이 작품은 국방부 보조금 W81XWH-14-1-0091 (KMS), Bertarelli Foundation (KMS), 국방부 보조금 R01DC015824 (KMS) 및 T32DC00038 (JES 및 SD 지원) , Nancy Sayles Day Foundation (KMS), Lauer Tinnitus Research Center (KMS) 및 Barnes Foundation (KMS)이 포함됩니다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

이 원고는 VS 연구를위한 통일 ​​된 방법 론적 틀을 설명하며, 하류 연구 응용을위한 인간 VS와 GAN 표본의 동시 처리를 개괄합니다. VS 연구가 정밀 의학의 시대에 접어 들면서 수많은 연구 질문에 답할 수있는 형태로 동일한 샘플을 준비하면 개별 환자에게 특유한 분자, 세포, 유전 및 proteomic 통찰력을 발견 할 수 있습니다. 인간 Schwann 세포와 VS 배양의 순도는 S100 마커에 양?...

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs)는 10 만명당 1 명꼴로 진단되는 소뇌 뼈의 각도에서 가장 흔한 신 생물입니다. 비 전이성이더라도이 종양은 환자의 삶의 질 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6에 심각한 영향을 미칩니다. 영향을받는 개인은 일반적으로 난청, 이명 및 청각 충만감을 느낍니다. 종양이 성장함에 따라 증상이 점점 쇠약하게되어 균형 문제, 안면 마비 및 다른 뇌 기능의 손상을 초래합니다. 뇌간 압박으로 인한 생명을 위협하는 합병증 또한 발생할 수 있습니다. 대장 증후군의 관리 옵션은 근본적으로 정적 종양 및 확립 된 방사선 요법 또는 성장하는 종양의 외과 적 절제를 기다리는 것에주의해야합니다 <sup class = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 8. 연구 제휴 병원에서이 종양을 외과 적으로 제거하면 환자 수술 중에 수집 된 신선한 종양 조직을 수집하고 분석 할 수있는 기회가 제공됩니다. 관상 동맥 우회술 (translabyrinthine resection) 인 VS에 대한 한 가지 구체적인 외과 적 접근법은 귀와 외음부에서 귀중한 인간 감각 상피에 접근 할 수 있습니다. VS는 말초 감각 신경 ( 즉, 전정 신경)에서 발생하기 때문에 VS 관련 관찰을 인간의 위장 신경 (GAN)과 같은 적절한 제어 신경에서 유도 된 것과 비교하는 것이 중요합니다. 건강한 GAN은 뇌하수체 제거 또는 목구멍 파열시 정기적으로 희생되며 건강한 Schwann 세포 생리학을위한 견고한 모델로 사용될 수 있습니다. Sporadic VS의 치료 나 예방을위한 FDA 승인 의약품이 없기 때문에 연구원들이 근본적인 분자 메커니즘을 명료하게 밝혀야합니다치료 목표를 밝힐 질병의 진전. 혈관 내피 성장 인자 (VEGF), 시클로 옥 시게나 제 2 (COX-2), 핵 인자 카파 B (NF-κB), 종양 괴사 인자 알파 (TNF-α) , 표피 성장 인자 수용체 (EGFR) 및 관련 신호 분자 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17을 포함한다 . 최근의 진보는 일차 인간 전정 신경초와 건강한 신경 조직의 수집, 처리, 배양 및 하류 조사를위한 프로토콜을 확장하고 개선했습니다 18 , 19 . 그러나, 대부분의 기존의 프로토콜은 준비를 수용하도록 설계되었습니다단일 하류 연구 응용 ( 즉, 세포 배양 만)에 대한 그러한 조직의 배양. 이 기사는 세포 유형 특이 적 배양, 단백질 추출, RNA 보존, 종양 분비 수집 및 조직 고정과 같은 다중 다운 스트림 응용 분야에 대한 단일 기본 인간 VS 또는 GAN 시료의 동시 처리를위한 통일 ​​된 방법 론적 틀을 제시합니다. 이 작품은 translabyrinthine VS 절제술 동안 인간 뇌척수액 (CSF)과 외음근의 외과 수집 및 가공에 대해 자세히 설명합니다.이 밀접한 관련 조직은 VS에 대한 중요한 바이오 마커의 역할을 할 수 있습니다. 마지막으로,이 프로토콜은 유전자 치료에 사용하기 위해이 조직의 새로운 응용 프로그램으로 문화에서 기본 인간 VS 세포의 바이러스 성 전달을위한 단계를 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>BioCoat Poly-D-Lysine/Laminin 12 mm #1 German Glass Coverslip</td><td>Corning</td><td>354087</td><td>Or prepare coverslips with Corning Laminin (CB-40232) and Cultrex Poly-L-Lysine (3438-100-01)</td></tr><tr><td>CELLSTAR 15 mL Centrifuge Tubes, Conical bottom, Graduation, Sterile</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>188161</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CELLSTAR 50 mL Centrifuge Tubes, Conical bottom, Graduation, Sterile</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>227261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CELLSTAR Cell Culture Dish, 60 mm</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>628160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum, Sterile-filtered</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Costar 24 Well Clear TC-Treated Multiple Well Plates, Sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>3526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&#039;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate, no glutamine, 500 mL</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>10313-039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F-12, 500 mL</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>11320-033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #3 Forceps, Dumoxel</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11231-30</td><td>Autoclave prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps, Standard tip, Inox</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-20</td><td>Autoclave prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum, qualified, USDA-approved regions, 500 mL</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>10437-028</td><td>Aliquot in 50 mL tubes and store in -20&amp;deg;C freezer</td></tr><tr><td>Hyaluronidase from Bovine Testes, Type I-S, Lyophilized Powder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Millex-GP Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 &amp;micro;m, polyethersulfone, 33 mm, sterile</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>SLGP033RS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde, Reagent Grade, Crystalline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td>Prior to use: Establish Standard Operating Procedures based on protocols available online</td></tr><tr><td>PBS, pH 7.4, 500 mL</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>10010-023</td><td>Autoclave prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL), 100 mL</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PhosSTOP Phosphatase Inhibitor Tablets</td><td>Roche</td><td>04906845001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce Protease Inhibitor Tablets</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>88666</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes and pipette tips, 5/10/25 mL</td><td>Variable</td><td>Variable</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Homogenization Pestle for 1.5/2.0 mL Microtubes</td><td>E&amp;amp;K Scientific</td><td>EK-10539</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PrecisionGlide Needles, 27 G x 1 1/2 in</td><td>BD</td><td>301629</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RIPA Buffer</td><td>Boston BioProducts</td><td>BP-115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAlater (RNA stabilization solution)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>AM7021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Safe-Lock Microcentrifuge Tubes, Polypropylene, 0.5 mL</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>022363719</td><td>Autoclave prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>Safe-Lock Microcentrifuge Tubes, Polypropylene, 1.5 mL</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>022363204</td><td>Autoclave prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>Saline - 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, bacteriostatic, 20 mL</td><td>Hospira</td><td>0409-1966-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Blades - #15</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10015-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Schuknecht Suction Tube 24 gauge</td><td>Bausch + Lomb</td><td>N1698 42</td><td>Useful for the surgical approach (in addition to common otologic surgical instruments) and &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; a blue surgical marker</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen Container, OR sterile, 4OZ</td><td>Medline</td><td>DYND30331H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stemi 2000-C Stereo Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>000000-1106-133</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe/Needle Combination, Luer-Lok Tip, 5 mL, 22 G x 1 in.</td><td>BD</td><td>309630</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tuberculin Syringe Only, Slip tip, 1 mL</td><td>BD</td><td>309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tuberculin Syringe Only, Slip tip, 3 mL</td><td>BD</td><td>309656</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic homogenizer, 4710 Series, CV18 probe</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>CP25013</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a unified methodological framework for vestibular schwannoma research

