우리 감사 합니다 IGBMC 높은 처리량 시퀀싱 시설, "프랑스 Génomique" 컨소시엄 (ANR10-INBS-09-08)의 회원 및 모든 IGBMC 일반 서비스의 모든 직원 들은 특히 IGBMC 동물 시설 직원을. 이 작품은 CNRS는 INSERM, AFM, 국가 리그 죄수 르 암에서 교부 금에 의해 지원 되었다, 프랑스 프로그램 ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02, Labex INRT ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 표시 하는 Investissements d'Avenir에서 ANR 통해 펀드와 ANR-AR2GR-16-CE11-009-01. Funders 연구 설계, 데이터 수집 및 분석, 결정 게시 또는 원고의 준비에 전혀 역할을 했다. S.J 지원 했다 국가 리그 죄수 르 암과 ANR-AR2GR-16-CE11-009-01, V.U Ministère de l'Enseignement에 의해 동부 표준시 드 라 Recherche. ID는 'équipe labellisée' 국가 리그 죄수 르 암입니다.

관리 및 실험 동물의 사용에 관한 기관 지침에 따라 그리고 국가 동물 관리 지침 (유럽 위원회 지시 86/609/CEE;에 따라 마우스 유지 했다 프랑스어 법령 no.87-848). 모든 절차는 프랑스 국가 윤리 위원회에 의해 승인 했다.
 1. 절연의 근육 조직 경부 전위에 의해 <ol><li>희생 한 성인 6 8 주 오래 된 마우스. Sterlise 70% 에탄올과 그것을 rinsing 하 여 사지 및 좋은 포인트가 위와 집게를 사용 하 여 뒷 다리 근육 (Gastrocnemius, Tibialis 앞쪽 허벅지 근육)를 해 부. 
	참고: 하나의 마우스 조직의 약 500 밀리 그램을 산출 해야 한다.</li>
	<li>소규모의 동질적인 준비 얼음 소형 버퍼의 1 mL를 포함 하는 2 mL 테스트 튜브에 있는 근육을 말하다 (&#60; 2-3 m m 3) 조각을 사용 하 여가 위를 잘 하 고 5-10 분 4 ° C에서 벤치 가기 교 반기에 떨고 관 두고</li>
</ol> 2. 조직 세포 참고: 모든 구성 버퍼에 대 한 표 1을 참조 하십시오.
<ol><li>14 mL 라운드-하단 튜브는 homogenate 전송 및 5 mL 차가운 소형 버퍼 (EDTA 무료 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일 및 PMSF)에서 resuspend.
	<li>Homogenise 15-30의 라운드-하단 14 mL 튜브에 대 한 느슨한 dounce (20-30 선 3 분 이내) 또는 기계적 조직 균질 화기를 사용 하 여 다진된 근육 조직 <ol>. 
		참고: 세포의 효율성, 가벼운 현미경에 의해이 단계에서 평가 될 수 있다 하 고, 필요한 경우 추가 중단을 수행할 수 있습니다.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>15 mL 튜브에는 homogenate를 전송 하 고 10 ml 차가운 소형 버퍼를 사용 하 여 볼륨을 채우기. homogenate 다음 마우스와 함께 진행 하기 전에 아래와 같이 수정.</li>
</ol> 3. 고정 <ol><li>1% 최종 농도에 포름알데히드를 추가 하 고 실 온에서 10 분 동안 흔들어.</li>
