This work was supported by a grant from the DFG to G.M.T.

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J., Sink, H., Kolodkin, A. L., Goodman, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semaphorin+II+can+function+as+a+selective+inhibitor+of+specific+synaptic+arborizations.">Semaphorin II can function as a selective inhibitor of specific synaptic arborizations.</a> Cell. 81, 631-639 (1995).</li><li>Murray, M. J., Whitington, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+roundabout+on+growth+cone+dynamics,+filopodial+length,+and+growth+cone+morphology+at+the+midline+and+throughout+the+neuropile.">Effects of roundabout on growth cone dynamics, filopodial length, and growth cone morphology at the midline and throughout the neuropile.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 19, 7901-7912 (1999).</li><li>Murray, M. J., Merritt, D. J., Brand, A. H., Whitington, P. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

One major advantage of Drosophila as a model system is that it allows analysis of development and function on the level of single cells. This is especially helpful regarding the nervous system, where the diversity of cell types is exceptionally high and the function and morphology of neighboring cells can be totally different.
The method we present here allows the labeling of individual neurons with a dye that can either be transformed into a permanent stain or examined directl...

Knowledge of neuronal morphology at the level of individual cells is a key prerequisite for understanding neuronal connectivity and CNS function. Thus, from the earliest days of neuroscience, researchers have sought to develop single cell labeling techniques (see 7 for a historical treatment of this issue). Classical methods such as Golgi staining provide excellent resolution of neuronal morphology but are not suitable if one seeks to label a particular type of neuron in a directed way, as staining occurs in a random fashion. The development of methods for staining single cells by intracellular or juxtacellular injection of dyes from a microelectrode addressed the requirement of specific labeling.
The application of single neuron dye injection to Drosophila presented a major challenge, because of the small size of both the organism and its neurons. Nonetheless, single neuron staining of embryonic Drosophila neurons was achieved in the mid-1980s in the laboratory of Corey Goodman 15. While the method has been eminently useful and has provided some key insights into mechanisms for neuronal development in Drosophila over the last 20-30 years (e.g. 2, 10), many workers have shied away from it, largely because of its technical demands.
The availability in more recent years of genetic techniques for neuronal labeling in Drosophila has also contributed to the unpopularity of single neuron dye injection. GAL4-directed expression of membrane-targeted GFP constructs can provide excellent resolution of neural morphology 1, 20. However, this method has certain limitations: the often-unavoidable expression of GFP in multiple cells can obscure the structure of individual neurons and a GAL4 driver line may not be available to drive expression in a particular neuron of interest. The MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker) method 8 can provide labeling of essentially any neuron at the individual cell level, but cannot be successfully used in the embryo and early larva because of the slow turnover of the GAL80 protein.
Given these limitations of genetic labeling, we believe that single neuron dye injection in the Drosophila embryo remains a valuable technique and deserves broader application. To promote this goal, we provide here a detailed description of the method. An illustration of its power is provided by our recent account of the morphology of the complete set of interneurons in abdominal neuromeres of the late Drosophila embryo 14. This study, which revealed both the morphological variability of individual neuronal cell types and the principles of neuromere organization in the CNS of the embryo, would not have been possible with any other currently available labeling method.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;REAGENTS&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>DAB</td><td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d5905" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Sigma-Aldrich</a></td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d5905&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;D-5905&lt;/a&gt;</td><td>2-3 mg/ml in 100 mM TRIS-Hcl, pH 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>DiI</td><td><a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/D282" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Invitrogen/Molecular Probes</a></td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/D282&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;D-282&lt;/a&gt;</td><td>1 mg/ml in ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmillipore.com/germany/chemicals/formaldehydl&amp;#8211;sung-min-37-prozent/MDA_CHEM-104002/p_Wt6b.s1L6pAAAAEWp&amp;#8211;fVhTl&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Formaldehyde&lt;/a&gt;</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td></td><td>7,4 % in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td><a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Roth&lt;/a&gt;</a></td><td>3783</td><td>70% in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Heptane Glue</td><td>Beiersdorf AG</td><td>Cello 31-39-30 *</td><td>dilute ca. 1 to 1 with n-Heptane</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td></td><td></td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>TRIS</td><td><a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Roth&lt;/a&gt;</a></td><td>4855</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield</td><td><a href="http://www.vectorlabs.com/catalog.aspx?prodID=427" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Vector Laboratories</a></td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vectorlabs.com/catalog.aspx?prodID=427&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;H1000&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;EQUIPMENT&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>TCS SP2</td><td>to view and document labelings in fluorescence</td></tr><tr><td>DC - amplifier</td><td>Dragan Corporation</td><td>Cornerstone ION-100</td><td>to perform the labelings</td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips</td><td><a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.menzel.de/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Menzel&lt;/a&gt;</a></td><td>BB018018A1</td><td>18 x 18 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips</td><td><a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.menzel.de/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Menzel&lt;/a&gt;</a></td><td>BB024060A1</td><td>24 x 60 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting Microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>MZ8</td><td>to prepare and disect embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Flat Capillaries</td><td><a href="http://www.hilgenberg-gmbh.de/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hilgenberg-gmbh.de/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Hilgenberg&lt;/a&gt;</a></td><td></td><td>outer diameter 1 mm; glas thickness 0.1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Injection Capillaries</td><td>Science Products</td><td>GB 100 TF 8P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator R</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>to perform the labelings</td></tr><tr><td>Model P-97</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td></td><td>to pull capillaries</td></tr><tr><td>Object Slides</td><td><a href="http://www.marienfeld-superior.com/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marienfeld-superior.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Marienfeld Superior&lt;/a&gt;</a></td><td>1000000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scientific Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axioskop 2 mot</td><td>to view labelings after photoconversion</td></tr><tr><td>Scientific Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX50</td><td>to perform the labelings</td></tr><tr><td>Sony MC3255 Video Camera</td><td>Sony/AVT Horn</td><td>Sony MC3255</td><td>to record labelings after photoconversion</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;p class=&quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Table 1.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</td></tr></tbody></table>