전정 신경초종은 cerebellopontine 각의 가장 흔한 신 생물이며 모든 두개 내 성장의 6-8 %를 차지합니다. 이 종양은 영향받은 개체의 최대 95 %에서 감각 신경성 청력 손실을 일으키지 만,이 청력 손실의 근간을 이루는 분자 메커니즘은 아직 파악하기 어렵습니다. 이 기사는 전정 신경초종 연구에 필수적인 다운 스트림 연구 응용을위한 다양한 1 차 인간 조직 샘플의 수집과 처리를 용이하게하기 위해 연구실에서 수립 된 단계를 설명합니다. 특히,이 연구는 외과 표본에서 Schwann과 schwannoma 세포의 수집, 가공 및 배양에 대한 통일 된 방법 론적 틀을 설명합니다. 이것은 종양과 신경 분비물의 수집, RNA의 보존과 수집 된 조직에서의 단백질 추출, 절편 준비를위한 조직 고정, 현재의 연구에 필수적인 것으로 간주되는 병행 처리 단계와 통합되어 있습니다.유전자 치료에 응용하기 위해 아데노 관련 바이러스에 일차 인간 세포를 노출시키는 것. 또한,이 연구는이 종양을 내이 및 외음부에서 인간의 감각 상피를 얻을 수있는 독특한 기회로 수집하는 외과 적 접근법을 강조합니다. 실험적인 품질을 향상시키기위한 팁이 제공되고 일반적인 함정이 강조 표시됩니다.

