We thank the Clinical Microbiology Service staff of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center for help in collecting clinical specimens. This study was supported in part by a research agreement between MSKCC and Alere Scarborough (SK2013-0262).

ÉTICA DECLARAÇÃO: A utilização de sobras de amostras clínicas é aprovado e segue as diretrizes da Cancer Center Institutional Review Board Memorial Sloan Kettering. 1. Antes de realizar o teste NOTA: O Influenza A e B do ensaio é aprovado para espécimens de esfregaço nasofaríngeo e das zaragatoas nasofaríngeas armazenados no meio de transporte viral. As mechas são incluídos no kit e deve ser usado para um desempenho óptimo. No entanto, rayon, espuma, reuniram-se cotonetes ou swab nasal de poliéster também pode ser usado para coletar amostras de swab nasal. <ol><li> Para a coleta de uma amostra de swab nasal, insira o cotonete na narina que tem a drenagem mais visível ou que é mais congestionado. Com a rotação suave, empurre a zaragatoa na narina até encontrar resistência e rodar várias vezes contra a parede nasal antes de lentamente retirar da narina. Armazenar os cotonetes e transportá-los em frascos contendo 3 ml de meio de transporte viral (VTM). NOTA: A atenção cuidadosa para aproprcoleta de amostras iate deve ser tomado como coleta de amostra inadequada pode produzir resultados errados. NOTA: As amostras de zaragatoa deve ser testado o mais rapidamente possível após a colheita. No entanto, elas podem ser armazenadas à temperatura ambiente durante até 2 horas ou refrigerada a 2-8 ° C durante até 24 horas, se o teste não está imediatamente disponível. amostras recolhidas recentemente são ideais para o desempenho no teste ideal. O manuseio inadequado da amostra, armazenamento e / ou transporte podem produzir resultados errados. NOTA: Como medida de precaução, os indivíduos que executam este teste deve tratar todas as amostras como potencialmente infecciosas, seguindo as precauções universais ao manusear amostras. </li><li> Trazer todas as amostras à temperatura ambiente antes do teste. NOTA: Todos os componentes de ensaio são de uma única utilização e não deve ser utilizado para executar vários testes. Não misturar os componentes do kit de lotes diferentes. Não usar reagentes após a data de expiração. </li><li> Traga o receptor amostra azul para rootemperatura m antes do teste. A base de teste de laranja pode ser testada, sem a necessidade de aquecer até à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Deixe todas as peças de teste no embrulho folha até imediatamente antes da utilização. Ligue o instrumento pressionando o botão de energia no lado do instrumento. Digite o user-ID e pressione &quot;OK&quot;. </li></ol> 2. A execução do teste <ol><li> Para iniciar o processo de teste, toque em &quot;Run Test&quot; na tela do instrumento. Digite o ID do paciente usando o teclado na tela ou scanner de código de barras e pressione &quot;OK&quot;. Abra a tampa e insira a base de teste laranja no suporte base de teste da Orange. </li><li> Confirmar que o teste correto é exibido na tela e pressione &quot;OK&quot;. Insira o receptor amostra azul no suporte do receptor amostra azul. NOTA: Não abra o receptor da amostra antes de colocar no instrumento, pois isso vai impedir que o tampão de eluição de atingir a temperatura de funcionamento correto e pode afetar o desempenho do teste. </li&gt; <li> Aguarde até que o receptor de exemplo para aquecer. Quando solicitado pelo instrumento, remover o selo de alumínio e coloque o cotonete doente a ser testado para o receptor da amostra. NOTA: Quando retirar o papel alumínio, coloque dois dedos sobre a borda do Receptor de exemplo para garantir que ele permanece no lugar. </li><li> Misture vigorosamente o cotonete no líquido durante 10 segundos, pressionando a cabeça cotonete contra a parede do receptor da amostra como você misturá-lo para ajudar a desalojar a amostra do cotonete. Pressione &quot;OK&quot; para prosseguir. Se o teste compressas armazenados em meio de transporte viral, vortex da VTM por 10 segundos, em seguida, adicione 200 mL para o receptor da amostra. </li><li> Pressionar o cartucho de transferência de branco para o receptor da amostra azul. Continue pressionando no receptor da amostra até que o indicador laranja sobe. </li><li> Levante e depois ligar o cartucho de transferência para a base de teste. Observe o indicador de laranja descer assim que a transferência cartucho está ligado corretamente. Feche a tampa e não abra até que o &quot;Teste completo&quot;mensagem aparece na tela. </li></ol> 3. Controlo de Qualidade <ol><li> Toque &#39;Run QC Test&#39; na tela inicial. Selecione o teste QC a ser executado. Confirme o tipo de teste para coincidir com a amostra QC destinado a testes tocando &#39;OK&#39; e seguir as instruções na tela para completar o teste. </li></ol> 4. Resultado Interpretação <ol><li> Após a execução do teste é completa, observar os resultados do teste apresentado no ecrã com as interpretações para a presença de Influenza A, B, subtipos desconhecidos. Para resultados inválidos repetir o teste. </li></ol> 5. Manutenção e Limpeza <ol><li> Limpar o aparelho e da área de banco circundante diariamente com 70% de etanol ou uma solução de lixívia a 10%. Pulverizar a solução de limpeza em um pano úmido, sem fiapos para limpar. Não deite as soluções diretamente no aparelho. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Os vírus da gripe são causas mundiais de morbidade e mortalidade. diagnóstico rápido e preciso da gripe é uma das principais chaves para gerir surtos de gripe durante a temporada respiratória. Outros testes à base de antigene é rápido e fácil de realizar; no entanto, eles têm baixa sensibilidade 13. Por outro lado, os testes moleculares tradicionais têm melhorado a sensibilidade, mas requerem técnicos de laboratório mais experientes para realizar e são mais dispendiosas. O ensaio d...