	<li>고정 및 실 온에서 5 ~ 10 분에 대 한 동요를 막으려고 각 관에서 0.125 M의 최종 농도에 글리신을 추가.</li>
</ol> 4. 핵 준비 참고: 모든 구성 버퍼에 대 한 표 1을 참조 하십시오.
<ol><li>고정 lysate 사용 (5-10 스트로크) 느슨한 dounce Homogenise.
	<ol><li>전송 15 mL 튜브와 4 ° C에서 5 분 동안 1000 x g에서 원심 분리기를 핵 및 세포질 파편.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>는 상쾌한을 제거 하 고 신선한 5 mL 소형 버퍼에 펠 릿을 resuspend. 필터링은 lysate 70 µ m 셀 스 트레이너를 통해 50 mL 튜브에. 다시는 filtrate 40 µ m 셀 스 트레이너를 통해 필터링.</li>
	<li>핵 펠 렛을 얻기 위해 4 ° C에서 5 분 동안 15 mL 튜브와 1000 x g에서 원심 분리기에는 filtrate 전송. 
	참고:이 단계에서 핵 수 있습니다 sonicated 즉시 수, 또는 건조 한 펠 릿으로 액체 질소에서 냉동 고-80에서 저장 된 스냅인 ° c.</li>
</ol> 5. 쥡니다 <ol><li>핵 펠 릿 (기계와 dounce 이동할 위한 50 µ L)의 볼륨을 평가 하 고 포장된 핵 볼륨의 4 번을 3까지 쥡니다 버퍼에 resuspend sonicate sonicator는을 사용 하 여 4 ° C에서 10-15 분 . 
	참고:는 염색 질 (6) 아래 설명 된 대로 즉시 분석 또는 냉동 고 수-80에 저장 ° c.</li>
</ol> 6. 다음 쥡니다 Chromatin 조각 크기를 평가 참고: 모든 구성 버퍼에 대 한 표 1을 참조 하십시오.
<ol><li>드 crosslink chromatin의 30 µ L 1.5 mL 테스트 튜브에 고 추가 20 µ L 5 M NaCl. 500 µ L 볼륨을 완료 하 고 65 ° C에서 밤새 품 어.
	<ol><li>다음 날 치료 1 µ L 성분 K (20 mg/mL 증권), 10 µ L 2 M Tris pH 6.8, 및 10 µ L 42 ° C. 수행 된 페 놀-클로 프롬/클로 프롬 추출에서 1 시간에 0.5 M EDTA의 수행 및 나트륨 acetat의 1 볼륨 DNA를 침전 한 시간 또는 하룻밤-20-80 ° C에서 100% 에탄올의 e (3 M) 및 2 ° c.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>15 분 Decant는 상쾌한 13500 x g에서 원심 분리 하 여 DNA를 작은 찬 70% 에탄올과 5 분 Decant는 상쾌한에 다시 한번 원심 분리기로 깨끗이 펠 릿을 세척 하 고 건조는 펠 릿.</li>
	<li>테 버퍼의 원래 볼륨 (30 µ L)에 펠 릿을 resuspend. 260 nm/280 nm에서 흡 광도 분 광 광도 계에 DNA 농도 측정. 플라스틱 1.5 %agarose 젤의 별도 차선에 DNA 크기 사다리와 DNA의 500-1000은 고 chromatin의 조각 크기를 평가 하기 위해 전기 이동 법을 수행. 
	참고: 조각 크기 200-500의 기본적인 쌍 사이 여야 하 고 아무 감지 높은 분자량 조각 하 비-또는 저조한-조각화 DNA에 해당 되어야 합니다. Chromatin 솔루션 (5 단계)를 다시 긴 시간 sonicated 고 최적 크기를 얻을 때까지 위에서 설명한 대로 다시 분석 수 필요한 경우.</li>