5 장에서 확립 된 것처럼 배양 된 1 차 인간 VS 세포는 많은 하류 연구 응용에서 질병 관련 과정에 대한 유익한 모델로 취급 될 수있다 ( 그림 1 ). 6 절에서 배양 된 건강한 Schwann 세포는 직접적이고 객관적인 비교 점을 ​​제공합니다. 아래에 요약했듯이이 통일 된 방법론 프레임 워크에 따라 처리 된 VS 및 GAN의 광범위한 데이터는 이전에 <sup class="xref"...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Unified Methodological Framework for Vestibular Schwannoma Research at JoVE.com

A Unified Methodological Framework for Vestibular Schwannoma Research

이 프로토콜의 목표는 vestibular schwannoma 및 Schwann 세포 연구에서 여러 하류 응용 프로그램에 대한 인간의 수술 샘플 수집 및 처리를 설명하는 것입니다.

Vestibular Schwannoma 연구를위한 통합 방법론 체계

Vestibular schwannomas are the most common neoplasms of the cerebellopontine angle, making up 6-8% percent of all intracranial growths. Though these ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.3K 조회수.  Massachusetts Eye and Ear.  이 프로토콜의 목표는 vestibular schwannoma 및 Schwann 세포 연구에서 여러 하류 응용 프로그램에 대한 인간의 수술 샘플 수집 및 처리를 설명하는 것입니다. 

비디오: A Unified Methodological Framework for Vestibular Schwannoma Research

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the vestibular organ results in mild to severe equilibrium problems, such as vertigo, dizziness, oscillopsia, gait unsteadiness nausea and/or vomiting. A good and frequently used measure to quantify gaze stabilization is the gain, which is defined as the magnitude of compensatory eye movements with respect to imposed head movements. To test vestibular function more fully one has to realize that 3D VOR ideally generates compensatory ocular rotations not only with a magnitude (gain) equal and opposite to the head rotation but also about an axis that is co-linear with the head rotation axis (alignment). Abnormal vestibular function thus results in changes in gain and changes in alignment of the 3D VOR response.
Here we describe a method to measure 3D VOR using whole body rotation on a 6DF motion platform. Although the method also allows testing translation VOR responses 1, we limit ourselves to a discussion of the method to measure 3D angular VOR. In addition, we restrict ourselves here to description of data collected in healthy subjects in response to angular sinusoidal and impulse stimulation.
Subjects are sitting upright and receive whole-body small amplitude sinusoidal and constant acceleration impulses. Sinusoidal stimuli (f = 1 Hz, A = 4&deg;) were delivered about the vertical axis and about axes in the horizontal plane varying between roll and pitch at increments of 22.5&deg; in azimuth. Impulses were delivered in yaw, roll and pitch and in the vertical canal planes. Eye movements were measured using the scleral search coil technique 2. Search coil signals were sampled at a frequency of 1 kHz.
The input-output ratio (gain) and misalignment (co-linearity) of the 3D VOR were calculated from the eye coil signals 3.
Gain and co-linearity of 3D VOR depended on the orientation of the stimulus axis. Systematic deviations were found in particular during horizontal axis stimulation. In the light the eye rotation axis was properly aligned with the stimulus axis at orientations 0&deg; and 90&deg; azimuth, but gradually deviated more and more towards 45&deg; azimuth.
The systematic deviations in misalignment for intermediate axes can be explained by a low gain for torsion (X-axis or roll-axis rotation) and a high gain for vertical eye movements (Y-axis or pitch-axis rotation (see Figure 2). Because intermediate axis stimulation leads a compensatory response based on vector summation of the individual eye rotation components, the net response axis will deviate because the gain for X- and Y-axis are different.
In darkness the gain of all eye rotation components had lower values. The result was that the misalignment in darkness and for impulses had different peaks and troughs than in the light: its minimum value was reached for pitch axis stimulation and its maximum for roll axis stimulation.
Case Presentation
Nine subjects participated in the experiment. All subjects gave their informed consent. The experimental procedure was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus University Medical Center and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects.
Six subjects served as controls. Three subjects had a unilateral vestibular impairment due to a vestibular schwannoma. The age of control subjects (six males and three females) ranged from 22 to 55 years. None of the controls had visual or vestibular complaints due to neurological, cardio vascular and ophthalmic disorders.
The age of the patients with schwannoma varied between 44 and 64 years (two males and one female). All schwannoma subjects were under medical surveillance and/or had received treatment by a multidisciplinary team consisting of an othorhinolaryngologist and a neurosurgeon of the Erasmus University Medical Center. Tested patients all had a right side vestibular schwannoma and underwent a wait and watch policy (Table 1; subjects N1-N3) after being diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma. Their tumors had been stabile for over 8-10 years on magnetic resonance imaging.

