Este trabalho foi financiado por uma doação do DFG GMT

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+grasshopper+to+Drosophila:+a+common+plan+for+neuronal+development.">From grasshopper to Drosophila: a common plan for neuronal development.</a> Nature. 310, 203-207 (1984).</li><li>Whitington, P., Harris, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+axonogenesis+in+the+embryo+of+a+primitive+insect,+the+silverfish+Ctenolepisma+longicaudata.">Early axonogenesis in the embryo of a primitive insect, the silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudata.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 205 (5-6), 272-281 (1996).</li><li>Whitington, P., Meier, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmentation,+neurogenesis+and+formation+of+early+axonal+pathways+in+the+centipede,+Ethmostigmus+rubripes+(Brandt).">Segmentation, neurogenesis and formation of early axonal pathways in the centipede, Ethmostigmus rubripes (Brandt).</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 199, 349-363 (1991).</li><li>Whitington, P. M., Seifert, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+growth+from+limb+motorneurons+in+the+locust+embryo:+the+effect+of+target+limb+removal+on+the+pattern+of+axon+branching+in+the+periphery.">Axon growth from limb motorneurons in the locust embryo: the effect of target limb removal on the pattern of axon branching in the periphery.</a> Developmental Biology. 106, 438-449 (1984).</li><li>Whitington, P. M., Leach, D., Sandeman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+change+in+neural+development+within+the+arthropods:+axonogenesis+in+the+embryos+of+two+crustaceans.">Evolutionary change in neural development within the arthropods: axonogenesis in the embryos of two crustaceans.</a> Development. 118, 449-461 (1993).</li><li>Williams, D. 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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses conflitantes financeiros.

Uma grande vantagem da Drosophila como sistema modelo é que ele permite a análise do desenvolvimento e função do nível de células únicas. Isto é especialmente útil em relação ao sistema nervoso, onde a diversidade de tipos de células é excepcionalmente elevada e a função e morfologia de células vizinhas pode ser totalmente diferente. O método que apresentamos aqui permite a marcação de neurónios individuais, com um corante que pode ser transformada em uma mancha ...

