Name: single-stage dynamic reanimation of the smile in irreversible facial paralysis by free functional muscle transfer
Uploaded: 2015-03-01T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 19 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer at JoVE.com

Dr. Eisenhardt is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) # EI 866/1-1 and #EI 866/2-1.

<ol>
	<li>Mavrikakis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+nerve+palsy:+anatomy,+etiology,+evaluation,+and+management.">Facial nerve palsy: anatomy, etiology, evaluation, and management.</a> Orbit. 27 (6), 466-474 (2008).</li><li>Pitanguy, I., Ramos, A. 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F., Pantel, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+concepts+in+facial+nerve+reconstruction.">Modern concepts in facial nerve reconstruction.</a> Head Face Med. 6, 25 (2010).</li><li>Mathes, S. J., Nahai, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+of+the+vascular+anatomy+of+muscles:+experimental+and+clinical+correlation.">Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: experimental and clinical correlation.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 67 (2), 177-187 (1981).</li><li>Harii, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneurovascular+free+muscle+transplantation+for+reanimation+of+facial+paralysis.">Microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for reanimation of facial paralysis.</a> Clin Plast Surg. 6 (3), 361-375 (1979).</li><li>Borschel, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motor+nerve+to+the+masseter+muscle:+an+anatomic+and+histomorphometric+study+to+facilitate+its+use+in+facial+reanimation.">The motor nerve to the masseter muscle: an anatomic and histomorphometric study to facilitate its use in facial reanimation.</a> J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 65 (3), 363-366 (2012).</li><li>Zuker, R. M., Goldberg, C. S., Manktelow, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+animation+in+children+with+Mobius+syndrome+after+segmental+gracilis+muscle+transplant.">Facial animation in children with Mobius syndrome after segmental gracilis muscle transplant.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 106 (1), 1-8 (2000).</li><li>Bannasch, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+evaluation+of+the+concomitant+use+of+the+implantable+Doppler+probe+and+the+Vacuum+Assisted+Closure+system+in+free+tissue+transfer.">A critical evaluation of the concomitant use of the implantable Doppler probe and the Vacuum Assisted Closure system in free tissue transfer.</a> Microsurgery. 28 (6), 412-416 (2008).</li><li>Sierra, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrin+sealant+adhesive+systems:+a+review+of+their+chemistry,+material+properties+and+clinical+applications.">Fibrin sealant adhesive systems: a review of their chemistry, material properties and clinical applications.</a> J Biomater Appl. 7 (4), 309-352 (1993).</li><li>Brien, B. M., Lawlor, D. L., Morrison, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneurovascular+free+muscle+reconstruction+for+long+established+facial+paralysis.">Microneurovascular free muscle reconstruction for long established facial paralysis.</a> Ann Chir Gynaecol. 71 (1), 65-69 (1982).</li><li>Eisenhardt, S. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+cross+face+nerve+graft+with+masseteric+nerve+as+donor+nerves+for+free+functional+muscle+transfers+in+facial+reanimation+surgery].">Comparison of cross face nerve graft with masseteric nerve as donor nerves for free functional muscle transfers in facial reanimation surgery].</a> Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 45 (4), 223-228 (2013).</li><li>Harrison, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pectoralis+minor+vascularized+muscle+graft+for+the+treatment+of+unilateral+facial+palsy.">The pectoralis minor vascularized muscle graft for the treatment of unilateral facial palsy.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 75 (2), 206-216 (1985).</li><li>Frey, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histomorphometric+studies+in+patients+with+facial+palsy+treated+by+functional+muscle+transplantation:+new+aspects+for+the+surgical+concept.">Histomorphometric studies in patients with facial palsy treated by functional muscle transplantation: new aspects for the surgical concept.</a> Ann Plast Surg. 26 (4), 370-379 (1991).</li><li>Eisenhardt, S. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salvage+Procedures+After+Failed+Facial+Reanimation+Surgery+Using+the+Masseteric+Nerve+as+the+Motor+Nerve+for+Free+Functional+Gracilis+Muscle+Transfer.">Salvage Procedures After Failed Facial Reanimation Surgery Using the Masseteric Nerve as the Motor Nerve for Free Functional Gracilis Muscle Transfer.</a> JAMA Facial Plast Surg. , (2014).</li><li>Bae, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+commissure+excursion+following+gracilis+muscle+transplantation+for+facial+paralysis+using+a+cross-face+nerve+graft+versus+the+motor+nerve+to+the+masseter+nerve.">A comparison of commissure excursion following gracilis muscle transplantation for facial paralysis using a cross-face nerve graft versus the motor nerve to the masseter nerve.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (7), 2407-2413 (2006).</li><li>Schaverien, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+masseter+muscle+during+normal+smile+production+and+the+implications+for+dynamic+reanimation+surgery+for+facial+paralysis.">Activation of the masseter muscle during normal smile production and the implications for dynamic reanimation surgery for facial paralysis.</a> J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 64 (12), 1585-1588 (2011).</li><li>Manktelow, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smile+reconstruction+in+adults+with+free+muscle+transfer+innervated+by+the+masseter+motor+nerve:+effectiveness+and+cerebral+adaptation.">Smile reconstruction in adults with free muscle transfer innervated by the masseter motor nerve: effectiveness and cerebral adaptation.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 118 (4), 885-899 (2006).</li><li>Eppley, B. L., Zuker, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salvage+of+facial+reanimation+with+vascularized+adductor+magnus+muscle+flap:+clinical+experience+and+anatomical+studies.">Salvage of facial reanimation with vascularized adductor magnus muscle flap: clinical experience and anatomical studies.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 110 (7), 1693-1696 (2002).</li><li>Labbe, D., Huault, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lengthening+temporalis+myoplasty+and+lip+reanimation.">Lengthening temporalis myoplasty and lip reanimation.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 105 (4), 1289-1297 (2000).</li><li>Iblher, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+evaluation+tool+for+monitoring+devices+and+its+application+to+evaluate+the+implantable+Doppler+probe.">A new evaluation tool for monitoring devices and its application to evaluate the implantable Doppler probe.</a> J Reconstr Microsurg. 26 (4), 265-270 (2002).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Even though different surgical techniques have been described to regain a dynamic smile in patients with long standing facial paralysis, the two-stage repair with initial cross facial nerve grafting and consecutive free gracilis muscle transfer is seen as the &#8220;criterion standard&#8221;.
Although a two-stage procedure, the technique allows for spontaneity of the smile which is seen as a crucial factor to overcome the social handicap associated with facial palsy13.In cases of bi...

