This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

NOTA: Todos os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comitê Internacional para Cuidados e Uso de Animais em Israel. Foram feitos todos os esforços para minimizar o número de animais utilizados e seu sofrimento. 1. Preparação para o teste de natação forçada <ol><li> Use duas salas adjacentes. Usar um quarto como uma &quot;sala de espera&quot; para manter os animais antes do teste comportamental, e o outro para a realização do procedimento. </li><li> Preparar os recipientes de vidro cilíndrico transparente (o única restrição que o número de recipientes é o espaço disponível) medindo 50 cm de altura e um diâmetro de 20 cm. Nota: É possível executar vários animais ao mesmo tempo na mesma sala. Se assim for, separe os recipientes de um outro usando uma tela escura para que os animais não vão ver uns aos outros durante o procedimento. </li><li> Prepare a câmara (s) de vídeo na frente dos recipientes, de modo que cada câmara percebe um ou mais recipientes de uma maneira que wmal permitem a observação clara do comportamento dos animais, mais tarde, durante a exibição do filme. </li><li> Prepare gaiolas secagem limpas, lâmpadas de calor e almofadas de calor para os animais que tenham concluído o procedimento para evitar a hipotermia. Verifique se o fundo da gaiola tem papel mata-borrão e alterá-lo quando estiver molhada. Não coloque as gaiolas na sala de testes. NOTA: Certifique-se de não misturar animais de gaiolas diferentes, enquanto eles estão ficando nas gaiolas de secagem transitórios. </li></ol> 2. manejo dos animais antes do teste <ol><li> Animais da casa em um quarto com ciclo claro / escuro de 12 horas de luz. </li><li> Durante os dias do procedimento experimental dar os animais o livre acesso a comida e água, excepto durante o tempo específico de permanência no centro do procedimento. </li><li> Quando usando ratos, manipulação dos animais durante cerca de 2 min diariamente, 5 dias antes do início do procedimento experimental. </li></ol> 3. Processo de Formação Oprocedimento é realizado de forma diferente para ratos e ratinhos. NOTA: Para ambos os camundongos e ratos, observar os animais enquanto eles estão na água em todos os momentos. No caso de um animal aparece em perigo grave (por exemplo, muito cansado, não pode ficar até float) remover o animal da água e excluí-la do experimento. <ol><li> Para camundongos - Há uma sessão 6 min longo, dividido em pré-teste (o 2 primeiro min) e teste (o último 4 min). <ol><li> Para os ratinhos a obter aclimatados ao ambiente de teste, o transporte dos animais nas suas gaiolas pelo menos 30 minutos antes do teste comportamental da sala de espera. </li><li> Encher os cilindros com água da torneira a 25 ° C e ajustar a profundidade da água de acordo com o tamanho do rato &quot;, de modo que não se pode tocar no fundo do recipiente com as suas pernas traseiras. </li><li> Marcar o cilindro com o número de animais, para efeitos de identificação do animal, mais tarde, durante a visualização da metragem. </li><li>Ligue a câmera de vídeo / s e, em seguida, colocar cada rato no recipiente cilindro cheio de água durante 6 min. </li><li> Após 6 min ter decorrido, desligue a câmera / s, retire o mouse a partir do recipiente e colocá-lo na gaiola secagem transitória com a lâmpada de calor acima dela ea almofada de calor sob ele. Os ratos devem ser cuidadosamente monitorizados continuamente, e enquanto se recuperava nesta jaula. Para este efeito, é possível colocar um termómetro ao nível dos ratinhos para garantir que a temperatura no recinto não exceda 37 ° C. Além disso, colocar a gaiola de modo a que nem toda ela cai sob a lâmpada ou sobre a almofada; isso permite que o mouse para mover-se para uma área mais fria, se desejar. </li><li> Troque a água depois de cada sessão, para evitar qualquer influência sobre a próxima mouse. </li></ol></li><li> Para os ratos - Há 2 sessões, 24 horas de intervalo. A primeira sessão é a fase de pré-teste (15 min) e a segunda sessão é a fase de teste (5 min). <ol><li> A fim de que os ratos para se adapte às condições detestando ambiente, transportar os animais em suas gaiolas, pelo menos, 30 min antes do teste comportamental para a sala de espera. </li><li> Encher os cilindros com água da torneira a 23 ± 1 ° C e ajustar a profundidade da água de acordo com o tamanho do rato, de modo a que ele não pode tocar no fundo do recipiente com as suas pernas traseiras. </li><li> Marcar o cilindro com o número de animais, para efeitos de identificação do animal, mais tarde, durante a visualização da metragem. </li><li> Coloque cada rato no recipiente cilindro cheio de água durante 15 min. </li><li> Após 15 min de terem decorrido remover o rato a partir do recipiente e coloca-se na gaiola de secagem transiente com a lâmpada de calor acima dela e a almofada de calor sob ele. O rato deve ser de perto e continuamente monitorados enquanto se recuperava nesta jaula. Para este efeito, é possível colocar um termómetro ao nível do rato para se certificar de que a temperatura no recinto não exceda 37 ° C. Além disso, colocar a gaiola de modo a que nem toda ela falls sob a lâmpada ou sobre a almofada; isso permite que o rato para mover-se para uma área mais fria, se desejar. </li><li> Troque a água depois de cada sessão, para evitar qualquer influência sobre o próximo rato. NOTA: Este é o fim da fase de pré-teste. </li><li> Vinte e quatro horas mais tarde, a fim de que os ratos para obter aclimatados ao ambiente de teste, o transporte dos animais nas suas gaiolas pelo menos 30 minutos antes do teste comportamental da sala de espera. </li><li> Encher os cilindros com água da torneira a 23 ± 1 ° C e ajustar a profundidade da água de acordo com o tamanho do rato, de modo a que ele não pode tocar no fundo do recipiente com as suas pernas traseiras. </li><li> Marcar o cilindro com o número de animais, para efeitos de identificação do animal, mais tarde, durante a visualização da metragem. </li><li> Ligue a câmera de vídeo / s e, em seguida, coloque o rato no recipiente cilindro cheio de água durante 5 minutos. Certifique-se de que cada rato é testado no mesmo recipiente e posição na sala como no dia anterior. </li&gt; <li> Após 5 min ter decorrido ligar a câmera / s, retire o rato a partir do recipiente e colocá-lo na gaiola secagem transitória com a lâmpada de calor acima dela ea almofada de calor sob ele. O rato deve ser de perto e continuamente monitorados enquanto se recuperava nesta jaula. Para este efeito, é possível colocar um termómetro ao nível do rato para se certificar de que a temperatura no recinto não exceda 37 ° C. Além disso, colocar a gaiola de modo a que nem toda ela cai sob a lâmpada ou sobre a almofada; isso permite que o rato para mover-se para uma área mais fria, se desejar. </li><li> Troque a água depois de cada sessão, para evitar qualquer influência sobre o próximo rato. NOTA: Este é o fim da fase de testes. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. A Codificação Comportamental Para ratos, codificar o último 4 min definida como a fase de teste. Para os ratos, codificar a 5 min da etapa de teste. <ol><li> Código da duração do tempo gasto como &quot;Immobile&quot; se o mouse está flutuandocom a ausência de qualquer movimento excepto as necessárias para manter o nariz acima da água. </li><li> Código da duração do tempo gasto como &quot;Lutando / escalada&quot; se movimentos rápidos dos membros anteriores são observados de modo que as patas dianteiras quebrar a superfície da água. </li><li> Código da duração do tempo gasto como &quot;Piscina&quot; Se o movimento dos membros anteriores ou pélvicos em uma forma de remo é observado. NOTA: É possível utilizar uma forma alternativa de codificar estes comportamentos, este inclui um método de amostragem de tempo. Classifique o natação, lutando ou imobilidade, como a freqüência dos episódios em 5 seg intervalos durante a sessão de teste. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