O conhecimento da morfologia neuronal ao nível das células individuais é um requisito chave para a compreensão da conectividade neuronal e função do SNC. Assim, desde os primeiros dias da neurociência, os pesquisadores têm procurado desenvolver técnicas única célula de rotulagem (ver 7 para um tratamento histórico da questão). Os métodos clássicos, tais como a coloração de Golgi proporcionar excelente resolução da morfologia neuronal, mas não são adequados, se se procura identificar um tipo específico de neurónios de uma forma dirigida, tal como a coloração ocorre de uma forma aleatória. O desenvolvimento de métodos para a coloração de células isoladas através de injecção intra celular ou juxtacellular de corantes a partir de um microeléctrodo dirigida a exigência de rotulagem específico. A aplicação de uma única injecção de corante para neurónio Drosophila apresentou um desafio importante, devido ao tamanho pequeno de tanto o organismo e dos seus neurónios. No entanto, a coloração único neurónio de Drosophila embrionárias </em&gt; Neurônios foi alcançado em meados dos anos 1980 no laboratório de Corey Goodman 15. Enquanto o método tem sido eminentemente útil e forneceu algumas informações importantes sobre mecanismos de desenvolvimento neuronal em Drosophila ao longo dos últimos 20-30 anos (por exemplo, 2, 10), muitos trabalhadores têm se esquivado de que, em grande parte por causa de suas exigências técnicas. A disponibilidade nos anos mais recentes de técnicas genéticas para a rotulagem de neurônios em Drosophila também tem contribuído para a impopularidade da injeção único neurônio corante. Expressão GAL4-dirigido de construções de membrana-alvo GFP pode fornecer excelente resolução de morfologia neural 1, 20. No entanto, este método tem certas limitações: a expressão muitas vezes inevitável da GFP em células múltiplas podem obscurecer a estrutura de neurónios individuais e um condutor da linha de GAL4 pode não estar disponível para conduzir a expressão de um neurónio particular de interesse. O MarcM (Análise de mosaico com um representantemarcador de células ressible) Método 8 pode fornecer a rotulagem de qualquer neurónio essencialmente ao nível da célula individual, mas não pode ser utilizada com sucesso no embrião e larvas cedo por causa da rotação lenta da proteína GAL80. Dadas estas limitações de rotulagem genética, acreditamos que a injecção de corante único neurónio no embrião de Drosophila continua a ser uma técnica valiosa e merece uma aplicação mais ampla. Para promover este objectivo, oferecemos aqui uma descrição detalhada do método. Uma ilustração de sua energia é fornecida pela nossa recente de conta a morfologia do conjunto completo de interneurônios neuromeres abdominais do embrião de Drosophila tardio 14. Neste estudo, o que revelou a variabilidade tanto morfológica individuais tipos de células neuronais e os princípios da organização neuromere no SNC do embrião, não teria sido possível com qualquer outro método de marcação disponíveis.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente / Material </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de Catálogo </td><td> Comentários </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> REAGENTES </td></tr><tr><td> DAB </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d5905" target="_blank">D-5905</a> </td><td> 2-3 mg / ml em 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4 </td></tr><tr><td> DiI </td><td> Sondas Invitrogen / Molecular </td><td> <a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/D282" target="_blank">D-282</a> </td><td> 1 mg / ml em etanol </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="http://www.merckmillipore.com/germany/chemicals/formaldehydloesung-min-37-prozent/MDA_CHEM-104002/p_Wt6b.s1L6pAAAAEWpOEfVhTl" target="_blank">Formaldeído</a> </td><td> Merck Millipore </td><td></td><td> 7,4% em PBS </td> &lt;/ Tr&gt; <tr><td> Glicerina </td><td> <a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank">Roth</a> </td><td> 3783 </td><td> 70% em PBS </td></tr><tr><td> Heptano Cola </td><td> Beiersdorf AG </td><td> Cello 31-39-30 * </td><td> diluir ca. 1 a 1 com n-heptano </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td></td><td></td><td> 1x </td></tr><tr><td> TRIS </td><td> <a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank">Roth</a> </td><td> 4855 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield </td><td> Vector Laboratories </td><td> <a href="http://www.vectorlabs.com/catalog.aspx?prodID=427" target="_blank">H1000</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> EQUIPAMENTOS </td></tr><tr><td> Microscópio confocal </td><td> Leica </td><td> TCS SP2 </td><td> para visualizar e documentar bulas de fluorescência </td></tr><tr><td> DC - ummplifier </td><td> Dragan Corporação </td><td> Cornerstone ION-100 </td><td> para executar as bulas </td></tr><tr><td> Lamelas </td><td> <a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank">Menzel</a> </td><td> BB018018A1 </td><td> 18 x 18 mm </td></tr><tr><td> Lamelas </td><td> <a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank">Menzel</a> </td><td> BB024060A1 </td><td> 24 x 60 mm </td></tr><tr><td> Dissecando microscópio </td><td> Leica </td><td> MZ8 </td><td> para preparar e disect embriões </td></tr><tr><td> Plana Capilares </td><td> <a href="http://www.hilgenberg-gmbh.de/" target="_blank">Hilgenberg</a> </td><td></td><td> diâmetro exterior 1 mm; glas espessura 0,1 milímetros </td></tr><tr><td> Injeção Capilares </td><td> Produtos ciência </td><td> 100 GB TF 8P </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> R micromanipulador </td><td> Leica </td><td></td><td> para executar as bulas </td></tr><tr><td> Modelo P-97 </td><td> Sutter Instruments </td><td></td><td> para puxar capilares </td></tr><tr><td> Slides objeto </td><td> <a href="http://www.marienfeld-superior.com/" target="_blank">Marienfeld Superior</a> </td><td> 1000000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microscópio científica </td><td> Zeiss </td><td> Axioskop 2 mot </td><td> para ver bulas após fotoconversão </td></tr><tr><td> Microscópio científica </td><td> Olimpo </td><td> BX50 </td><td> para executar as bulas </td></tr><tr><td> Câmera de vídeo Sony MC3255 </td><td> Sony / AVT Chifre </td><td> Sony MC3255 </td><td> para gravar rotulamentos após fotoconversão </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabela 1.

