mínimo de retenção do animal. A nasal limpe procedimento é simples de executar e não requer pessoal com formação profissional ou veterinária manipulação animal. While ligeiramente menos sensível do que swab nasal, as taxas de detecção e isolamento do vírus são suficientes para fazer nasal limpa uma alternativa viável para a amostragem de suínos individuais quando são necessários métodos de amostragem de baixa tensão. O protocolo de processo descreve as etapas necessárias para coletar uma nasal viável limpe a partir de um porco individual.

A utilização bem sucedida deste método produz TRr-PCR resulta que, acompanhada com a utilização de um controlo interno durante a extracção de ARN e TRr-PCR, mostram amostras não contêm inibidores de PCR a partir de quaisquer detritos apanhados ambiente durante a amostragem. Após a inoculação de exemplo, os poços de isolamento de vírus deve ser livre de detritos ambientais visível a partir da amostra. Há um consenso razoável entre os resultados rRT-PCR e os resultados de isolamento de vírus com o entend...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine at JoVE.com

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses.

Nasal Wipes para Influenza A detecção de vírus e Isolamento de suínos

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and ...

nasal-wipes-for-influenza-a-virus-detection-and-isolation-from-swine

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.3K visualizações.  The Ohio State University. The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses. 

Vídeo: Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

Alta capacidade método de detecção de vírus Influenza

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.

Detecção de vírus de Bioaerossóis usando resina de troca de ânion

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid ...

Ambiente

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality every year. The Influenza A and B assay was the first CLIA-waived molecular rapid flu test available. The Influenza A and B test works by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. Here, the performance of the Influenza A and B assay on frozen, archived nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens stored in viral transport medium (VTM) were compared to a respiratory panel assay.
The performance of the Influenza A and B assay was evaluated by comparing the results to the respiratory panel reference method. The sensitivity for total influenza virus A was 67.5% (95% CI (CI), 56.6-78.5) and the specificity was 86.9% (CI, 71.0-100). For influenza virus B testing, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% (CI, 68.5-100) and 98.8% (CI, 68.5-100), respectively.
This system has the advantage of a significantly shorter test time than any other currently available molecular assay and the simple, pipette-free procedure runs on a fully integrated, closed, small-footprint system. Overall, the Influenza A and B assay evaluated in this study has the potential to serve as a point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic test.

We describe a rapid, molecular-based Influenza A and B assay. The Influenza assay detects each target within 15 min by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. The Influenza A and B assay is user-friendly and required minimal hands-on time to perform.

Rápida Detecção Molecular e diferenciação de Influenza vírus A e B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality ...

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. We designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. This manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic PCR workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focusing on procedures that are different from microliter scale reactions. In the respiratory panel presented, 18 assays were each set up in triplicate, accommodating up to 48 samples per plate. A universal extraction and pre-amplification workflow was optimized for high-throughput sample preparation to accommodate multiple matrices and DNA and RNA based pathogens. Representative data are presented for one RNA target (influenza A matrix) and one DNA target (equine herpesvirus 1). The ability to quickly and accurately test for a comprehensive, syndrome-based group of pathogens is a valuable tool for improving efficiency and ergonomics of diagnostic testing and for acute respiratory disease diagnosis and management.

High-throughput testing of DNA and RNA based pathogens by nanoscale PCR is described using a syndromic canine and equine respiratory PCR panel.

Detecção de alto rendimento de patógenos respiratórios em espécimes animais por Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of ...

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against currently circulating strains. In addition to their use in treating seasonal influenza, the NA inhibitors have been stockpiled by a number of countries for use in the event of a pandemic. It is therefore important to monitor the susceptibility of circulating influenza viruses to this class of antivirals. There are different types of assays that can be used to assess the susceptibility of influenza viruses to the NA inhibitors, but the enzyme inhibition assays using either a fluorescent substrate or a chemiluminescent substrate are the most widely used and recommended. This protocol describes the use of a fluorescence-based assay to assess influenza virus susceptibility to NA inhibitors. The assay is based on the NA enzyme cleaving the 2&#8242;-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-&#945;-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) substrate to release the fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). Therefore, the inhibitory effect of an NA inhibitor on the influenza virus NA is determined based on the concentration of the NA inhibitor that is required to reduce 50% of the NA activity, given as an IC50 value.

We describe the use of a phenotypic fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay to assess the susceptibility of influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antivirals.

-Fluorescência baseado Neuraminidase Ensaio de Inibição Para avaliar a susceptibilidade do vírus influenza A de neuraminidase Inibidor de Classe Antivirais

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

Estudos do Vírus Influenza A em um Modelo de Infecção de Camundongos

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

Geração de variantes de fuga de neutralizar os anticorpos monoclonais de vírus da gripe

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal.
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.

In this study, we present a protocol to perform two-photon intravital imaging and cell interaction analysis in the murine tracheal mucosa after infection with influenza virus. This protocol will be relevant for researchers studying immune cell dynamics during respiratory infections.

Interação de célula de imagem latente na Mucosa traqueal durante a infecção de vírus de Influenza usando microscopia Intravital dois fotões

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. ...

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy &ndash; Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed due to challenges with different diagnostic modalities. Ciliary videomicroscopy, using Digital High-Speed Videomicroscopy (DHSV), one of the diagnostic tools for PCD, is considered the optimal method to perform ciliary functional analysis (CFA), comprising of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and beat pattern (CBP) analysis. However, DHSV lacks standardized, published operating procedure for processing and analyzing samples. It also uses living respiratory epithelium, a significant infection control issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. To continue providing a diagnostic service during this health crisis, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been adapted to include adequate infection control measures.
Here, we describe a revised protocol for sampling and laboratory processing of ciliated respiratory samples, highlighting adaptations made to comply with COVID-19 infection control measures. Representative results of CFA from nasal brushing samples obtained from 16 healthy subjects, processed and analyzed according to this protocol, are described. We also illustrate the importance of obtaining and processing optimal quality epithelial ciliated strips, as samples not meeting quality selection criteria do now allow for CFA, potentially decreasing the diagnostic reliability and the efficiency of this technique.

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy &#8211; Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

To guarantee a successful and high-quality ciliary functional analysis for PCD diagnosis, a precise and careful method for respiratory epithelium sampling and processing is essential. To continue providing PCD diagnostic service during the COVID-19 pandemic, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been updated to include appropriate infection control measures.

Amostragem e processamento de escovação nasal usando videomicroscopia ciliar digital de alta velocidade – adaptação para a pandemia de COVID-19

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed ...

COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Performing a Nasal Swab Test on Patients inside a Rapidly Deployable Facility Optimized for Epidemics

While different types of diagnostic tests may be used to detect coronavirus disease, a nasopharyngeal swab test is the most common. The test must be performed by a trained healthcare provider. If cell culture is collected in a wrong manner, the diagnosis obtained may be incorrect.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that providers use a sterile dacron or rayon swab with a flexible, plastic shaft for deep nasal sampling. Cotton, calcium alginate swabs, or swabs with wooden sticks may contain such compounds that can inactivate some viruses and inhibit the diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The following protocol describes the proper procedure for collecting a nasopharyngeal swab sample.

COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Performing a Nasal Swab Test on Patients Inside a Rapidly Deployable Facility Optimized for Epidemics

Surto de COVID-19 /Coronavírus: realizando um teste de swab nasal em pacientes dentro de uma instalação rapidamente implantável e otimizada para epidemias

While different types of diagnostic tests may be used to detect coronavirus disease, a nasopharyngeal swab test is the most common. The test must be ...