</ol> 7. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (칩) 참고: 모든 구성 버퍼에 대 한 표 1을 참조 하십시오.
Aliquoting 1 mL에 에탄올 50% 슬러리의 의해 <ol><li>블록 단백질 G sepharose 구슬. 펠 릿은 벤치탑에서 1 분 400 x g에서 원심 분리 하 여 구슬 원심 400 x g에서 테 버퍼 원심 분리기의 1 mL로 씻어 고 반복 하는 워시
	<li>후 두 번째 원심 분리, 다시 칩 희석 버퍼 BSA (재고 20 mg/mL)의 25 µ L의 1 ml에서를 일시 중단 하 고 20 µ L 효 모 tRNA (재고 10 mg/mL) <ol>. 4 회전 (40-60 rpm) 하 여 적어도 2 사용 전에 h 구슬 차단 ° c.</li>
		<li>Chromatin (5 단계)의 희석 50 µ g 8 ~ 10 배 칩 희석 버퍼를 사용 하 여. 차단 된 비드 슬러리의 50 µ L을 추가 하 고 4에서 2 h (40-60 rpm) 회전에 대 한 품 어 ° C. 원심 분리기 사전 허가 chromatin 신선한 튜브 전송 하 4 ° C에 400 x g.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Immunoprecipitation에 대 한 1 차적인 항 체 (예, chromatin의 10 µ g 당 1-2 µ g)의 적절 한 금액을 추가 하 고 4 회전 밤새 품 어 ° c. 
	참고: 최적의 양의 항 체 공급 업체에서 권장 될 수 있습니다 또는 칩-정량 항 체의 다른 수량으로 최적의 농축 관찰 될 때까지 수행 하 여 실험적으로 결정 될 수 있다. 또한 단백질 G sepharose 사용 하는 항 체의 하위 형식에 따라 단백질 A sepharose에 의해 대체 될 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>추가 차단된 구슬 다음날 고 4 회전 (40-60 rpm) 1 시간에 대 한 품 어 ° C. 원심 분리기 작은 구슬, 제거 하는 상쾌한 고 시작 칩 20-30 s 400g x 세척.</li>
	<li>세척 칩: 버퍼와 함께 다음 세척을 수행: 낮은 소금 버퍼, 한 번 그리고 높은 소금 버퍼를 두 번 LiCl 버퍼와 두 번 그리고 마지막으로 두 번 테 버퍼와.
	<ol><li>회전 (40-60 rpm) 4 ° C에서 10 분 동안 각 세척을 수행 하 고 작은 벤치 가기 원심 분리기에서 20-30 s 400g x에서 원심 분리 하 여 각 씻어 사이의 구슬.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>차입에 대 한 마지막 세척 제거 하 고 동요 하는 동안 실 온에서 15 분 동안 250 µ L 차입 버퍼 (갓 준비) 구슬 resuspend.</li>
	<li>원심 분리기 g 및 수집 신선한 튜브 eluate x 400. 이 단계를 두 번 및 다음 드 crosslink 20 µ L NaCl 5 M 및 1 µ L RNase A와 하룻밤 eluate 수행 (10mg/mL), 가수분해, K와 페 놀-클로 프롬/클로 프롬 extr 치료단계 6 행동.</li>
	<li>테 버퍼의 50 µ L에서 resuspend를 사용 하 여 aliquots 칩 정량에 대 한 표준 프로토콜 15 당 칩의 품질을 확인.</li>
</ol>