labeling of single cells in the central nervous system of drosophila melanogaster

Neste artigo vamos descrever como individualmente rotular neurônios no sistema nervoso central embrionário de Drosophila melanogaster por injecção juxtacellular do DiI marcador fluorescente membrana lipofílica. Este método permite a visualização da morfologia das células neuronais em grande detalhe. É possível marcar qualquer célula no sistema nervoso central: os corpos celulares dos neurónios-alvo são visualizadas sob óptica DIC ou por expressão de um marcador fluorescente tal como GFP genética. Após a marcação, o DiI pode ser transformado em um castanho mancha permanente por fotoconversão para permitir a visualização da morfologia das células, com luz transmitida e óptica DIC. Alternativamente, as células marcadas com DiI pode ser observada directamente em microscopia confocal, permitindo geneticamente introduzidos proteínas repórter fluorescentes a ser colocalised. A técnica pode ser usada em qualquer animal, independentemente do genótipo, tornando possível a análise fenótipos mutantes a resolução de células simples.

A Figura 4 ilustra os resultados típicos da técnica, é descrita aqui. Figura 4A mostra um exemplo de um interneurônio DiI cheio único que foi limpa photoconverted. Ele demonstra muito bem a quantidade de detalhes estas oferecem preparações. Quando visto sob óptica DIC contexto espacial da célula marcada no interior do tecido não-rotulada envolvente se torna visível, por exemplo, a posição do corpo da célula dentro do córtex e da projecção de fibras dentro do ne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

Nós apresentamos uma técnica para etiquetar neurônios no sistema nervoso central (SNC) de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriões, o que permite a análise da morfologia neuronal ou por luz transmitida ou microscopia confocal.

Marcação de células individuais no Sistema Nervoso Central de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

labeling-single-cells-central-nervous-system-drosophila

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

12.7K visualizações.  University of Mainz. Nós apresentamos uma técnica para etiquetar neurônios no sistema nervoso central (SNC) de Drosophila Embriões, o que permite a análise da morfologia neuronal ou por luz transmitida ou microscopia confocal.

Vídeo: Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Dissecção do CNS Larval em Drosophila melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Biologia

Purification of Low-abundant Cells in the Drosophila Visual System

Recent improvements in the sensitivity of next generation sequencing have facilitated the application of transcriptomic and genomic analyses to small numbers of cells. Utilizing this technology to study development in the Drosophila visual system, which boasts a wealth of cell type-specific genetic tools, provides a powerful approach for addressing the molecular basis of development with precise cellular resolution. For such an approach to be feasible, it is crucial to have the capacity to reliably and efficiently purify cells present at low abundance within the brain. Here, we present a method that allows efficient purification of single cell clones in genetic mosaic experiments. With this protocol, we consistently achieve a high cellular yield after purification using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) (~25% of all labeled cells), and successfully performed transcriptomics analyses on single cell clones generated through mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM). This protocol is ideal for applying transcriptomic and genomic analyses to specific cell types in the visual system, across different stages of development and in the context of different genetic manipulations.

Here, we present a cell dissociation protocol for efficiently isolating cells present at low abundance within the Drosophila visual system through fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

Purificação de células Low-abundante no sistema Visual da drosófila

Recent improvements in the sensitivity of next generation sequencing have facilitated the application of transcriptomic and genomic analyses to small ...