O nervo facial está envolvida na protecção ocular, articulação, continência oral e afecta grandemente a aparência estética da face. Impairment deste nervo é, portanto, associada com morbidade significativa e isolamento social. Apesar dos avanços significativos na terapia, a multiplicidade de problemas associados com a face paralisada só pode ser alvo de um amplo espectro de procedimentos adicionais. Comum a todas as técnicas cirúrgicas é a necessidade de um conhecimento da anatomia exacta. Anatomia do nervo facial O nervo facial consiste em um componente do motor branquial para o controle voluntário do motor da musculatura facial e um componente do motor visceral para o controle parassimpático de lacrimal, submandibular e glândulas sublinguais. Além disso, existem dois componentes sensoriais para a inervação do canal auditivo externo e para o gosto em o anterior dois terços da língua. O curso do nervo facial pode be subdivide-se em três segmentos: intracraniana, intratemporal e extratemporal. No segmento intracraniana, o grupo superior de neurônios que inervam o músculo frontal e região periauricular recebe entrada cortical bilateral. Os neurônios que inervam os músculos faciais restantes receber entrada cortical contralateral exclusivamente. Como consequência, a função frontal é mantido em lesões supranuclear ipsilaterais. O segmento intratemporais pode ser ainda dividido em três segmentos. No segmento labiríntica, o maior nervo petrosal deixa o tronco para fornecer a glândula lacrimal com fibras parassimpáticas 1. No segmento de mastóide, o nervo stapedius fina corre para o músculo correspondente. Os ramos parassimpáticos inervam o submandibular, sublingual e anterior glândulas linguais, enquanto os dois terços anteriores da língua são fornecidos com fibras gustativas (corda do tímpano). O tronco principal do nervo facial sai do canal ósseoatravés do forame estilomastóideo. Este é o início do segmento extra-temporal, no entanto arborisation não começar antes de entrar na glândula parótida. O nervo é primeiro dividido em 3-4 divisões motoras que formam o plexo intraparotídeo e, finalmente, dão origem a temporal, zigomático, bucal, mandibular e ramos cervicais 2. O diagnóstico diferencial da paralisia facial Como etiologia da paralisia facial é ampla e difícil de classificar, a divisão que é afetado deve ser considerado em primeiro lugar. Paralisia facial intracraniana pode ser causada por enfarte lacunar ou tumores da cavidade intracraniana. As infecções bacterianas e virais, colesteatoma e paralisia de Bell pode ser razões para danos nos nervos intratemporal. Malignidades neoplásicas e terapia cirúrgica associada são as causas dominantes para paralisia facial extratemporal. Embora a paralisia de Bell representa o diagnóstico mais comumem pacientes com paralisia facial, a maioria dos pacientes se recuperam completamente sem seqüelas e não precisa de cirurgia 3. A segunda causa mais comum de paralisia facial é trauma. Aqui, as fraturas do osso temporal são o mecanismo de trauma predominante 4. Tipos de tratamento da paralisia facial Existem inúmeras opções cirúrgicas para o tratamento da paralisia facial e eles podem ser classificados em reinervação, reconstrução estática e dinâmica de reconstrução. Tipicamente, dois anos são considerados o tempo de uma lesão em que a função após Reinervação pode ser recuperado satisfatória com procedimentos reinnervating 5. Mais tarde, a denervação atrofia dos músculos faciais se opõe a sua utilidade para posterior reconstrução. Reinervação pode ser obtido por meio de reparação primária do nervo, enxertos de nervos de interposição, enxerto de nervo cross-facial ou transferência de nervo craniano. Técnicas de reconstrução estáticos são direcionados para corrigir osincapacidades funcionais, (proteção da córnea, a melhoria do fluxo de ar nasal, e prevenção de baba) e para melhorar a simetria em repouso. Os procedimentos típicos são browlift para ptose testa, ou cantoplastia para menor ectrópio tampa. Reconstrução estático é preferível em pacientes idosos com comorbidades significativas ou em enormes defeitos faciais secundárias a trauma ou cirurgia do câncer. As técnicas cirúrgicas de reconstrução dinâmica pode ser subdividida em transferência muscular regional e transferência muscular microneurovascular livre com ou coaptação ao ramo motor masseter ou enxerto de nervo cross-facial. Esta última representa o critério padrão para a reconstrução do sorriso em paralisia facial, como nenhuma outra opção de tratamento atinge de forma confiável um sorriso espontâneo, que é crucial para melhorar a desvantagem social. Coaptação ao ramo motor masseter é a modalidade de tratamento de escolha para pacientes com paralisia bilateral, no entanto indicações têm extterminou, como idosos ou pacientes com comorbidades significativas geralmente preferem uma única fase 6. Gracilis retalho Anatomia Regional O músculo é um músculo em vez superficial da coxa