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저자 들은 아무 경쟁 금융 관심사 선언 합니다.

여기는 성인 마우스 골격 근육이 염색이 질은 근육 섬유 핵 녹음 방송 요인 바인딩 및 화학식 히스톤 수정을 감지 칩 실험에 적합 표시에서 chromatin를 준비 하기 위한 새로운 프로토콜에 설명 합니다. 이 프로토콜에는 몇 가지 중요 한 단계가 포함 됩니다. 첫 번째는 조직 장애 dounce 또는 기계적인 전단에 의해 수행 될 수 있는. 기계적 전단 빠르고 더 재현 이며 따라서 방법의 선택. 그럼에도 불구 ?...

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (칩) 정량적 중 합 효소 연쇄 반응 (정량)에 결합 하 고 높은 처리량 시퀀싱 (칩 seq) 전사를 공부 하는 선택의 방법 및 다양 한 조직에서 유전자 발현의 후 성적인 규정 되 그리고 세포 유형1. 이 기술은 화학식 chromatin 수정, 히스톤 변형 인, 및 녹음 방송 요인 바인딩2,3의 프로 파일링 게놈 넓은 수 있습니다.
배양된 세포에서 칩을 수행 하는 것이 잘 설립 동안 포유류 조직에서 칩 더 도전 남아 있다. Chromatin 칩에 대 한 준비 하 고 모든 조직 및 세포 유형에 대 한 최적화 하는 데 필요한 몇 가지 중요 한 단계를 포함 한다. Chromatin는 경작된 한 세포의 세포 lysates 또는 그들의 핵의 다음 정화에서 준비 될 수 있습니다. 포유류 직물의 경우 효율적인 세포, 포름알데히드 고정, 그리고 핵의 정화는 chromatin의 복구를 보장 하기 위해 중요 하다. 또한, 그들의 정화 전후 핵 해결을 선택 실험적으로 결정 될 수 있다. 이러한 장애물에도 불구 하 고 칩은 간, 고환, 또는 뇌4,,56같은 조직에서 성공적으로 수행 되었습니다. 골격 근육의 경우 같은 물리적으로 저항 조직, 구조 단백질의 높은 콘텐츠 및 그것의 핵의 절연 전시 중단은 특히 도전적 이다. 이 특이성을 감안할 때, 다른 조직에 대 한 최적화 된 프로토콜 주지 않는다 만족 스러운 결과 골격 근육에 대 한.
여기는 칩-학년 chromatin 물리적 조직, 포름알데히드 고정, 그리고 핵 및 쥡니다의 방해를 포함 하는 마우스 골격 근육 조직에서 분리 하는 프로토콜에 설명 합니다. 염색 질이이 조직에서 적합 한 칩에 대 한 준비를이 방법의 효율성은 다양 한 전사 인자와 RNA 중 합 효소 II, 화학식 히스톤 수정7칩 정량 및 칩 seq를 수행 하 여 시연 했다.
이 새로운 기술은 이전에 보고 된 프로토콜8 시간, 녹음 방송 요인의 게놈 현지화에 변화 하는 동안 오래 콜라 소화 단계를 구성 보다 훨씬 빠른 고 유전자 발현에 변경 자리를 차지할 수 있습니다. 핵은 분리 하 고 고정 속도 여기에 설명 된 메서드를 특히 매력적인 chromatin 네이티브 게놈 인 상태를 더 충실 하 게 준비 하 게 만듭니다. 또한, 비록 근육 조직에서 chromatin 격리 또는 단백질 추출에 대 한 다른 방법 설명된8,,910 되었고 선택 된 유전자, 아니 칩 seq에 칩 정량 실험을 위해 사용 그들을 사용 하 여 데이터 보고 되었습니다. 여기 보고 메서드는 전사 인자와 히스톤 수정 칩 seq에 적합 하 고 따라서 또한 적합 해야한다 3/4 C 또는 HiC chromatin 구조 캡처 응용 프로그램.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>T 25 digital ULTRA-TURRAX</td>
			<td>T 18 ULTRA-TURRAX</td>
			<td>0009022800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE SARL</td>
			<td>P7626-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktail-EDTA Free</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein G Sepharose beads</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P-3296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P-2308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers 70um</td>
			<td>Corning BV</td>
			<td>431751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers 40um</td>
			<td>Corning BV</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde EM grade</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase A</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>12091039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol 25:24:1</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>B4287-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>yeast tRNA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>R5636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen Blue</td>
			<td>AMIBION</td>
			<td>AM9516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pol II ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-9001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H3K27ac ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Active Motif</td>
			<td>39133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tead4 ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Aviva Systems Biology</td>
			<td>(ARP38276_P050)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGEPAL</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>I-3021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E220 Focused Ultrasonicator</td>
			<td>Covaris E220</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Additional items</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose Dounce</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml and 50 ml falcon tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14 ml round bottom tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml and 2 ml Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m and 40 &#956;m cell strainers (Corning)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improved protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation from mouse skeletal muscle

우리는 성인 마우스 골격 근육, 구조 단백질의 높은 내용 가진 물리적으로 저항 조직에서에서 chromatin의 준비에 대 한 효율적이 고 재현 가능한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 성인 쥐에서 해 부 다리 근육은 육체적으로 기계 이동할 또는 닦지 세포 lysate의 포름알데히드 고정 하기 전에 당뇨 버퍼에 douncing의 조합에 의해 중단 됩니다. 고정된 핵 더 사이클 기계 이동할 또는 douncing 및 순차 filtrations 세포 파편을 제거 하 여 정화 됩니다. 순화 핵 동결 후 즉시 또는 나중에 무대에서 sonicated 수 수 있습니다. chromatin를 효율적으로 sonicated 수 있습니다 그리고는 프로필에서 볼 수 있듯이 chromatin immunoprecipitation 실험에 적합 전사 인자와 RNA 중 합 효소 II, 화학식 히스톤 수정에 대 한. 이 프로토콜에 의해 준비 하는 chromatin를 사용 하 여 검출 바인딩 이벤트는 주로 다른 섬유 관련 위성 및 내 피 세포에서 chromatin의 존재에도 불구 하 고 근육 섬유 핵에서 그. 이 프로토콜은 따라서 성인 쥐 골격 근육에 있는 유전자 규칙을 공부에 적응.