O FST é usado para monitorar o comportamento depressivo-like e baseia-se no pressuposto de que a imobilidade reflecte uma medida de desespero comportamental 3. As principais vantagens deste processo residem na sua operação relativamente fácil e resultados rápidos. Além disso, sua sensibilidade para uma ampla gama de medicamentos antidepressivos que faz com que seja um teste de rastreio adequado é uma das características mais importantes que levam à sua alta validade preditiva 29. Important...

A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico que ameaçam a vida e uma grande preocupação de saúde pública mundial, com uma incidência de 5% e uma prevalência de 15-20%. Além disso, estima-se que até 2020 a depressão será nos três maiores contribuintes para o peso da doença 1,2. A depressão está associada com deficiência, diminuição da qualidade de vida, aumento dos custos relacionados com a saúde e é considerado um fator de risco principal para muitas doenças, incluindo doenças cardiovasculares, metabólicas e distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos 3,4 .Current tratamentos fármaco-terapêutica têm limitado a eficácia e estão associados com muitos efeitos colaterais deletérios 5,6. Por isso, uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia desta doença junto com o desenvolvimento de tratamentos inovadores e melhoradas continua a ser crucial. Assim, os modelos animais são essenciais para o avanço da investigação neste domínio. Existem diversos modelos utilizados para o estudo desta desordem (&lt;em&gt; por exemplo, teste de preferência sacarose, teste de suspensão pela cauda) com o teste de natação forçada (FST, também conhecido como teste de Porsolt após o desenvolvedor deste modelo 7,8), sendo um dos ensaios mais comumente utilizados 7,9-12. Durante a FST um animal é colocado num recipiente cheio com água do qual não pode escapar. O animal vai primeiro tentar escapar, mas, eventualmente, vai expor a imobilidade (ou seja, flutuando com a ausência de qualquer movimento, exceto se forem necessários para manter o nariz fora da água). O FST é um modelo muito popular em investigação animal para uma série de razões. Primeiro, ela envolve a exposição dos animais ao stress, que se mostrou ter um papel na tendência para a depressão maior 12-14. Além disso depressão é muitas vezes visto como uma falta de habilidade para lidar com o estresse 15-17. Em segundo lugar, o tratamento farmacológico com antidepressivos antes do teste foi mostrado para reduzir a imobilidade no TNF &lt;sup&gt; 18-23. Por conseguinte, é muitas vezes utilizado como um ensaio de rastreio de novos compostos com propriedades antidepressivas potenciais 15-17,24. Além disso, o FST foi mostrado para compartilhar alguns dos fatores que são influenciados ou alterados por depressão em seres humanos, tais como mudanças no consumo de alimentos, alterações do sono e anedonia 15-17,24 droga retirada induzida. Esta é também a razão pela qual este teste é por vezes utilizado para avaliar o comportamento depressivo-como em camundongos mutantes, com aumento ou diminuição da imobilidade basal (em comparação com &#39;do tipo selvagem&#39; ratos) 25,26.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td></td><td>Intel&amp;#174; Core&amp;#153; i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30 GHz, 4 GB ram</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>VIDO</td><td>AU-CB422</td><td>B/W CCD CAMERA&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&amp;amp;pcategory=2</td></tr><tr><td>Coding software</td><td>Biobserve</td><td></td><td>FST Analysis&lt;br/&gt; http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Heating lamp</td><td>Ikea</td><td>AA-19025-3</td><td>ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46&amp;nbsp;- 20W G4 Bulb&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Heating&amp;nbsp;pillow</td><td>Sachs</td><td>EF-188B</td><td>38*38cm Heating&amp;nbsp;pillow&lt;br/&gt; http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&amp;amp;actions=show&amp;amp;id=&lt;br/&gt; 604</td></tr></tbody></table>

the forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

Os seguintes resultados são baseados em dados não publicados do nosso laboratório. Neste experimento, os ratos do sexo feminino adulto ICR foram testados após 3 semanas de tratamento com o inibidor da recaptação da serotonina (ISRS) escitalopram ou novo tratamento anti-depressivo e anti-ansiedade herbal (NHT) (para mais informações sobre o tratamento à base de plantas, ver 12 , 27,28). One-way ANOVA revelou que o tratamento reduziu comportamento depressivo-like no FST [F (2,58) = 4,88, p &lt;0,05]. A...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior at JoVE.com

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

O Teste de Natação Forçada como um modelo de Depressive-like Comportamento

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

the-forced-swim-test-as-a-model-of-depressive-like-behavior

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

36.9K visualizações.  Tel-Aviv University. This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Vídeo: The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

Um modelo de mouse subcrónica e Mild Derrota social Estresse para Compreender déficits comportamentais e fisiológicas induzida por estresse

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

Comportamento

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states. Mice are placed in an inescapable transparent tank that is filled with water and their escape related mobility behavior is measured. The forced swim test is straightforward to conduct reliably and it requires minimal specialized equipment. Successful implementation of the forced swim test requires adherence to certain procedural details and minimization of unwarranted stress to the mice. In the protocol description and the accompanying video, we explain how to conduct the mouse version of this test with emphasis on potential pitfalls that may be detrimental to interpretation of results and how to avoid them. Additionally, we explain how the behaviors manifested in the test are assessed.

The forced swim test is validated as an experimental approach to assess potential antidepressant efficacy in rodents. Experimental animals are placed in a tank of water and escape-related mobility behavior is quantified. The common procedures for the mouse version of this test are described.

O Mouse Teste de Natação Forçada

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental ...

Neurociência

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Um novo método para induzir um comportamento parecido com depressão em ratos

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

O protocolo de estresse suave crônico imprevisível para induzir Anhedonia em ratos

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall improvement of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and then evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a model group, a treatment group with Xiaoyaosan, and a treatment group with fluoxetine. All mice were individually kept in cages, and depression was induced in the mice by exposing them to several designed manipulations of CUMS for 21 days, as described in the protocol. Mice in the control group and model group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, while mice in the treatment groups received either Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/day) or fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/day). The drugs used in the study were given intragastrically daily during the entire three weeks. To estimate the depressive-like behaviors, a series of parameters including the coat state, body weight, open field test score, and sucrose preference test score were recorded. Data analysis showed that behaviors of model mice were significantly changed compared to behaviors of mice in the control group, which were improved by the treatment of Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine. The current findings demonstrated the anti-depression effects of Xiaoyaosan on the behaviors of CUMS-induced mice and revealed that compounds from the Xiaoyaosan prescription may be worthwhile for treating depression, considering their beneficial effects on depressive-like behaviors.