medial, representando o músculo mais longo dos músculos adutores. Origina-se a partir da sínfise inferior eo ramo inferior do púbis. Executando distalmente, o músculo torna-se estreito e insere distal para a articulação do joelho na tíbia que permite não só a adução da coxa, mas também de flexão do joelho. O músculo grácil tem um padrão circulatório tipo II após Mathes e Nahai com um suprimento arterial a partir de uma posição dominante e alguns pedículos vasculares menores 7. A artéria dominante sai do músculo no hilo de curso lateralmente e geralmente termina na artéria circunflexa medial. Raramente, a artéria dominante termina diretamente na artéria femoral profunda. Fornecimento venoso do gramúsculo cilis é geralmente obtida através de dois comitantes, esse curso profundamente ao músculo adutor longo de seguir a artéria dominante. Inervação do músculo é conseguido através de um ramo anterior do nervo obturador que entra no músculo 1-2 cm superiormente ao hilo. O uso clínico O músculo grácil é um músculo valioso doador para microcirurgia reconstrutiva e tornou-se o músculo da escolha para muitos cirurgiões para transferência muscular livre funcional. Isto é devido ao fato de que há pouca morbidade do sítio doador ea aba mostra proporções ideais com relação à excursão do músculo e dimensões pedículo vascular, respectivamente. Um nervo motor inervado único longa alivia aba funcional colheita 8. Nós aqui demonstrar o caso de um velho feminino 49 anos, que inicialmente apresentado com uma imagem completa da paralisia facial periférica à esquerda após a ressecção de um acústiconeuroma (schwannoma vestibular) dois anos antes. O paciente foi mais afetado pela assimetria facial, particularmente quando sorrindo. Outros co-morbidades pré-existentes não foram documentados. Ao exame clínico, o paciente apresentou uma paralisia completa do músculo frontal, no entanto uma simetria testa satisfatório em repouso. Fechamento da tampa era insuficiente à esquerda com um lagoftalmia de 5 mm e fenômeno de Bell. Os sinais de irritação da córnea e ectrópio estavam ausentes. Em repouso, o paciente apresentou uma assimetria moderada do canto da boca com uma distância tragus-modiolus de 11 cm à direita e 11,5 cm à esquerda em repouso. Após a sorrir, distância tragus-modiolus reduzida para 9 centímetros no lado direito e alongado na esquerda para 12 cm. Após uma extensa aconselhamento, o paciente desejava para uma reconstrução dinâmica single-encenado do sorriso com uma transferência gracilis funcional livre usando o masseter como nervo doador. O paciente também foi informado sobre a várias techniques de reconstrução fechamento da tampa, no entanto se recusou tratamento cirúrgico nesta fase. O decurso do tratamento foi simples. Os sinais de reinervação foram notados primeiro três meses de pós-operatório. Quatro meses após a cirurgia, o paciente apresentava cicatrizes normal ao longo da antiga linha facelift incisão modificado. Simetria em repouso e deliberada sorrindo foram excelentes, com uma definição satisfatória da prega nasolabial. O paciente também mostrou um sorriso completamente espontânea. Intervalo pós-operatório pré e 9 meses de excursão com o canto da boca foi documentada por videografia.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nylon Suture, 9-0</td><td>Serag Weissner</td><td>Z0039490</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene Suture&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>-</td><td>Multiple thread sizes</td></tr><tr><td>Suprarenin 1mg/ml</td><td>Sanofi</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Cook-Swartz Doppler Probe</td><td>Cook Medical</td><td>G03014</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>DP-M350 Blood Flow Monitor</td><td>Cook Medical</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Microscope OPMI Vario</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Microsurgical instruments lab set</td><td>S&amp;amp;T</td><td>767</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Biemer vessel clip</td><td>Diener</td><td>64,562</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Applying forceps</td><td>Diener</td><td>64,568</td><td>for Biemer vessel clip</td></tr><tr><td>Cefuroxim 1500mg</td><td>Fresenius</td><td>J01DC02</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Braunoderm</td><td>Braun Melsungen</td><td>3881105</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Octenisept</td><td>Schuelke &amp;amp; Mayr</td><td>5702764</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>ISIS Neuromonitoring System</td><td>Inomed</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Tissucol</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1.33052E+12</td><td>Fibrin glue</td></tr><tr><td>Jackson-Pratt Wound Drainage</td><td>Medline</td><td>SU130-1060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myacyne Ointment</td><td>Schur Pharma</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