Infecções de vírus da gripe resultar em uma quantidade significativa de morbidade e mortalidade em cada ano 1, 2, 3. Influenza não complicada é caracterizada por sintomas respiratórios e constitucionais, tais como febre, mialgia, dor de cabeça e tosse não produtiva 4, 5. Os indivíduos mais velhos, crianças, doentes imunocomprometidos e pacientes com comorbidades subjacentes correm um risco maior de complicações graves, como pneumonia, miocardite, doença do sistema nervoso central, ou morte 6, 7. Infecção por influenza é original de outros vírus respiratórios em que a administração rápida de terapêutica antiviral dentro de 48 h do início dos sintomas pode reduzir a gravidade da doença e comprimento 8. A identificação rápida da gripe, também tem sidomostrado para reduzir o uso de antibióticos desnecessários 9, 10. Além disso, pacientes hospitalizados com infecções de gripe devem ser colocados em quartos isolados com precauções de controle de infecção apropriadas. No entanto, doenças respiratórias provocadas por vírus influenza não pode ser difícil distinguir clinicamente de gripe. Por esse motivo, os testes de diagnóstico rápidos e precisos para a gripe é muito importante para a gestão clínica do paciente. Vários ensaios estão disponíveis para a detecção e identificação dos vírus da gripe. Os testes de detecção de antígeno da gripe rápidas (RIDTs) são amplamente utilizados na prática clínica como testes point-of-care, porque eles são simples de usar e fornecer resultados dentro de 15 a 30 min 11, 12; no entanto, as suas sensibilidades variam muito (10-80%), dependendo do fabricante e da população que está sendo testado, eo tipo de gripe e subtyPE 13, 14, 15. Ensaios de fluorescência direta (DFAS) fornecem sensibilidades superiores sobre RIDTs, mas o tempo de processamento é maior (~ 3 horas) e deve ser concluída por técnicos qualificados 16, 17. A cultura viral tem sido o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da gripe e melhorou a sensibilidade sobre ambos os RIDTs e DFAs 18. No entanto, a cultura viral influenza pode levar de 2-14 d para completar, diminuindo sua utilidade em ajudar manejo do paciente 19. Por último, os testes de amplificação de ácidos nucleicos (NAAT) substituíram as técnicas de cultura como o novo padrão ouro no diagnóstico da gripe. NASC são considerados como tendo a maior sensibilidade para a detecção de gripe em poucas horas. No entanto, NASC são os ensaios mais caros e exigem equipamentos e técnicos especializados para realizar 5 <sup&gt;, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. O ensaio de influenza A e B aqui descrito é o primeiro teste da gripe dispensada-CLIA molecular rápida que está prontamente disponível. Este ensaio trabalha utilizando uma Reacção nicking endonuclease de amplificação (NEAR) que utiliza amplificação isotérmica com iniciadores específicos de influenza, seguido de detecção do alvo com as sondas farol molecular. Este ensaio diferencia influenza A com B, requer dois minutos para configurar e processar uma amostra, e exige um total de 15 minutos para se completar. Aqui, apresentamos o protocolo para o ensaio Influenza A &amp; B. Além disso, nós fornecemos um conjunto de dados de amostra definida comparando o desempenho da Influenza A e B do ensaio de swab nasofaríngeo arquivado (NPS) amostras armazenadas em meio de transporte viral (VTM) para outro ensaio painel patógeno respiratório.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alere i Instrument</td><td>Alere</td><td>NAT-000 (Global), NAT-024 (US)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alere i Influenza A &amp;amp; B 24 Test Kit</td><td>Alere</td><td>425-000 (Global), 425-024 (US)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alere i Barcode Scanner</td><td>Alere</td><td>EQ001001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alere Universal Printer</td><td>Alere</td><td>55115 (Global), alereiprinter&amp;nbsp;(US)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l precision pipette</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l disposable pipette tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Viral transport medium</td><td>Remel</td><td>M4-RT</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid molecular detection and differentiation of influenza viruses a and b

