This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

참고 : 모든 실험 프로토콜은 이스라엘의 동물 관리 및 사용에 대한 국제위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 모든 노력은 사용되는 동물과 이들의 고통 수를 최소화 하였다. 강제 수영 테스트 1. 준비 <ol><li> 두 개의 인접한 객실을 사용합니다. 행동 시험 전 동물을 유지하는 &#39;대기실&#39;및 절차를 수행하기위한 다른 하나 방 사용. </li><li> 투명한 원통형 유리 용기를 준비 50 cm이고 높이 20cm의 직경을 측정 (컨테이너의 수에 대한 유일한 제한은 가능한 공간이다). 참고 : 같은 방에 동시에 여러 동물을 실행할 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 동물이 절차를 수행하는 동안 서로를 보지 않도록, 어두운 화면을 사용하여 서로 물을 별도의 용기. </li><li> 모든 카메라 w하는 방식으로 하나 이상의 컨테이너를 인식하도록 콘테이너 앞의 비디오 카메라 (S)를 준비영상을 보는 동안 병이 나중에 동물의 행동의 명확한 관찰 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 저체온증을 방지하기 위해 절차를 완료 한 동물을위한 깨끗한 건조 케이지, 열 램프 및 열 패드를 준비합니다. 새장 바닥이 압지했다 있는지 확인하고 젖은 경우 변경합니다. 시험 방에 케이지를 설치하지 마십시오. 주 :이 과도 건조 케이지에 체류하는 동안 다른 가정 케이지에서 동물을 혼합하지 않도록합니다. </li></ol> 2. 동물 취급을 시험하기 전에 <ol><li> 12 시간 빛 / 어둠 사이클이 방에 주택의 동물. </li><li> 실험 절차의 일 동안 동물에게 절차의 방에 소요되는 특정 시간을 제외하고 음식과 물에 자유롭게 접근을 제공합니다. </li><li> 래트를 사용하는 경우, 오일 앞서 실험 과정의 시작으로, 매일 약 2 분 동안 동물을 처리한다. </li></ol> 3. 교육 과정 절차는 쥐에 대해 다르​​게 수행한다. 참고 : 그들은 항상 물에있는 동안 모두 마우스 및 쥐의 경우, 동물을보고. 경우 동물 (예를 들어 매우 피곤, 플로트을 머물 수 없습니다) 물에서 동물을 제거하고 실험에서 제외 심각한 고민에 나타납니다. <ol><li> 쥐 - 사전 검사 (제 2 분) 및 테스트 (마지막 4 분)로 나누어, 하나의 세션 6 분 긴있다. <ol><li> 마우스 위해서는 대기실에 행동 테스트에 최소 30 분 이전에 자신의 홈 케이지에 동물을 수송, 테스트 환경에 적응 얻을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 25 ° C에서 수돗물 실린더를 채우고 그 뒷다리와 용기의 바닥에 접촉 할 수 없도록, 마우스 &#39;의 크기에 따라 물 깊이를 조정한다. </li><li> 영상을 보면서 나중에 동물의 식별을 위해 동물의 실린더 번호를 표시한다. </li><li>비디오 카메라 / S를 켠 다음 6 분 동안 물이 채워진 실린더 용기의 각 마우스를 놓습니다. </li><li> 6 분 경과 후, 오프이야 / 카메라 전원을 켭니다 컨테이너에서 마우스를 제거하고 위의 가열 램프와 그 아래 열 패드 과도 건조 케이지에 넣습니다. 이 케이지에서 회복하는 동안 마우스는 밀접하고 지속적으로 모니터링해야한다. 이러한 목적을 위해 그 장에 ​​온도가 37 ° C를 초과하지 않음을 확인하기 위해 마우스의 수준에 온도계를 배치 할 수있다. 또한, 모든 그것의 램프 아래 또는 패드에 떨어지면 그 같은 케이지를 배치; 이 원하는 경우 마우스가 시원한 영역으로 이동할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음 마우스에 어떤 영향을 피하기 위해 모든 세션 후 물을 변경합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 쥐 - 24 시간 떨어져 2 세션이 있습니다. 