single-stage dynamic reanimation of the smile in irreversible facial paralysis by free functional muscle transfer

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell&#8217;s palsy) is the most common diagnosis, patients can also present with a history of physical trauma, infectious disease, tumor, or iatrogenic facial paralysis. Early repair within one year of injury can be achieved by direct nerve repair, cross-face nerve grafting or regional nerve transfer. It is due to muscle atrophy that in long lasting facial paralysis complex reconstructive methods have to be applied. Instead of one single procedure, different surgical approaches have to be considered to alleviate the various components of the paralysis.
The reconstruction of a spontaneous dynamic smile with a symmetric resting tone is a crucial factor to overcome the functional deficits and the social handicap that are associated with facial paralysis. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described, a two-stage approach with an initial cross-facial nerve grafting followed by a free functional muscle transfer is most frequently applied. In selected patients however, a single-stage reconstruction using the motor nerve to the masseter as donor nerve is superior to a two-stage repair. The gracilis muscle is most commonly used for reconstruction, as it presents with a constant anatomy, a simple dissection and minimal donor site morbidity.
Here we demonstrate the pre-operative work-up, the post-operative management, and precisely describe the surgical procedure of single-stage microsurgical reconstruction of the smile by free functional gracilis muscle transfer in a step by step protocol. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly comprehend the procedure. We further discuss indications and limitations of the technique and demonstrate representative results.