A gripe é uma doença respiratória contagiosa causada por vírus da gripe A e B em seres humanos e faz com que uma quantidade significativa de morbilidade e mortalidade a cada ano. A Influenza A e B do ensaio foi o primeiro teste molecular gripe rápida dispensada-CLIA disponível. O teste de Influenza A e B funciona através do emprego de amplificação isotérmica com iniciadores específicos de influenza, seguido de detecção do alvo com as sondas farol molecular. Aqui, o desempenho do ensaio de Influenza A e B em congelado, arquivado esfregaço nasofaríngeo (NPS) amostras armazenadas no meio de transporte viral (VTM) foram comparados com um ensaio de painel respiratório. O desempenho do ensaio de Influenza A e B foi avaliada por comparação dos resultados com o método de referência do painel respiratório. A sensibilidade para o vírus total de influenza A foi 67,5% (CI de 95% (IC), 56,6-78,5) e a especificidade foi de 86,9% (Cl, 71,0-100). Para os testes de vírus da gripe B, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 90,2% (Cl, 68,5-100) E 98,8% (Cl, 68,5-100), respectivamente. Este sistema tem a vantagem de um tempo de teste significativamente mais curto do que qualquer outro ensaio molecular actualmente disponíveis e o processo simples, livre de pipeta é executado em um sistema totalmente integrado, fechada, de pequenas dimensões. No geral, a Influenza A e B ensaio avaliada neste estudo tem o potencial de servir como um teste de diagnóstico da gripe rápida point-of-care.

Neste estudo, os espécimes NPS arquivados foram coletadas de pacientes internados com sintomas semelhantes aos da gripe no Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), durante um surto de gripe entre 15 de dezembro de 2012 e 1º de março de 2013. Os espécimes NPS foram apresentados em 3 ml da VTM e testado como parte da prática clínica de rotina com um ensaio molecular que detecta um painel de vírus respiratórios (PR), incluindo a gripe a, a-1, a-3 e B. Durante o período do es...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B at JoVE.com

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Descreve-se um ensaio rápido, com base molecular da gripe A e B. O ensaio detecta Influenza cada alvo dentro de 15 min, utilizando amplificação isotérmica com iniciadores específicos de influenza, seguido de detecção do alvo com as sondas farol molecular. O ensaio de Influenza A e B é de fácil utilização e necessário hands-on tempo mínimo para executar.

Rápida Detecção Molecular e diferenciação de Influenza vírus A e B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality ...

rapid-molecular-detection-differentiation-influenza-viruses

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.5K visualizações.  Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.  Descreve-se um ensaio rápido, com base molecular da gripe A e B. O ensaio detecta Influenza cada alvo dentro de 15 min, utilizando amplificação isotérmica com iniciadores específicos de influenza, seguido de detecção do alvo com as sondas farol molecular. O ensaio de Influenza A e B é de fácil utilização e necessário hands-on tempo mínimo para executar. 

Vídeo: Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally established in 1999 1,2 plasmid-based reverse genetic techniques to generate recombinant viruses have revolutionized the influenza research field because specific questions have been answered by genetically engineered, infectious, recombinant influenza viruses. Such studies include virus replication, function of viral proteins, the contribution of specific mutations in viral proteins in viral replication and/or pathogenesis and, also, viral vectors using recombinant influenza viruses expressing foreign proteins 3.

Rescue of influenza A viruses from plasmid DNA is a basic and essential experimental technique that allows influenza researchers to generate recombinant viruses to study multiple aspects in the biology of influenza virus, and to be used as potential vectors or vaccines.

Geração de recombinante do vírus Influenza de DNA plasmidial

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally ...