A method is described to measure three-dimensional vestibulo ocular reflexes (3D VOR) in humans using a six degrees of freedom (6DF) motion simulator. The gain and misalignment of the 3D angular VOR provide a direct measure of the quality of vestibular function. Representative data on healthy subjects are provided

자유 모션 플랫폼의 여섯도를 사용하여 세 가지 차원 전정 안구 반사 테스트

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the ...

연구

신경과학

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

전기 생리학 및 고해상도 두 광자 현미경을위한 마우스 전정 감각 상피의 격리 된 세미 그대로 준비

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

The vestibular system provides information about head movement and mediates reflexes that contribute to balance control and gaze stabilization during daily activities. Vestibular sensors are located in the inner ear on both sides of the head and project to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. Vestibular dysfunction is often due to an asymmetry between input from the two sides. This results in asymmetrical neural inputs from the two ears, which can produce an illusion of rotation, manifested as vertigo. The vestibular system has an impressive capacity for compensation, which serves to rebalance how asymmetrical information from the sensory end organs on both sides is processed at the central level. To promote compensation, various rehabilitation programs are used in the clinic; however, they primarily use exercises that improve multisensory integration. Recently, visual-vestibular training has also been used to improve the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in animals with compensated unilateral lesions. Here, a new method is introduced for rebalancing the vestibular activity on both sides in human subjects. This method consists of five unidirectional rotations in the dark (peak velocity of 320&#176;/s) toward the weaker side. The efficacy of this method was shown in a sequential, double-blinded clinical trial in 16 patients with VOR asymmetry (measured by the directional preponderance in response to sinusoidal rotations). In most cases, VOR asymmetry decreased after a single session, reached normal values within the first two sessions in one week, and the effects lasted up to 6 weeks. The rebalancing effect is due to both an increase in VOR response from the weaker side and a decrease in response from the stronger side. The findings suggest that unidirectional rotation can be used as a supervised rehabilitation method to reduce VOR asymmetry in patients with longstanding vestibular dysfunction.

A new rehabilitation method is presented for rebalancing the vestibular system in patients with asymmetric responses, which consists of unidirectional rotations toward the weaker side. By directly modifying the vestibular pathway rather than enhancing the multisensory aspects of compensation, asymmetry can be normalized within 1-2 sessions and show lasting effects.

전정 기능 장애 환자에서 전정 시스템 비대칭을 개선하기 위해 단방향 회전을 사용하여

The vestibular system provides information about head movement and mediates reflexes that contribute to balance control and gaze stabilization during ...

행동분석학

Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent Schwann cell (SC) tumors of the vestibular nerve, compromising 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. VSs occur in either sporadic or familial (neurofibromatosis type 2, NF2) forms, both associated with inactivating defects in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. Treatment for VSs is generally surgical resection or radiosurgery, however the morbidity of such procedures has driven investigations into less invasive treatments. Historically, lack of access to fresh tissue specimens and the fact that schwannoma cells are not immortalized have significantly hampered the use of primary cultures for investigation of schwannoma tumorigenesis. To overcome the limited supply of primary cultures, the immortalized HEI193 VS cell line was generated by transduction with HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes. This oncogenic transduction introduced significant molecular and phenotypic alterations to the cells, which limit their use as a model for human schwannoma tumors. We therefore illustrate a simplified, reproducible protocol for culture of primary human VS cells. This easily mastered technique allows for molecular and cellular investigations that more accurately recapitulate the complexity of VS disease.

Vestibular Schwannomas (VSs) are non-malignant tumors of Schwann cell (SC) origin, associated with mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. We report a reproducible, efficient protocol for primary human VS cell culture that allows for molecular and cellular experimental manipulation and analysis and recapitulates the heterogeneous nature of human disease.

인간의 전정 신경초종의 차 문화

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent Schwann cell (SC) tumors of the vestibular nerve, compromising 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. VSs occur in ...