<html> A utilização do nervo massetérica para Reinervação do enxerto muscular foi avaliada em 5 pacientes (Tabela 1). Entre eles, a ressecção neuroma acústico foi a principal causa para a paralisia facial. 3 candidatos preferiram a única fase em vez da abordagem de dois estágios &quot;padrão ouro&quot;. Em dois pacientes, o procedimento serviu como um procedimento de resgate após a estimulação insuficiente pelo enxerto de nervo cross-facial (CFNG). Reinervação...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer at JoVE.com

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

Simples estágio dinâmico Reanimação do Sorriso em Irreversível Paralisia Facial pela Free Funcional transferência muscular

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic ...

single-stage-dynamic-reanimation-smile-irreversible-facial-paralysis

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

105.8K visualizações.  University of Freiburg Medical Centre. The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

Vídeo: Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the 
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or 
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening) 
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction 
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric contraction. During 
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest 
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and painless method to measure canine hindlimb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric contractions.

Em função Assay Canine Muscle Vivo

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
...

Medicina

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

A utilização de recursos primários fibroblastos humanos de Monitoramento Fenótipos mitocondriais no Campo da Doença de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial nerve can be manipulated along its entire length, from its intracranial segment to its extratemporal course. There are three primary types of nerve injury used for the experimental study of regenerative properties: nerve crush, transection, and nerve gap. The range of possible interventions is vast, including surgical manipulation of the nerve, delivery of neuroactive reagents or cells, and either central or end-organ manipulations. Advantages of this model for studying nerve regeneration include simplicity, reproducibility, interspecies consistency, reliable survival rates of the rat, and an increased anatomic size relative to murine models. Its limitations involve a more limited genetic manipulation versus the mouse model and the superlative regenerative capability of the rat, such that the facial nerve scientist must carefully assess time points for recovery and whether to translate results to higher animals and human studies. The rat model for facial nerve injury allows for functional, electrophysiological, and histomorphometric parameters for the interpretation and comparison of nerve regeneration. It thereby boasts tremendous potential toward furthering the understanding and treatment of the devastating consequences of facial nerve injury in human patients.

This protocol describes a reproducible approach to facial nerve surgery in the rat model, including descriptions of various inducible patterns of injury.

Cirurgia do nervo facial no modelo de rato para estudar inibição e regeneração axonal

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial ...