Imunologia e Infecção

ampliPHOX Colorimetric Detection on a DNA Microarray for Influenza

DNA microarrays have emerged as a powerful tool for pathogen detection.1-5 For instance, many examples of the ability to type and subtype influenza virus have been demonstrated.6-11 The identification and subtyping of influenza on DNA microarrays has applications in both public health and the clinic for early detection, rapid intervention, and minimizing the impact of an influenza pandemic. Traditional fluorescence is currently the most commonly used microarray detection method. However, as microarray technology progresses towards clinical use,1 replacing expensive instrumentation with low cost detection technology exhibiting similar performance characteristics to fluorescence will make microarray assays more attractive and cost-effective.
The ampliPHOX colorimetric detection technology is intended for research applications, and has a limit of detection within one order of magnitude of traditional fluorescence11, with a main advantage being an approximate ten-fold lower instrument cost compared to the confocal microarray scanners required for fluorescence microarray detection. Another advantage is the compact size of the instrument which allows for portability and flexibility, unlike traditional fluorescence instruments. Because the polymerization technology is not as inherently linear as fluorescence detection, however, it is best suited for lower density microarray applications in which a yes/no answer for the presence of a certain sequence is desired, such as for pathogen detection arrays. Currently the maximum spot density compatible with ampliPHOX detection is &tilde;1800 spots/array. Because of the spot density limitations, higher density microarrays are not suitable for ampliPHOX detection.
Here, we present ampliPHOX colorimetric detection technology as a method of signal amplification on a low density microarray developed for the detection and characterization of influenza viruses (FluChip). Although this protocol uses the FluChip (a DNA microarray) as one specific application of ampliPHOX detection, any microarray incorporating biotinylated target can be labeled and detected in a similar manner. The microarray design and biotinylation of the target to be captured are the responsibility of the user. Once the biotinylated target has been captured on the array, ampliPHOX detection can be performed by first tagging the array with a streptavidin-label conjugate (ampliTAG). Upon light exposure using the ampliPHOX Reader instrument, polymerization of a monomer solution (ampliPHY) occurs only in regions containing ampliTAG-labeled targets. The polymer formed can be subsequently stained with a non-toxic solution to improve visual contrast, followed by imaging and analysis using a simple software package (ampliVIEW). The entire FluChip assay from un-extracted sample to result can be performed in about 6 hours, and the ampliPHOX detection steps described above can be completed in about 30 min.

ampliPHOX colorimetric detection technology is presented as an inexpensive alternative to fluorescence detection for microarrays. Based on photopolymerization, ampliPHOX produces solid polymer spots visible to the naked eye in just a few minutes. Results are then imaged and automatically interpreted with a simple yet powerful software package.

ampliPHOX Detecção colorimétrica em um Microarray de DNA para Influenza

DNA microarrays have emerged as a powerful tool for pathogen detection.1-5  For instance, many examples of the ability to type and subtype influenza virus ...

Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle and the induction of protective immune responses1,2. As the main target for neutralizing antibodies, HA is currently used as the influenza vaccine potency marker and is measured by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID)3. However, the dependence of SRID on the availability of the corresponding subtype-specific antisera causes a minimum of 2-3 months delay for the release of every new vaccine. Moreover, despite evidence that NA also induces protective immunity4, the amount of NA in influenza vaccines is not yet standardized due to a lack of appropriate reagents or analytical method5. Thus, simple alternative methods capable of quantifying HA and NA antigens are desirable for rapid release and better quality control of influenza vaccines.
Universally conserved regions in all available influenza A HA and NA sequences were identified by bioinformatics analyses6-7. One sequence (designated as Uni-1) was identified in the only universally conserved epitope of HA, the fusion peptide6, while two conserved sequences were identified in neuraminidases, one close to the enzymatic active site (designated as HCA-2) and the other close to the N-terminus (designated as HCA-3)7. Peptides with these amino acid sequences were synthesized and used to immunize rabbits for the production of antibodies. The antibody against the Uni-1 epitope of HA was able to bind to 13 subtypes of influenza A HA (H1-H13) while the antibodies against the HCA-2 and HCA-3 regions of NA were capable of binding all 9 NA subtypes. All antibodies showed remarkable specificity against the viral sequences as evidenced by the observation that no cross-reactivity to allantoic proteins was detected. These universal antibodies were then used to develop slot blot assays to quantify HA and NA in influenza A vaccines without the need for specific antisera7,8. Vaccine samples were applied onto a PVDF membrane using a slot blot apparatus along with reference standards diluted to various concentrations. For the detection of HA, samples and standard were first diluted in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 4M urea while for the measurement of NA they were diluted in TBS containing 0.01% Zwittergent as these conditions significantly improved the detection sensitivity. Following the detection of the HA and NA antigens by immunoblotting with their respective universal antibodies, signal intensities were quantified by densitometry. Amounts of HA and NA in the vaccines were then calculated using a standard curve established with the signal intensities of the various concentrations of the references used. 
Given that these antibodies bind to universal epitopes in HA or NA, interested investigators could use them as research tools in immunoassays other than the slot blot only.