Genética

Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a positive mosaic labeling system that has been widely applied in Drosophila neurobiological studies to depict intricate morphologies and to manipulate the function of genes in subsets of neurons within otherwise unmarked and unperturbed organisms. Genetic mosaics generated in the MARCM system are mediated through site-specific recombination between homologous chromosomes within dividing precursor cells to produce both marked (MARCM clones) and unmarked daughter cells during mitosis. An extension of the MARCM method, called twin-spot MARCM (tsMARCM), labels both of the twin cells derived from a common progenitor with two distinct colors. This technique was developed to enable the retrieval of useful information from both hemi-lineages. By comprehensively analyzing different pairs of tsMARCM clones, the tsMARCM system permits high-resolution neural lineage mapping to reveal the exact birth-order of the labeled neurons produced from common progenitor cells. Furthermore, the tsMARCM system also extends gene function studies by permitting the phenotypic analysis of identical neurons of different animals. Here, we describe how to apply the tsMARCM system to facilitate studies of neural development in Drosophila.

Here, we present a protocol for a mosaic labeling technique that permits the visualization of neurons derived from a common progenitor cell in two distinct colors. This facilitates neural lineage analysis with the capability of birth-dating individual neurons and studying gene function in the same neurons of different individuals.

Análises celular linhagem e estudos da função de genes utilizando marcm Twin-ponto

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a positive mosaic labeling system that has been widely applied in Drosophila neurobiological ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Application of MultiColor FlpOut Technique to Study High Resolution Single Cell Morphologies and Cell Interactions of Glia in Drosophila

Cells display different morphologies and complex anatomical relationships. How do cells interact with their neighbors? Do the interactions differ between cell types or even within a given type? What kinds of spatial rules do they follow? The answers to such fundamental questions in vivo have been hampered so far by a lack of tools for high resolution single cell labeling. Here, a detailed protocol to target single cells with a MultiColor FlpOut (MCFO) technique is provided. This method relies on three differently tagged reporters (HA, FLAG and V5) under UAS control that are kept silent by a transcriptional terminator flanked by two FRT sites (FRT-stop-FRT). A heat shock pulse induces the expression of a heat shock-induced Flp recombinase, which randomly removes the FRT-stop-FRT cassettes in individual cells: expression occurs only in cells that also express a GAL4 driver. This leads to an array of differently colored cells of a given cell type that allows the visualization of individual cell morphologies at high resolution. As an example, the MCFO technique can be combined with specific glial GAL4 drivers to visualize the morphologies of the different glial subtypes in the adult Drosophila brain.

Application of MultiColor FlpOut Technique to Study High Resolution Single Cell Morphologies and Cell Interactions of Glia in Drosophila

Cells display different morphologies and establish a variety of interactions with their neighbors. This protocol describes how to reveal the morphology of single cells and to investigate cell-cell interaction by using the well-established Gal4/UAS expression system.

Aplicação de técnica de FlpOut MultiColor para estudar a alta resolução única célula morfologias e interações de células da Glia em Drosophila

Cells display different morphologies and complex anatomical relationships. How do cells interact with their neighbors? Do the interactions differ between ...

Comportamento

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval body wall contains several cell types that are models to study cell and tissue morphogenesis. For example tracheae are used to examine tube morphogenesis1, and the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larva have become a primary system for the elucidation of general and neuron-class-specific mechanisms of dendritic differentiation2-5 and degeneration6.
The shape of dendrite branches can vary significantly between neuron classes, and even among different branches of a single neuron7,8. Genetic studies in DA neurons suggest that differential cytoskeletal organization can underlie morphological differences in dendritic branch shape4,9-11. We provide a robust immunological labeling method to assay in vivo microtubule organization in DA sensory neuron dendrite arbor (Figures 1, 2, Movie 1). This protocol illustrates the dissection and immunostaining of first instar larva, a stage when active sensory neuron dendrite outgrowth and branching organization is occurring 12,13.
In addition to staining sensory neurons, this method achieves robust labeling of microtubule organization in muscles (Movies 2, 3), trachea (Figure 3, Movie 3), and other body wall tissues. It is valuable for investigators wishing to analyze microtubule organization in situ in the body wall when investigating mechanisms that control tissue and cell shape.