Here, we present a protocol to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan.

Avaliação do efeito antidepressão de Xiaoyaosan em ratos cronicamente estressado

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

Uma bateria de testes comportamentais para a avaliação repetida das habilidades motoras, humor e cognição em ratos

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, therapeutic treatments for depression or research on depression is scarce. Thus, in the present paper, we propose a mouse model of depression induced by movement restriction. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is a well-known technique to induce depressive-like behavior. However, it necessitates a complex procedure consisting of a combination of various mild stresses. In contrast, chronic immobilization stress (CIS) is a readily accessible chronic stress model, modified from a restraint model that induces depressive behavior by restricting movement using a restrainer for a certain period. To evaluate the depressive-like behaviors, the sucrose preference test (SPT), the tail suspension test (TST), and the ELISA assay to measure stress marker corticosterone levels are combined in the present experiment. The described protocols illustrate the induction of CIS and evaluation of the changes in behavior and physiological factors for the validation of depression.

This article provides a simplified and standardized protocol for induction of depressive-like behavior in chronically immobilized mice by using a restrainer. In addition, behavior and physiological techniques to verify induction of depression are explained.

Um protocolo de estresse de imobilização crônica para induzir o comportamento semelhante à depressão em camundongos

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

Um modelo de fragmentação crônica do sono usando rotor orbital vibrante para induzir déficit cognitivo e comportamento semelhante à ansiedade em camundongos jovens do tipo selvagem

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illnesses and causes tremendous individual suffering and socioeconomic burden. Despite its importance, current pharmacological treatment is limited, and novel treatment options are urgently needed. One key factor in the search for potential new drugs is evaluating their anti-depressive potency in appropriate animal models. The classical Porsolt forced swim test was used for this purpose for decades to induce and assess a depressive-like state. It consists of two short periods of forced swimming: the first to induce a depressed state and the second on the following day to evaluate the antidepressant effect of the agent given in between the two swim sessions. This model might be suitable as a screening tool for potential antidepressive agents but ignores the delayed onset of action of many antidepressants. The CDM was recently established and represented a modification of the classical test with notable differences. Mice are forced to swim for 5 consecutive days, following the idea that in humans, depression is induced by chronic rather than by acute stress. In a resting period of several days (1-3 weeks), animals develop sustained behavioral despair. The standard read-out method is the measurement of immobility time in an additional delayed swim session, but several alternative methods are proposed to get a broader view of the mood status of the animal. Multiple analysis tools can be used targeting behavioral, molecular, and electrophysiological changes. The depressed phenotype is stable for at least 4 weeks, providing a time window for rapid but also subchronic antidepressant treatment strategies. Furthermore, alterations in the development of a depressive-like state can be addressed using this approach. CDM, therefore, represents a useful tool to better understand depression and to develop novel treatment interventions.

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

The chronic despair mouse model (CDM) of depression consists of repetitive forced swim sessions and another delayed swim phase as a read-out. It represents a suitable model for induction of a chronic depressive-like state stable for at least 4 weeks, amendable to evaluate subchronic and acute treatment interventions.

Modelos Animais de Depressão - Modelo de Desespero Crônico (MDL)

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illnesses and causes tremendous individual suffering and socioeconomic burden. ...

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including periods of emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). While the exact underlying neurobiology is not yet fully understood, imbalances in neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine, appear to play a central role. For this reason, manipulations of dopaminergic pathways have been used to model mania or depression in rodents. However, models that accurately represent the typical switch between these two episodes are rare, limiting face validity. In a unique model, modern techniques are used to temporarily increase dopamine D1 receptor expression, which has been implicated in the pathology of bipolar disorder. A tetracycline-inducible lentiviral construct that expresses the dopamine D1 receptor under the control of the calmodulin kinase II alpha promoter is stereotactically injected into the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Dopamine D1 receptor overexpression is achieved by adding the tetracycline analog doxycycline to the animals&#39; drinking water, leading to an increase in reward-related, impulsive, and risk-taking behaviors and a decrease in anxiety. These behaviors resemble a mania-like phenotype. By removing doxycycline from the drinking water, a depressive-like phenotype, characterized by increased helplessness and anhedonia, can be induced within the same animal. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for performing the surgery, as well as procedures for inducing the bipolar disorder-like phenotype. Additionally, considerations for assessing behavioral changes associated with mania-like and depressive-like behavior are described. This promising model, which demonstrates good construct and face validity, offers a valuable tool for further investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder.

This article presents a protocol for the induction of a unique rat model of bipolar disorder that captures both mania-like and depressive-like behavior.

Desenvolvendo um modelo de rato para transtorno bipolar

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including periods of emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). ...