A simple slot blot method was developed for the quantification of influenza viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase using universal antibodies targeting their most conserved sequences identified through bioinformatics analyses. This innovative approach may provide a useful alternative to quantitative determination of all viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

Análise quantitativa de todos Influenza Tipo A Hemaglutininas Virais e neuraminidases usando anticorpos Universal em Ensaios Blot simples slot

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle ...

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

Wild birds have been implicated in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype, prompting surveillance along migratory flyways. Sampling of wild birds for avian influenza virus (AIV) is often conducted in remote regions, but results are often delayed because of the need to transport samples to a laboratory equipped for molecular testing. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is a molecular technique that offers one of the most accurate and sensitive methods for diagnosis of AIV. The previously strict lab protocols needed for rRT-PCR are now being adapted for the field. Development of freeze-dried (lyophilized) reagents that do not require cold chain, with sensitivity at the level of wet reagents has brought on-site remote testing to a practical goal.
Here we present a method for the rapid diagnosis of AIV in wild birds using an rRT-PCR unit (Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device or RAPID, Idaho Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT) that employs lyophilized reagents (Influenza A Target 1 Taqman; ASAY-ASY-0109, Idaho Technologies). The reagents contain all of the necessary components for testing at appropriate concentrations in a single tube: primers, probes, enzymes, buffers and internal positive controls, eliminating errors associated with improper storage or handling of wet reagents. The portable unit performs a screen for Influenza A by targeting the matrix gene and yields results in 2-3 hours. Genetic subtyping is also possible with H5 and H7 primer sets that target the hemagglutinin gene.
The system is suitable for use on cloacal and oropharyngeal samples collected from wild birds, as demonstrated here on the migratory shorebird species, the western sandpiper (Calidrus mauri) captured in Northern California. Animal handling followed protocols approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center and permits of the U.S. Geological Survey Bird Banding Laboratory. The primary advantage of this technique is to expedite diagnosis of wild birds, increasing the chances of containing an outbreak in a remote location. On-site diagnosis would also prove useful for identifying and studying infected individuals in wild populations. The opportunity to collect information on host biology (immunological and physiological response to infection) and spatial ecology (migratory performance of infected birds) will provide insights into the extent to which wild birds can act as vectors for AIV over long distances.

This study describes diagnosis of avian influenza in wild birds using a portable rRT-PCR system. The method takes advantage of freeze-dried reagents to screen wild birds in a non-laboratory setting, typical of an outbreak scenario. Use of molecular tools provides accurate and sensitive alternatives for rapid diagnosis.

Diagnóstico rápido de vírus da gripe aviária em aves selvagens: o uso de um Portable rRT-PCR e liofilizados Reagentes no Campo

Wild birds have been implicated in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype, prompting surveillance along migratory ...

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

Alta capacidade método de detecção de vírus Influenza

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza

Fast and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we present an integrated microfluidic thermoplastic chip with the ability to amplify influenza A virus in patient nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and aspirates. Upon loading the patient sample, the microfluidic device sequentially carries out on-chip cell lysis, RNA purification and concentration steps within the solid phase extraction (SPE), reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in RT-PCR chambers, respectively. End-point detection is performed using an off-chip Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). For peripherals, we used a single syringe pump to drive reagent and samples, while two thin film heaters were used as the heat sources for the RT and PCR chambers. The chip is designed to be single layer and suitable for high throughput manufacturing to reduce the fabrication time and cost. The microfluidic chip provides a platform to analyze a wide variety of virus and bacteria, limited only by changes in reagent design needed to detect new pathogens of interest.

An integrated microfluidic thermoplastic chip has been developed for use as a molecular diagnostic. The chip performs nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcriptase, and PCR. Methods for fabricating and running the chip are described.

Fabricação de chips microfluídicos e método para detectar a gripe

Fast  and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious  disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we ...