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how complex cell shapes, such as neuronal dendrites, are achieved during development, it is important to be able to accurately assay microtubule organization. Here we describe a robust immunohistological labeling method to examine microtubule organization of dendritic arborization neuron sensory dendrites, trachea, muscle, and other Drosophila larva body wall tissues.

Labeling imuno dos microtúbulos no Dendrites neurônio sensorial, traquéias, e Músculos no Drosophila Wall Corpo Larva

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval ...

Neurociência

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Dissecção e imunofluorescência coloração de cogumelo corpo e fotoreceptor neurônios em cérebros adultos Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Imagens ao vivo de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; larval Neuroblastos

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield deleterious consequences, yet the current methods for recording nervous system activity of an individual animal is costly and laborious. This suction electrode preparation of the third-instar larval central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, is a tractable system for testing the physiological effects of neuroactive agents, determining the physiological role of various neural pathways to CNS activity, as well as the influence of genetic mutations to neural function. This ex vivo preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of insect neuronal activity. A wide variety of chemical modulators, including peptides, can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline to measure the influence on the CNS activity. Further, genetic technologies, such as the GAL4/UAS system, can be applied independently or in tandem with pharmacological agents to determine the role of specific ion channels, transporters, or receptors to arthropod CNS function. In this context, the assays described herein are of significant interest to insecticide toxicologists, insect physiologists, and developmental biologists for which D. melanogaster is an established model organism. The goal of this protocol is to describe an electrophysiological method to enable the measurement of electrogenesis of the central nervous system in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, which is useful for testing a diversity of scientific hypotheses.

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar  Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes a method to record the descending electrical activity of the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system to enable the cost-efficient and convenient testing of pharmacological agents, genetic mutations of neural proteins, and/or the role of unexplored physiological pathways.

Eletrofisiológica gravação da atividade do sistema nervoso Central de terceiro ínstar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield ...

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing neural regenerative therapies. Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model for studies of neural development but historically has not been exploited to investigate adult brain regeneration. This is primarily because the adult brain exhibits very low mitotic activity. Nonetheless, penetrating traumatic brain injury (PTBI) to the adult Drosophila central brain triggers the generation of new neurons and new glia. The powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila combined with the simple but rigorous injury protocol described here now make adult Drosophila brain a robust model for neural regeneration research. Provided here are detailed instructions for (1) penetrating injuries to the adult central brain and (2) dissection, immunohistochemistry, and imaging post-injury. These protocols yield highly reproducible results and will facilitate additional studies to dissect mechanisms underlying neural regeneration.

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

This article provides detailed protocols for inflicting Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to adult Drosophila and examining the resulting neurogenesis.

Estimulando e analisando neurogênese adulta no cérebro central de Drosophila

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these ...

Retrograde Labeling of Drosophila Motor Neurons Using Fluorescent Lipophilic Dyes

<a href='https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/60716/retrograde-tracing-drosophila-embryonic-motor-neurons-using'>Source: Inal, M. A. et. al., Retrograde Tracing of Drosophila Embryonic Motor Neurons Using Lipophilic Fluorescent Dyes. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)</a>This video demonstrates the method of retrograde labeling of Drosophila motor neurons using lipophilic dyes. The dye enters the axon, travels retrogradely, and labels the neurons green, allowing detailed visualization of their morphology and projections under a confocal microscope.

Source: Inal, M. A. et. al., Retrograde Tracing of Drosophila Embryonic Motor Neurons Using Lipophilic Fluorescent Dyes. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video ...

Marcação de células individuais no Sistema Nervoso Central de

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