핵을, 우리는 15 또는 45 s, 18000 및 22, 000 rpm ( 재료의 표참조)에 대 한 해 부와 다진 근육 조직의 기계적 균질 수행. 모든 조건에서 핵에서 조직, 분리 될 수 있었다 하지만 수익률은 낮은 속도 (그림 1A-B)를 사용 하 여 최적의. Douncing 3-5 분 (그림 1A및 데이터 표시 되지 않음), 핵 수 또한 준비 하지만 기계적 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

마우스 골격 근육에서 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation에 대 한 향상 된 프로토콜

염색 질 chromatin immunoprecipitation 근육 섬유에 있는 유전자 규칙의 학문에 적응 하는 성인 마우스 골격 근육에서의 준비에 대 한 새로운 프로토콜 제공 됩니다.

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

improved-protocol-for-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-from-mouse

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

8.4K 조회수.  Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire. 염색 질 chromatin immunoprecipitation 근육 섬유에 있는 유전자 규칙의 학문에 적응 하는 성인 마우스 골격 근육에서의 준비에 대 한 새로운 프로토콜 제공 됩니다.

비디오: Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit the large-scale identification and quantification of the proteins present in complex biological systems.The knowledge gained from a proteomic approach can potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying diseases, allowing for the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic disease markers, and, hopefully, of therapeutic targets. However, the cardiac mitral valve represents a very challenging sample for proteomic analysis because of the low cellularity in proteoglycan and collagen-enriched extracellular matrix. This makes it challenging to extract proteins for a global proteomic analysis. This work describes a protocol that is compatible with subsequent protein analysis, such as quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting. This can allow for the correlation of data concerning protein expression with data on quantitative mRNA expression and non-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Indeed, these approaches, when performed together, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, from mRNA to post-translational protein modification. Thus, this method can be relevant to researchers interested in the study of cardiac valve physiopathology.

The protein composition of the human mitral valve is still partially unknown, because its analysis is complicated by low cellularity and therefore by low protein biosynthesis. This work provides a protocol to efficiently extract protein for the analysis of the mitral valve proteome.

인간 승모판에서 단백질 추출을위한 최적화 된 프로토콜

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit ...

연구

생화학

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a challenge for ChIP due to technical difficulty in isolation of high-quality nuclei with minimal contamination of myofibrils. Previous protocols have attempted to purify nuclei before cross-linking, which incurs the risk of altered DNA-protein interaction during the prolonged nuclei preparation process. In the current protocol, we first cross-linked the skeletal muscle tissue collected from mice, and the tissues were minced and sonicated. Since we found that ultracentrifugation was not able to separate nuclei from myofibrils using cross-linked muscle tissue, we devised a sequential filtration procedure to obtain high-quality nuclei devoid of significant myofibril contamination. We subsequently prepared chromatin by using an ultrasonicator, and ChIP assays with anti-BMAL1 antibody revealed robust circadian binding pattern of BMAL1 to target gene promoters. This filtration protocol constitutes an easily applicable method to isolate high-quality nuclei from cross-linked skeletal muscle tissue, allowing consistent sample processing for circadian and other time-sensitive studies. In combination with next-generation sequencing (NGS), our method can be deployed for various mechanistic and genomic studies focusing on skeletal muscle function.

We present a filtration-based protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from cross-linked mouse skeletal muscle wherein we removed the need for ultracentrifugation, making it easily applicable. We show that chromatin prepared from the nuclei is suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation and likely chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing studies.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation을위한 Cross-linked Skeletal Musculus로부터 고품질 핵을 준비하기위한 Filtration 기반 방법

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a ...

A Western Blotting Protocol for Small Numbers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells, with the mouse bone marrow containing only ~25,000 phenotypic long term repopulating HSCs. A Western blotting protocol was optimized and suitable for the analysis of small numbers of HSCs (500 - 15,000 cells). Phenotypic HSCs were purified, accurately counted, and directly lysed in Laemmli sample buffer. Lysates containing equal numbers of cells were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the blot was prepared and processed following standard Western blotting protocols. Using this protocol, 2,000 - 5,000 HSCs can be routinely analyzed, and in some cases data can be obtained from as few as 500 cells, compared to the 20,000 to 40,000 cells reported in most publications. This protocol should be generally applicable to other hematopoietic cells, and enables the routine analysis of small numbers of cells using standard laboratory procedures.