첫 번째 세션 사전 테스트 단계 (15 분)이며, 두 번째 세션 테스트 단계 (5 분)이다. <ol><li> 쥐 위해서는 풍토에 순화 얻을환경 테스트, 대기실 행동 시험 적어도 30 분 전에 자신의 홈 케이지에 동물을 수송. </li><li> 23 ± 1 ℃에서 수돗물 실린더를 채우고 그 뒷다리와 용기의 바닥에 접촉 할 수 없도록, 쥐의 크기에 따라 물 깊이를 조정한다. </li><li> 영상을 보면서 나중에 동물의 식별을 위해 동물의 실린더 번호를 표시한다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 물이 채워진 실린더 용기에 각각의 쥐를 놓습니다. </li><li> 15 분은 컨테이너에서 쥐를 제거하고 위의 가열 램프와 그 아래 열 패드 과도 건조 케이지에 배치 경과 한 후. 이 케이지에서 회복하는 동안 쥐 밀접하고 지속적으로 모니터링해야한다. 이러한 목적은 케이지의 온도가 37 ° C를 초과하지 않음을 확인하기 위해 쥐의 수준에서 온도계를 배치 할 수있다. 또한, 그러한 케이지를 놓지 모든 그것의 FA램프, 또는 패드를 통해 재편; 이 원하는 경우 쥐가 시원한 영역으로 이동할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음 쥐에 어떤 영향을 피하기 위해 모든 세션 후 물을 변경합니다. 주 :이 사전 검사 스테이지의 단부이다. </li><li> 쥐에 대한 순서는 테스트 환경에 적응 얻을에 24 시간 이상, 대기실에 행동 테스트에 최소 30 분 이전에 자신의 홈 케이지에 동물을 운반 할 것. </li><li> 23 ± 1 ℃에서 수돗물 실린더를 채우고 그 뒷다리와 용기의 바닥에 접촉 할 수 없도록, 쥐의 크기에 따라 물 깊이를 조정한다. </li><li> 영상을 보면서 나중에 동물의 식별을 위해 동물의 실린더 번호를 표시한다. </li><li> 비디오 카메라 / S를 켠 다음 5 분 동안 물이 채워진 실린더 용기에 쥐를 놓습니다. 각각의 쥐 전날과 같은 방에 같은 컨테이너 위치에서 테스트되어 있는지 확인합니다. </리&gt; <li> 5 분 카메라를 켭니다 경과 한 후에는 온 / 오프이야, 컨테이너에서 쥐를 제거하고 위의 가열 램프와 그 아래 열 패드 과도 건조 케이지에 넣습니다. 이 케이지에서 회복하는 동안 쥐 밀접하고 지속적으로 모니터링해야한다. 이러한 목적은 케이지의 온도가 37 ° C를 초과하지 않음을 확인하기 위해 쥐의 수준에서 온도계를 배치 할 수있다. 또한, 모든 그것의 램프 아래 또는 패드에 떨어지면 그 같은 케이지를 배치; 이 원하는 경우 쥐가 시원한 영역으로 이동할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음 쥐에 어떤 영향을 피하기 위해 모든 세션 후 물을 변경합니다. 참고 :이 테스트 단계의 끝입니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 행동 코딩 마우스의 경우, 시험 단계로 정의 마지막 4 분 번호. 래트의 경우, 시험 단계의 5 분 번호. <ol><li> 마우스가 플로팅되는 경우 코드의 시간의 지속 기간은 &quot;부동&quot;로 보냈다물 위에 코를 유지하기 위해 필요한 것을 제외하고 모든 운동의 부재와. </li><li> 코드와 시간의 기간 &quot;고투 / 등산&quot;앞다리의 빠른 이동이 앞발이 물의 표면을 파괴되도록 발견되면. </li><li> 코드 얕은 방식으로 앞발의 움직임이나 뒷다리가 관찰되는 경우 &quot;수영&quot;로 보낸 시간의 기간. 주 : 이것은 시간 - 샘플링 방법을 포함한다, 이러한 행동을 코딩하는 다른 방법을 사용할 수있다. 테스트 세션에 걸쳐 5 초 간격으로 에피소드의 주파수로 어려움을 겪고 또는 부동, 수영을 평가. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