labeling of single cells in the central nervous system of drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Figure 4 illustrates typical results of the technique, we describe here. Figure 4A shows an example of a DiI filled single interneuron that was cleanly photoconverted. It nicely demonstrates the amount of detail these preparations offer. When viewed under DIC optics the spatial context of the labeled cell within the non-labeled surrounding tissue becomes visible, e.g. the position of the cell body within the cortex and of the fiber projection within the neuropile.
<p class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

labeling-single-cells-central-nervous-system-drosophila

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K Views.  University of Mainz. We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

Video: Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Dissection z larw CNS na Drosophila melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Biology

Purification of Low-abundant Cells in the Drosophila Visual System

Recent improvements in the sensitivity of next generation sequencing have facilitated the application of transcriptomic and genomic analyses to small numbers of cells. Utilizing this technology to study development in the Drosophila visual system, which boasts a wealth of cell type-specific genetic tools, provides a powerful approach for addressing the molecular basis of development with precise cellular resolution. For such an approach to be feasible, it is crucial to have the capacity to reliably and efficiently purify cells present at low abundance within the brain. Here, we present a method that allows efficient purification of single cell clones in genetic mosaic experiments. With this protocol, we consistently achieve a high cellular yield after purification using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) (~25% of all labeled cells), and successfully performed transcriptomics analyses on single cell clones generated through mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM). This protocol is ideal for applying transcriptomic and genomic analyses to specific cell types in the visual system, across different stages of development and in the context of different genetic manipulations.

Here, we present a cell dissociation protocol for efficiently isolating cells present at low abundance within the Drosophila visual system through fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

Recent improvements in the sensitivity of next generation sequencing have facilitated the application of transcriptomic and genomic analyses to small ...

Genetics

Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a positive mosaic labeling system that has been widely applied in Drosophila neurobiological studies to depict intricate morphologies and to manipulate the function of genes in subsets of neurons within otherwise unmarked and unperturbed organisms. Genetic mosaics generated in the MARCM system are mediated through site-specific recombination between homologous chromosomes within dividing precursor cells to produce both marked (MARCM clones) and unmarked daughter cells during mitosis. An extension of the MARCM method, called twin-spot MARCM (tsMARCM), labels both of the twin cells derived from a common progenitor with two distinct colors. This technique was developed to enable the retrieval of useful information from both hemi-lineages. By comprehensively analyzing different pairs of tsMARCM clones, the tsMARCM system permits high-resolution neural lineage mapping to reveal the exact birth-order of the labeled neurons produced from common progenitor cells. Furthermore, the tsMARCM system also extends gene function studies by permitting the phenotypic analysis of identical neurons of different animals. Here, we describe how to apply the tsMARCM system to facilitate studies of neural development in Drosophila.

Here, we present a protocol for a mosaic labeling technique that permits the visualization of neurons derived from a common progenitor cell in two distinct colors. This facilitates neural lineage analysis with the capability of birth-dating individual neurons and studying gene function in the same neurons of different individuals.

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a positive mosaic labeling system that has been widely applied in Drosophila neurobiological ...

Developmental Biology

Application of MultiColor FlpOut Technique to Study High Resolution Single Cell Morphologies and Cell Interactions of Glia in Drosophila

Cells display different morphologies and complex anatomical relationships. How do cells interact with their neighbors? Do the interactions differ between cell types or even within a given type? What kinds of spatial rules do they follow? The answers to such fundamental questions in vivo have been hampered so far by a lack of tools for high resolution single cell labeling. Here, a detailed protocol to target single cells with a MultiColor FlpOut (MCFO) technique is provided. This method relies on three differently tagged reporters (HA, FLAG and V5) under UAS control that are kept silent by a transcriptional terminator flanked by two FRT sites (FRT-stop-FRT). A heat shock pulse induces the expression of a heat shock-induced Flp recombinase, which randomly removes the FRT-stop-FRT cassettes in individual cells: expression occurs only in cells that also express a GAL4 driver. This leads to an array of differently colored cells of a given cell type that allows the visualization of individual cell morphologies at high resolution. As an example, the MCFO technique can be combined with specific glial GAL4 drivers to visualize the morphologies of the different glial subtypes in the adult Drosophila brain.