Neurociência

An Implantable System For Chronic In Vivo Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in assessing neuromuscular function. Chronic recording of EMG activity reflecting a muscle&#8217;s reinnervation status after nerve injury has been limited, due to the invasive nature of traditional EMG recording techniques. In this regard, an implantable system is designed for long-term, in vivo EMG recording and nerve stimulation. It has been applied and tested in a study on reinnervation of laryngeal muscles. This system consists of 1) two bipolar electrode nerve cuffs and leads for stimulating each of two nerves: the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); 2) two EMG recording electrodes and leads for each of the two laryngeal muscles: posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle and thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid (TA-LCA) muscle complex; and 3) a skin receptacle interfacing all implanted lead terminals to an external recording preamplifier and stimulator using a connection cable. The wire leads are Teflon-coated, multi-filament, type 316 stainless steel. They are coiled and can stretch during body movement of the awake animal to prevent lead breakage and electrode migration. This system is implanted during an aseptic surgery. Afterwards, baseline EMG recordings are performed before the RLN is transected in the second surgery to study muscle reinnervation. Throughout the study, multiple physiological sessions are conducted in the anesthetized animal to obtain evoked and spontaneous EMG activity that reflects the reinnervation status of laryngeal muscles. The system is compact, free of infection over the course of the study, and highly durable. This implantable system can provide a reliable platform for research in which long-term recording or nerve stimulation is required in an anesthetized or freely moving animal.&#160;

Presented here is a protocol for the manufacturing of an implantable system for in vivo chronological recording of evoked and spontaneous electromyographic potentials. The system is applied to the investigation of reinnervation of laryngeal muscles following nerve injury. &#160;&#160;

Um sistema implantável para eletromiografia crônica in vivo

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in ...

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers

After severe nerve injuries, selective nerve transfers provide an opportunity to restore motor and sensory function. Functional recovery depends both on the successful re-innervation of the targets in the periphery and on the motor re-learning process entailing cortical plasticity. While there is an increasing number of methods to improve rehabilitation, their routine implementation in a clinical setting remains a challenge due to their complexity and long duration. Therefore, recommendations for rehabilitation strategies are presented with the aim of guiding medical doctors and therapists through the long-lasting rehabilitation process and providing step-by-step instructions for supporting motor re-learning.
Directly after nerve transfer surgery, no motor function is present, and therapy should focus on promoting activity in the sensory-motor cortex areas of the paralyzed body part. After about two to six months (depending on the severity and modality of injury, the distance of nerve regeneration and many other factors), the first motor activity can be detected via electromyography (EMG). Within this phase of rehabilitation, multimodal feedback is used to re-learn the motor function. This is especially critical after nerve transfers, as muscle activation patterns change due to the altered neural connection. Finally, muscle strength should be sufficient to overcome gravity/resistance of antagonistic muscles and joint stiffness, and more functional tasks can be implemented in rehabilitation.

Here, we present a protocol for the motor rehabilitation of patients with severe nerve injuries and selective nerve transfer surgery. It aims at restoring the motor function proposing several stages in patient education, early-stage therapy after surgery and interventions for rehabilitation after successful re-innervation of the nerve&#8217;s target.

Reabilitação motora estruturada após transferências de nervos seletivos

After severe nerve injuries, selective nerve transfers provide an opportunity to restore motor and sensory function. Functional recovery depends both on ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Avaliação de biomateriais em lesões craniofaciais de VML usando um modelo de rato

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials

Craniofacial volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries can occur as a result of severe trauma, surgical excision, inflammation, and congenital or other acquired conditions. Treatment of craniofacial VML involves surgical, functional muscle transfer. However, these procedures are unable to restore normal function, sensation, or expression, and more commonly, these conditions go untreated. Very little research has been conducted on skeletal muscle regeneration in animal models of craniofacial VML. This manuscript describes a rat model for the study of craniofacial VML injury and a protocol for the histological evaluation of biomaterials in the treatment of these injuries. Liquid hydrogel and freeze-dried scaffolds are applied at the time of surgical VML creation, and masseters are excised at terminal time points up to 12 weeks with high retention rates and negligible complications. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson's Trichrome, and immunohistochemical analysis are used to evaluate parameters of skeletal muscle regeneration as well as biocompatibility and immunomodulation. While we demonstrate the study of a hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel, this model provides a means for evaluating subsequent iterations of materials in VML injuries.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo de roedores de perda muscular volumétrica masseter para estudo de materiais de bioengenharia

Here, we describe a protocol for the surgical creation of a volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury in the rat masseter, providing a reproducible and accessible model for the study of craniofacial muscle injuries and their treatment using biomaterials such as the novel hydrogel.