A standard Western blotting protocol was optimized for analyzing as few as 500 hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Optimization involves careful handling of the cell sample, limiting transfers between tubes, and directly lysing the cells in Laemmli sample buffer.

조 혈 줄기 세포의 작은 숫자에 대 한 프로토콜을 더럽혀 서 부

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells, with the mouse bone marrow containing only ~25,000 phenotypic long term repopulating HSCs. A Western ...

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which may be essential for a given protein&#39;s role both physiologically and pathologically. Enrichment of PTMs is often necessary when investigating the PTM status of a target protein, because PTMs are often transient and relatively low in abundance. Many pitfalls are encountered when enriching for a PTM of a target protein, such as buffer incompatibility, the target protein antibody is not IP-compatible, loss of PTM signal, and others. The degree of difficulty is magnified when investigating multiple PTMs like acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation 2/3, and tyrosine phosphorylation for a given target protein. Studying a combination of these PTMs may be necessary, as crosstalk between PTMs is prevalent and critical for protein regulation. Often, these PTMs are studied in different lysis buffers and with unique inhibitor compositions. To simplify the process, a unique denaturing lysis system was developed that effectively isolates and preserves these four PTMs; thus, enabling investigation of potential crosstalk in a single lysis system. A unique filter system was engineered to remove contaminating genomic DNA from the lysate, which is a problematic by-product of denaturing buffers. Robust affinity matrices targeting each of the four PTMs were developed in concert with the buffer system to maximize the enrichment and detection of the endogenous states of these four PTMs. This comprehensive PTM detection toolset streamlines the process of obtaining critical information about whether a protein is modified by one or more of these PTMs.

Investigating multiple, endogenous post-translational modifications for a target protein can be extremely challenging. Techniques described here utilize an optimized lysis buffer and filter system developed with specific PTM-targeting, affinity matrices to detect the acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation 2/3, and tyrosine phosphorylation modifications for a target protein using a single, streamlined system.

대상 단백질에 대 한 내 생 포스트 번역 상 수정 프로필을 식별 하는 포괄적인 Immunoprecipitation 농축 시스템을 활용 하 여

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which ...

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the progression of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and aging to name a few. For instance, changes in mitochondrial activity, the cell&#39;s metabolic powerhouse, have been characterized in many such diseases. Generally, the oxygen consumption rates of mitochondria were considered a reliable readout of mitochondrial activity and measurements in some of these studies were based on isolated mitochondria or cells. However, such conditions may not represent the complexity of a whole tissue. Recently, we have developed a novel method that enables the dynamic measurement of oxygen consumption rates from whole isolated fly heads. By utilizing this method, we have recorded lower oxygen consumption rates of the whole head segment in young versus aged flies. Secondly, we have discovered that lysine deacetylase inhibitors rapidly alter the oxygen consumption in the whole head. Our novel technique may therefore aid in uncovering new properties of various drugs, which may impact metabolic rates. Furthermore, our method may give a better understanding of metabolic behavior in an experimental setup that more closely resembles physiological states.

Measuring alterations in metabolic rates is central to understanding the progression of various diseases and aging. Here, we present a novel technique to measure whole head oxygen consumption that more closely resembles the physiological state and may aid in revealing novel drugs that modify mitochondrial activity.

측정 및 해석의 전체 산소 소비 속도 비행 머리 세그먼트

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the ...

Quantification of Protein Interaction Network Dynamics using Multiplexed Co-Immunoprecipitation