FST은 우울증과 같은 행동을 모니터링하는 데 사용되며,이 행동 절망 부동성 (3)의 측정 값을 반영한다는 가정에 기초한다. 이 절차의 주요 장점은 상대적으로 쉬운 조작과 빠른 결과에 거짓말. 또한, 적절한 선별 검사하게 항우울제의 넓은 범위에서 감도가 높은 예측 타당성 (29)에 이르는 가장 중요한 특징 중 하나이다. 중요한 것은,이 시험은 또한 항불안제 3,30 효과를 갖?...

우울증은 생명을 위협하는 정신 장애와 5 %의 발생률이 15 ~ 20 %의 평생 유병률 전 세계 주요 공중 보건의 관심사입니다. 또한, 2020 년 우울증은 질병 1,2의 부담에 상위 세 기여자에있을 것으로 추정된다. 우울증 장애와 연관된 건강 관련 비용 증가, 삶의 질 저하 및 3,4- .Current의 약리학 치료 적 치료 효능을 제한 및과 연관된 심혈관, 대사 질환 및 신경 정신 질환을 포함하여 다양한 질환에 대한 주요 위험 인자로 간주되고 많은 해로운 부작용 5,6. 따라서, 혁신 및 개선 된 치료법의 발전과 함께이 질환의 병태 생리에 대한 이해가 중요 남아있다. 따라서, 동물 모델은이 분야에서 연구를 진행에 필수적이다. 이 질환의 연구 (사용 많은 모델이 있습니다 &lt;EM&gt; 예를 들어, 자당 기본 설정 테스트 또한이 모델 7, 8의 개발자 후 Porsolt의 테스트로 알려진 강제 수영 테스트 (FST와, 꼬리 서스펜션 테스트)) 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 분석 7,9-12 중 하나 인. FST 동안 동물이 탈출 할 수있는 물이 가득 컨테이너에 배치됩니다. 동물은 첫 번째 탈출을 시도하지만 결국 (즉, 물 위의 코를 유지하기 위해 필요한 것을 제외하고 움직임이없는 부동) 부동을 전시 할 예정이다. FST는 여러 가지 이유로 동물 연구에서 매우 인기있는 모델입니다. 첫째, 주요 우울증 12-14 경향에 대한 역할이 나타났다 응력에 동물의 노출을 수반한다. 또한 우울증은 종종 스트레스를 15-17으로 처리 할 수있는 능력의 부족으로 볼 수 있습니다. 둘째, 테스트 이전 항우울제 약물 치료 FST &lt;부동성에서 감소하는 것으로 나타났다SUP&gt; 18 ~ 23. 따라서, 종종 전위 항우울제 15-17,24 가진 신규 한 화합물에 대한 스크리닝 검사로서 사용된다. 또한, FST는 식품 소비의 변화, 수면 이상과 같은 영향을 또는 인간에 우울증에 의해 변경되는 몇 가지 요소 공유하는 것으로 나타났다 무 쾌감 증 15-17,24을 약물 철수를 유도. 이 (25), (26)는 ( &#39;야생형&#39;쥐에 비해)이 시험은 때때로 기저 부동의 증가 또는 감소와 돌연변이 생쥐에서 우울증 같은 행동을 평가하는 데 사용되는 이유이다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td></td><td>Intel&amp;#174; Core&amp;#153; i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30 GHz, 4 GB ram</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>VIDO</td><td>AU-CB422</td><td>B/W CCD CAMERA&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&amp;amp;pcategory=2</td></tr><tr><td>Coding software</td><td>Biobserve</td><td></td><td>FST Analysis&lt;br/&gt; http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Heating lamp</td><td>Ikea</td><td>AA-19025-3</td><td>ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46&amp;nbsp;- 20W G4 Bulb&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Heating&amp;nbsp;pillow</td><td>Sachs</td><td>EF-188B</td><td>38*38cm Heating&amp;nbsp;pillow&lt;br/&gt; http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&amp;amp;actions=show&amp;amp;id=&lt;br/&gt; 604</td></tr></tbody></table>

the forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

다음과 같은 결과는 우리가 실험실에서 출판되지 않은 데이터를 기준으로 한 것입니다. 이 실험에서, 성인 ICR 암컷 마우스는 선택적 세로토닌 재 흡수 억제제 (SSRI) 에스시 탈 로프 람 또는 새로운 허브 항 우울 및 항 불안 치료 (NHT) 치료 3 주 후 시험 하였다 (한방 치료에 대한 자세한 정보는, 12 참조 , 27, 28). 편도 ANOVA는 치료가 FST에서 우울증 같은 행동을 감소 것으로 나타났다 [F (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior at JoVE.com

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

우울증 같은 행동의 모델로 강제 수영 테스트

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

the-forced-swim-test-as-a-model-of-depressive-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

36.8K 조회수.  Tel-Aviv University. This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

비디오: The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

스트레스에 의한 행동 및 생리 적자를 이해 아 만성 및 온화한 사회 패배 스트레스의 마우스 모델

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

연구

행동분석학

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states. Mice are placed in an inescapable transparent tank that is filled with water and their escape related mobility behavior is measured. The forced swim test is straightforward to conduct reliably and it requires minimal specialized equipment. Successful implementation of the forced swim test requires adherence to certain procedural details and minimization of unwarranted stress to the mice. In the protocol description and the accompanying video, we explain how to conduct the mouse version of this test with emphasis on potential pitfalls that may be detrimental to interpretation of results and how to avoid them. Additionally, we explain how the behaviors manifested in the test are assessed.

The forced swim test is validated as an experimental approach to assess potential antidepressant efficacy in rodents. Experimental animals are placed in a tank of water and escape-related mobility behavior is quantified. The common procedures for the mouse version of this test are described.

마우스 강제 수영 시험

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental ...

신경과학

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

쥐에서 우울증 같은 행동을 유도 하는 새로운 방법

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

마우스에 Anhedonia 유도 대 한 예측할 수 없는 만성 가벼운 스트레스 프로토콜

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall improvement of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and then evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a model group, a treatment group with Xiaoyaosan, and a treatment group with fluoxetine. All mice were individually kept in cages, and depression was induced in the mice by exposing them to several designed manipulations of CUMS for 21 days, as described in the protocol. Mice in the control group and model group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, while mice in the treatment groups received either Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/day) or fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/day). The drugs used in the study were given intragastrically daily during the entire three weeks. To estimate the depressive-like behaviors, a series of parameters including the coat state, body weight, open field test score, and sucrose preference test score were recorded. Data analysis showed that behaviors of model mice were significantly changed compared to behaviors of mice in the control group, which were improved by the treatment of Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine. The current findings demonstrated the anti-depression effects of Xiaoyaosan on the behaviors of CUMS-induced mice and revealed that compounds from the Xiaoyaosan prescription may be worthwhile for treating depression, considering their beneficial effects on depressive-like behaviors.

Here, we present a protocol to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan.