Modelo de roedores de perda muscular volumétrica masseter para estudo de materiais de bioengenharia

Craniofacial volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries can occur as a result of severe trauma, surgical excision, inflammation, and congenital or other ...

Bioengenharia

Force Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle After VML Injury

In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury

Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is prevalent in civilian and military populations and represents a debilitating skeletal muscle injury surpassing the body&#39;s natural regenerative capacity. These injuries disrupt not only muscle fibers but also nerves, blood vessels, and the extracellular matrix, overwhelming the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle and leading to severe fibrosis and permanent deficiencies in muscle structure and function. Current clinical management has many limitations, and thus, research is ongoing to develop more effective therapeutic approaches. Notably, however, much of the preclinical emphasis on VML injuries has focused on limb and trunk muscles, with limited investigation into craniofacial muscles. Differences in developmental biology and regenerative capacity between craniofacial and limb/trunk muscles may provide crucial insights that drive more injury-specific VML treatment options. Moreover, evaluation of functional recovery is critical to establishing therapeutic efficacy. In this regard, in vivo testing of muscle contraction with percutaneous nerve stimulation is a minimally invasive method that allows for repeated functional assessment over the course of a study - in the same animal. In light of these considerations, this paper describes a method for the in vivo assessment of muscle function in the rat masseter muscle before and after a VML injury. This protocol is the first published instance to detail the creation and functional evaluation of a biologically relevant craniofacial VML injury in the rat.

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries exceed endogenous regenerative ability, resulting in permanent functional deficits. Current VML research primarily focuses on limb and trunk muscles. To extend mechanistic studies of VML to craniofacial muscles, this article describes an in vivo method for longitudinal assessment of masseter muscle function pre- and post-VML injury.

Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is prevalent in civilian and military populations and represents a debilitating skeletal muscle injury surpassing the ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Eletroporação e lesão nervosa no músculo elevador do auro longo do camundongo

Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Short&#45;Term Reinnervation of the Cranial Levator Auris Longus Skeletal Muscle

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse controlling the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers to allow the coordinated movement of many organisms. At the NMJ, a presynaptic motor axon terminal contacts a muscle postsynaptic domain and is covered by terminal Schwann cells. The integrity and function of the NMJ is compromised under several conditions, including aging, neuromuscular diseases, and traumatic injuries. To analyze the potential contribution of muscle-derived proteins to NMJ maintenance and regeneration, an in vivo gene transfer strategy has been combined with the denervation of the cranial levator auris longus (LAL) muscle after mechanical nerve injury. Previous findings showed that the forced expression of control fluorescent proteins does not alter NMJ organization or neurotransmission. This procedure aims to describe a detailed method of in vivo electroporation of the LAL muscle followed by transection or crushing of the specific branch of the facial nerve innervating cranial muscles, leading to NMJ denervation and reinnervation, respectively. The combination of these experimental strategies in the convenient LAL muscle constitutes an efficient method to study the potential contribution of muscle protein overexpression or silencing in the context of short-term NMJ reinnervation.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor em destaque: Papéis regenerativos das proteínas musculares na junção neuromuscular pós-lesão nervosa

Here, we present a protocol that combines in vivo electroporation and denervation of the cranial levator auris longus (LAL) muscle. This procedure enables the study of the potential role of muscle-derived proteins in the regeneration of the neuromuscular synapse.

Eletroporação In Vivo Combinada e Reinervação de Curto Prazo do Músculo Esquelético do Elevador do Crânio Longo do Auris

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse controlling the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers to allow the coordinated movement of many ...

Simples estágio dinâmico Reanimação do Sorriso em Irreversível Paralisia Facial pela Free Funcional transferência muscular

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Modelo de roedores de perda muscular volumétrica masseter para estudo de materiais de bioengenharia

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In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury

Eletroporação In Vivo Combinada e Reinervação de Curto Prazo do Músculo Esquelético do Elevador do Crânio Longo do Auris