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic interactions among multiple proteins in a protein interaction network is technically difficult. Here, we present a protocol for Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI), which allows quantitative assessment of fold changes in protein interactions based on relative fluorescence measurements of Proteins in Shared Complexes detected by Exposed Surface epitopes (PiSCES). In QMI, protein complexes from cell lysates are immunoprecipitated onto microspheres, and then probed with a labeled antibody for a different protein in order to quantify the abundance of PiSCES. Immunoprecipitation antibodies are conjugated to different MagBead spectral regions, which allows a flow cytometer to differentiate multiple parallel immunoprecipitations and simultaneously quantify the amount of probe antibody associated with each. QMI does not require genetic tagging and can be performed using minimal biomaterial compared to other immunoprecipitation methods. QMI can be adapted for any defined group of interacting proteins, and has thus far been used to characterize signaling networks in T cells and neuronal glutamate synapses. Results have led to new hypothesis generation with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This protocol includes instructions to perform QMI, from the initial antibody panel selection through to running assays and analyzing data. The initial assembly of a QMI assay involves screening antibodies to generate a panel, and empirically determining an appropriate lysis buffer. The subsequent reagent preparation includes covalently coupling immunoprecipitation antibodies to MagBeads, and biotinylating probe antibodies so they can be labeled by a streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore. To run the assay, lysate is mixed with MagBeads overnight, and then beads are divided and incubated with different probe antibodies, and then a fluorophore label, and read by flow cytometry. Two statistical tests are performed to identify PiSCES that differ significantly between experimental conditions, and results are visualized using heatmaps or node-edge diagrams.

Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI) uses flow cytometry for sensitive detection of differences in the abundance of targeted protein-protein interactions between two samples. QMI can be performed using a small amount of biomaterial, does not require genetically engineered tags, and can be adapted for any previously defined protein interaction network.

멀티플렉스 동시 면역 침전을 이용한 단백질 상호 작용 네트워크 역학의 정량화

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic ...

Label-Free Immunoprecipitation Mass Spectrometry Workflow for Large-scale Nuclear Interactome Profiling

Immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry (IP-MS) has emerged as a robust quantitative method of identifying protein-protein interactions. This publication presents a complete interaction proteomics workflow designed for identifying low abundance protein-protein interactions from the nucleus that could also be applied to other subcellular compartments. This workflow includes subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, sample preparation, offline cleanup, single-shot label-free mass spectrometry, and downstream computational analysis and data visualization. Our protocol is optimized for detecting compartmentalized, low abundance interactions that are difficult to identify from whole cell lysates (e.g., transcription factor interactions in the nucleus) by immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins from fractionated subcellular compartments. The sample preparation pipeline outlined here provides detailed instructions for the preparation of HeLa cell nuclear extract, immunoaffinity purification of endogenous bait protein, and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. We also discuss methodological considerations for performing large-scale immunoprecipitation in mass spectrometry-based interaction profiling experiments and provide guidelines for evaluating data quality to distinguish true positive protein interactions from nonspecific interactions. This approach is demonstrated here by investigating the nuclear interactome of the CMGC kinase, DYRK1A, a low abundance protein kinase with poorly defined interactions within the nucleus.

Described is a proteomics workflow for identifying protein interaction partners from a nuclear subcellular fraction using immunoaffinity enrichment of a given protein of interest and label-free mass spectrometry. The workflow includes subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, filter aided sample preparation, offline cleanup, mass spectrometry, and a downstream bioinformatics pipeline.

대규모 핵 상호 작용 프로파일링을 위한 라벨 없는 면역 침전 질량 분광 워크플로우

Immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry (IP-MS) has emerged as a robust quantitative method of identifying protein-protein interactions. This ...

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen consumption is typically used as the criterion measurement in this regard, two metabolic breakpoints that reflect changes in the dynamics of lactate production/consumption as the work rate is increased are perhaps more relevant for endurance athletes from a functional standpoint. Exercise economy, which represents the rate of oxygen consumption relative to performance of submaximal work, is also an important parameter to measure for endurance-athlete assessment. Ramp incremental tests comprising a gradual but rapid increase in work rate until the limit of exercise tolerance is reached are useful for determining these parameters. This type of test is typically performed on a cycle ergometer or treadmill because there is a need for precision with respect to work-rate incrementation. However, athletes should be tested while performing the mode of exercise required for their sport. Consequently, swimmers are typically assessed during free-swimming incremental tests where such precision is difficult to achieve. We have recently suggested that stationary swimming against a load that is progressively increased (incremental tethered swimming) can serve as a &#34;swim ergometer&#34; by allowing sufficient precision to accommodate a gradual but rapid loading pattern that reveals the aforementioned metabolic breakpoints and exercise economy. However, the degree to which the peak rate of oxygen consumption achieved during such a protocol approximates the maximal rate that is measured during free swimming remains to be determined. In the present article, we explain how this rapidly incremented tethered-swimming protocol can be employed to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity of a swimmer. Specifically, we explain how assessment of a short-distance competitive swimmer using this protocol revealed that his rate of oxygen uptake was 30.3 and 34.8 mL&#8729;min-1&#8729;kg-1BM at his gas-exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point, respectively.