Bioengenharia

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against currently circulating strains. In addition to their use in treating seasonal influenza, the NA inhibitors have been stockpiled by a number of countries for use in the event of a pandemic. It is therefore important to monitor the susceptibility of circulating influenza viruses to this class of antivirals. There are different types of assays that can be used to assess the susceptibility of influenza viruses to the NA inhibitors, but the enzyme inhibition assays using either a fluorescent substrate or a chemiluminescent substrate are the most widely used and recommended. This protocol describes the use of a fluorescence-based assay to assess influenza virus susceptibility to NA inhibitors. The assay is based on the NA enzyme cleaving the 2&#8242;-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-&#945;-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) substrate to release the fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). Therefore, the inhibitory effect of an NA inhibitor on the influenza virus NA is determined based on the concentration of the NA inhibitor that is required to reduce 50% of the NA activity, given as an IC50 value.

We describe the use of a phenotypic fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay to assess the susceptibility of influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antivirals.

-Fluorescência baseado Neuraminidase Ensaio de Inibição Para avaliar a susceptibilidade do vírus influenza A de neuraminidase Inibidor de Classe Antivirais

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

Estudos do Vírus Influenza A em um Modelo de Infecção de Camundongos

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

The influenza virus remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide due to the limited effectiveness of currently available vaccines. A key challenge to the development of universal influenza vaccines is high antigenic diversity resulting from antigenic drift. Overcoming this challenge requires novel research tools to measure the breadth of serum antibodies directed against many virus strains across different antigenic subtypes. Here, we present a protocol for analyzing the breadth of serum antibodies against diverse influenza virus strains using a protein microarray of influenza antigens.
This influenza antigen microarray is constructed by printing purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens onto a nitrocellulose-coated membrane using a microarray printer. Human sera are incubated on the microarray to bind antibodies against the influenza antigens. Quantum-dot-conjugated secondary antibodies are used to simultaneously detect IgG and IgA antibodies binding to each antigen on the microarray. Quantitative antibody binding is measured as fluorescence intensity using a portable imager. Representative results are shown to demonstrate assay reproducibility in measuring subtype-specific and cross-reactive influenza antibodies in human sera.
Compared to traditional methods such as ELISA, the influenza antigen microarray provides a high throughput multiplexed approach capable of testing hundreds of sera for multiple antibody isotypes against hundreds of antigens in a short time frame, and thus has applications in sero-surveillance and vaccine development. A limitation is the inability to distinguish binding antibodies from neutralizing antibodies.

We present a protocol for using a protein microarray constructed by printing influenza antigens onto nitrocellulose-coated slides to simultaneously probe serum for multiple antibody isotypes against over 250 antigens from different virus strains, thus allowing measurement of the breadth of serum antibodies across virus subtypes.

Uso de um microarray do antígeno da gripe para medir a amplitude de anticorpos do soro através dos subtypes do vírus

The influenza virus remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide due to the limited effectiveness of currently available vaccines. A key challenge ...

Ensaio multiplex de RT-qPCR para detecção de vírus respiratórios

Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious threat to the general public&#39;s health. During influenza seasons, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses may cause a population-wide burden of respiratory disease that is difficult to manage. For that, the respiratory viruses SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) will need to be carefully watched over in the upcoming fall and winter seasons, particularly in the case of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and Influenza B, which share similar epidemiological factors like susceptible populations, mode of transmission, and clinical syndromes. Without target-specific assays, it can be challenging to differentiate among cases of these viruses owing to their similarities. Accordingly, a sensitive and targeted multiplex assay that can easily differentiate between these viral targets will be useful for healthcare practitioners. In this study, we developed a real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR-based assay utilizing an in-house developed R3T one-step RT-qPCR kit for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV. With as few as 10 copies of their synthetic RNAs, we can successfully identify SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and MERS-CoV targets simultaneously with 100% specificity. This assay is found to be accurate, reliable, simple, sensitive, and specific. The developed method can be used as an optimized SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV diagnostic assay in hospitals, medical centers, and diagnostic laboratories as well as for research purposes.

Autor em destaque: Avanços na detecção multiplex de vírus respiratórios 

We present two probe-based in-house one-step RT-qPCR kits for common respiratory viruses. The first assay is for SARS-CoV-2 (N), Influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), and Influenza B. The second is for SARS-Cov-2 (N) and MERS (UpE and ORF1a). These assays can be successfully implemented in any specialized laboratory.

Desenvolvimento de ensaios RT-qPCR multiplex em tempo real para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B e MERS-CoV

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious threat to the general ...