Application of MultiColor FlpOut Technique to Study High Resolution Single Cell Morphologies and Cell Interactions of Glia in Drosophila

Cells display different morphologies and establish a variety of interactions with their neighbors. This protocol describes how to reveal the morphology of single cells and to investigate cell-cell interaction by using the well-established Gal4/UAS expression system.

Cells display different morphologies and complex anatomical relationships. How do cells interact with their neighbors? Do the interactions differ between ...

Behavior

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval body wall contains several cell types that are models to study cell and tissue morphogenesis. For example tracheae are used to examine tube morphogenesis1, and the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larva have become a primary system for the elucidation of general and neuron-class-specific mechanisms of dendritic differentiation2-5 and degeneration6.
The shape of dendrite branches can vary significantly between neuron classes, and even among different branches of a single neuron7,8. Genetic studies in DA neurons suggest that differential cytoskeletal organization can underlie morphological differences in dendritic branch shape4,9-11. We provide a robust immunological labeling method to assay in vivo microtubule organization in DA sensory neuron dendrite arbor (Figures 1, 2, Movie 1). This protocol illustrates the dissection and immunostaining of first instar larva, a stage when active sensory neuron dendrite outgrowth and branching organization is occurring 12,13.
In addition to staining sensory neurons, this method achieves robust labeling of microtubule organization in muscles (Movies 2, 3), trachea (Figure 3, Movie 3), and other body wall tissues. It is valuable for investigators wishing to analyze microtubule organization in situ in the body wall when investigating mechanisms that control tissue and cell shape.

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how complex cell shapes, such as neuronal dendrites, are achieved during development, it is important to be able to accurately assay microtubule organization. Here we describe a robust immunohistological labeling method to examine microtubule organization of dendritic arborization neuron sensory dendrites, trachea, muscle, and other Drosophila larva body wall tissues.

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield deleterious consequences, yet the current methods for recording nervous system activity of an individual animal is costly and laborious. This suction electrode preparation of the third-instar larval central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, is a tractable system for testing the physiological effects of neuroactive agents, determining the physiological role of various neural pathways to CNS activity, as well as the influence of genetic mutations to neural function. This ex vivo preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of insect neuronal activity. A wide variety of chemical modulators, including peptides, can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline to measure the influence on the CNS activity. Further, genetic technologies, such as the GAL4/UAS system, can be applied independently or in tandem with pharmacological agents to determine the role of specific ion channels, transporters, or receptors to arthropod CNS function. In this context, the assays described herein are of significant interest to insecticide toxicologists, insect physiologists, and developmental biologists for which D. melanogaster is an established model organism. The goal of this protocol is to describe an electrophysiological method to enable the measurement of electrogenesis of the central nervous system in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, which is useful for testing a diversity of scientific hypotheses.

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar  Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes a method to record the descending electrical activity of the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system to enable the cost-efficient and convenient testing of pharmacological agents, genetic mutations of neural proteins, and/or the role of unexplored physiological pathways.

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield ...

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing neural regenerative therapies. Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model for studies of neural development but historically has not been exploited to investigate adult brain regeneration. This is primarily because the adult brain exhibits very low mitotic activity. Nonetheless, penetrating traumatic brain injury (PTBI) to the adult Drosophila central brain triggers the generation of new neurons and new glia. The powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila combined with the simple but rigorous injury protocol described here now make adult Drosophila brain a robust model for neural regeneration research. Provided here are detailed instructions for (1) penetrating injuries to the adult central brain and (2) dissection, immunohistochemistry, and imaging post-injury. These protocols yield highly reproducible results and will facilitate additional studies to dissect mechanisms underlying neural regeneration.

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

This article provides detailed protocols for inflicting Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to adult Drosophila and examining the resulting neurogenesis.

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these ...

Retrograde Labeling of Drosophila Motor Neurons Using Fluorescent Lipophilic Dyes

<a href='https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/60716/retrograde-tracing-drosophila-embryonic-motor-neurons-using'>Source: Inal, M. A. et. al., Retrograde Tracing of Drosophila Embryonic Motor Neurons Using Lipophilic Fluorescent Dyes. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)</a>This video demonstrates the method of retrograde labeling of Drosophila motor neurons using lipophilic dyes. The dye enters the axon, travels retrogradely, and labels the neurons green, allowing detailed visualization of their morphology and projections under a confocal microscope.

Source: Inal, M. A. et. al., Retrograde Tracing of Drosophila Embryonic Motor Neurons Using Lipophilic Fluorescent Dyes. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

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Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

Retrograde Labeling of Drosophila Motor Neurons Using Fluorescent Lipophilic Dyes