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

모터 기술, 분위기, 그리고 쥐에 있는 인식의 반복 된 평가 행동 테스트 배터리

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, therapeutic treatments for depression or research on depression is scarce. Thus, in the present paper, we propose a mouse model of depression induced by movement restriction. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is a well-known technique to induce depressive-like behavior. However, it necessitates a complex procedure consisting of a combination of various mild stresses. In contrast, chronic immobilization stress (CIS) is a readily accessible chronic stress model, modified from a restraint model that induces depressive behavior by restricting movement using a restrainer for a certain period. To evaluate the depressive-like behaviors, the sucrose preference test (SPT), the tail suspension test (TST), and the ELISA assay to measure stress marker corticosterone levels are combined in the present experiment. The described protocols illustrate the induction of CIS and evaluation of the changes in behavior and physiological factors for the validation of depression.

This article provides a simplified and standardized protocol for induction of depressive-like behavior in chronically immobilized mice by using a restrainer. In addition, behavior and physiological techniques to verify induction of depression are explained.

마우스에서 우울증과 같은 행동을 유도하기위한 만성 고정 스트레스 프로토콜

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

진동 궤도 로터를 사용하여 젊은 야생 형 쥐에서 인지 적자와 불안과 같은 행동을 유도하는 만성 수면 단편화 모델

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...

A Complex Diving-For-Food Task to Investigate Social Organization and Interactions in Rats

For many species, where status is a vital motivator that can affect health, social hierarchies influence behavior. Social hierarchies that include dominant-submissive relationships are common in both animal and human societies. These relationships can be affected by interactions with others and with their environment, making them difficult to analyze in a controlled study. Rather than a simple dominance hierarchy, this formation has a complicated presentation that allows rats to avoid aggression. Status can be stagnant or mutable, and results in complex societal stratifications. Here we describe a complex diving-for-food task to investigate rodent social hierarchy and behavioral interactions. This animal model may allow us to assess the relationship between a wide range of mental illnesses and social organization, as well as to study the effectiveness of therapy on social dysfunction.

This protocol describes a method of examining social hierarchy in a rat model. Rats perform a complex diving-for-food task in which they form a distinct hierarchy according to their willingness to dive underwater and swim to obtain a food pellet. This method is used to understand decision making and social relationships among highly social animals in small groups.

쥐의 사회 조직 및 상호 작용을 조사하기 위한 복잡한 다이빙-음식 작업

For many species, where status is a vital motivator that can affect health, social hierarchies influence behavior. Social hierarchies that include ...

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illnesses and causes tremendous individual suffering and socioeconomic burden. Despite its importance, current pharmacological treatment is limited, and novel treatment options are urgently needed. One key factor in the search for potential new drugs is evaluating their anti-depressive potency in appropriate animal models. The classical Porsolt forced swim test was used for this purpose for decades to induce and assess a depressive-like state. It consists of two short periods of forced swimming: the first to induce a depressed state and the second on the following day to evaluate the antidepressant effect of the agent given in between the two swim sessions. This model might be suitable as a screening tool for potential antidepressive agents but ignores the delayed onset of action of many antidepressants. The CDM was recently established and represented a modification of the classical test with notable differences. Mice are forced to swim for 5 consecutive days, following the idea that in humans, depression is induced by chronic rather than by acute stress. In a resting period of several days (1-3 weeks), animals develop sustained behavioral despair. The standard read-out method is the measurement of immobility time in an additional delayed swim session, but several alternative methods are proposed to get a broader view of the mood status of the animal. Multiple analysis tools can be used targeting behavioral, molecular, and electrophysiological changes. The depressed phenotype is stable for at least 4 weeks, providing a time window for rapid but also subchronic antidepressant treatment strategies. Furthermore, alterations in the development of a depressive-like state can be addressed using this approach. CDM, therefore, represents a useful tool to better understand depression and to develop novel treatment interventions.

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

The chronic despair mouse model (CDM) of depression consists of repetitive forced swim sessions and another delayed swim phase as a read-out. It represents a suitable model for induction of a chronic depressive-like state stable for at least 4 weeks, amendable to evaluate subchronic and acute treatment interventions.

우울증의 동물 모델 - 만성 절망 모델 (CDM)

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illnesses and causes tremendous individual suffering and socioeconomic burden. ...