As opposed to measurement during free swimming, which presents inherent challenges and limitations, determination of important parameters of cardiorespiratory function for swimmers can be made using a more feasible and easier to administer tethered-swimming rapidly incremented protocol with gas exchange and ventilatory data collection.

수영 선수의 심폐 평가를위한 급속하게 증가 된 테더 드 수영 최대 프로토콜

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen ...

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

The ribosome profiling technique (RIBO-seq) is currently the most effective tool for studying the process of protein synthesis in vivo. The advantage of this method, in comparison to other approaches, is its ability to monitor translation by precisely mapping the position and number of ribosomes on a mRNA transcript.
In this article, we describe the consecutive stages of sample collection and preparation for RIBO-seq method in bacteria, highlighting the details relevant to the planning and execution of the experiment.
Since the RIBO-seq relies on intact ribosomes and related mRNAs, the key step is rapid inhibition of translation and adequate disintegration of cells. Thus, we suggest filtration and flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen for cell harvesting with an optional pretreatment with chloramphenicol to arrest translation in bacteria. For the disintegration, we propose grinding frozen cells with mortar and pestle in the presence of aluminum oxide to mechanically disrupt the cell wall. In this protocol, sucrose cushion or a sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation for monosome purification is not required. Instead, mRNA separation using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by the ribosomal footprint excision (28-30 nt band) is applied and provides satisfactory results. This largely simplifies the method as well as reduces the time and equipment requirements for the procedure. For library preparation, we recommend using the commercially available small RNA kit for Illumina sequencing from New England Biolabs, following manufacturer&#39;s guidelines with some degree of optimization.
The resulting cDNA libraries present appropriate quantity and quality required for next generation sequencing (NGS). Sequencing of the libraries prepared according to the described protocol results in 2 to 10 mln uniquely mapped reads per sample providing sufficient data for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The protocol we present is quick and relatively easy and can be performed with standard laboratory equipment.

Here we describe the stages of sample collection and preparation for RIBO-seq in bacteria. Sequencing of the libraries prepared according to these guidelines results in sufficient data for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The protocol we present is simple, uses standard laboratory equipment and takes seven days from lysis to obtaining libraries.

박테리아의 RIBO-seq: NGS 시퀀싱을 위한 샘플 수집 및 라이브러리 준비 프로토콜

The ribosome profiling technique (RIBO-seq) is currently the most effective tool for studying the process of protein synthesis in vivo. The advantage of ...

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria exist in a series of complex morphologies, ranging from small oval organelles to a broad, reticulum-like network. Understanding how the mitochondrial reticulum expands and develops in response to diverse stimuli such as alterations in energy demand has long been a topic of research. A key aspect of this growth, or biogenesis, is the import of precursor proteins, originally encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytosol, and translocated into various mitochondrial sub-compartments. Mitochondria have developed a sophisticated mechanism for this import process, involving many selective inner and outer membrane channels, known as the protein import machinery (PIM). Import into the mitochondrion is dependent on viable membrane potential and the availability of organelle-derived ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore its measurement can serve as a measure of organelle health. The PIM also exhibits a high level of adaptive plasticity in skeletal muscle that is tightly coupled to the energy status of the cell. For example, exercise training has been shown to increase import capacity, while muscle disuse reduces it, coincident with changes in markers of mitochondrial content. Although protein import is a critical step in the biogenesis and expansion of mitochondria, the process is not widely studied in skeletal muscle. Thus, this paper outlines how to use isolated and fully functional mitochondria from skeletal muscle to measure protein import capacity in order to promote a greater understanding of the methods involved and an appreciation of the importance of the pathway for organelle turnover in exercise, health, and disease.

Mitochondria are key metabolic organelles that exhibit a high level of phenotypic plasticity in skeletal muscle. The import of proteins from the cytosol is a critical pathway for organelle biogenesis, essential for the expansion of the reticulum and the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore, protein import serves as a barometer of cellular health.

골격 근육 미토콘드리아의 단백질 수입 능력 측정

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, ...