의학

In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Meni&#232;re's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears

Analysis of neural structures in Meni&#232;re's Disease (MD) is of importance, since a loss of such structures has previously been proposed for this patient group but has yet to be confirmed. This protocol describes a method of in vivo evaluation of neural changes especially well suitable for cranial nerve analysis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MD-patients and normal hearing persons were examined in a 3-T MR-scanner using a scan protocol including strongly T2-weighted 3D gradient-echo-sequence (3D-CISS). In the patient group, MD was additionally confirmed using MRI-based assessment of endolymphatic hydrops. Morphometric analysis was performed using a freeware DICOM viewer. Evaluation of cranial nerves included measurements of cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the nerves at different levels as well as orthogonal diametric measurements.

To evaluate morphological changes of cranial nerves such as loss of neural structures or swelling of cranial nerves in Meni&#232;re&#39;s Disease (MD) or in healthy persons in vivo, a protocol of evaluation has been developed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additional MRI-based confirmation of MD was performed.

Vivo에서 Menière의 질병 귀 그리고 정상 청력 귀에 자기 공명 화상 진 찰을 사용 하 여 인간의 두개골 신경의 형태학 분석

Analysis of neural structures in Meni&#232;re's Disease (MD) is of importance, since a loss of such structures has previously been proposed for this ...

Stochastic Noise Application for the Assessment of Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neuron Sensitivity In Vitro

Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been shown to improve balance measures in individuals with balance or vestibular impairments. This is proposed to be due to the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon, which is defined as application of a low-level/subthreshold stimulus to a non-linear system to increase detection of weaker signals. However, it is still unknown how SR exhibits its positive effects on human balance. This is one of the first demonstrations of the effects of sinusoidal and stochastic noise on individual neurons. Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology, sinusoidal and stochastic noise can be applied directly to individual neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) of C57BL/6 mice. Here we demonstrate how to determine the threshold of MVN neurons in order to ensure the sinusoidal and stochastic stimuli are subthreshold and from this, determine the effects that each type of noise has on MVN neuronal gain. We show that subthreshold sinusoidal and stochastic noise can modulate the sensitivity of individual neurons in the MVN without affecting basal firing rates.

Galvanic vestibular stimulation in humans exhibits improvements in vestibular function. However, it is unknown how these effects occur. Here, we describe how to apply sinusoidal and stochastic electrical noise and evaluate appropriate stimulus amplitudes in individual medial vestibular nucleus neurons in the C57BL/6 mouse.

체외내 내측 전정 핵 신경 감도 평가를 위한 경상 시잡한 소음 응용 프로그램

Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been shown to improve balance measures in individuals with balance or vestibular impairments. This is proposed ...

An Endoscopic Transcanal Transpromontorial Approach for Vestibular Schwannomas using a Computer-Based Three-Dimensional Imaging System

A 2D monocular endoscope has been used in transcanal transpromontory vestibular schwannoma surgery instead of craniotomy. However, the absence of depth perception is the limitation of this approach. With the loss of depth perception, the surgeon will be not able to perform delicate and particularly complicated surgery. A binocular endoscope has been developed to provide stereoscopic vision with better depth perception for complicated anatomic structures and has been applied in some endoscopic surgeries. However, the diameter of the endoscope is a limitation in the performance of transcanal otologic surgeries. A small diameter endoscope facilitates easier surgery in a restricted space. A computer-based 3D imaging system can obtain 3D images in real-time using a small monocular endoscope. In this study, to evaluate the feasibility of a computer-based 3D imaging system for endoscopic lateral skull base surgery, we applied this 3D imaging system in a transcanal transpromontorial approach in two patients with vestibular schwannomas. The surgical procedure was completed without complication in these two cases. There was no mortality, perioperative complications, nor notable postoperative complications. Using this computer-based 3D imaging system, a better depth perception and stereoscopic vision was observed compared to a conventional 2D endoscope. The improvement in depth perception offers superior management of the complicated surgical anatomy.

Here, we present a transcanal transpromontorial approach for vestibular schwannomas using a computer-based three-dimensional (3D) imaging system combined with a two-dimensional (2D) endoscope. This system provided stereoscopic vision, better depth perception and reduced visual fatigue. This 3D imaging system enabled the application of 3D vision technology in endoscopic lateral skull base surgery.

A 2D monocular endoscope has been used in transcanal transpromontory vestibular schwannoma surgery instead of craniotomy. However, the absence of depth ...

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow the examination of all semicircular canals in the clinical setting. Assessment methods of the otolithic system, which is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration and perception of gravity, are far less in clinical use. There are several experimental approaches for measuring the perception of gravity. The most frequently used method is the determination of the subjective visual vertical. This is usually measured with the head in an upright position. We present here an assessment method for testing otolith function in the roll plane. The subjective visual vertical is measured in the head upright position as well as with head inclination of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane. This extended functional paradigm is an easy-to-perform clinical test of otolith function and ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

The perception of gravity is commonly determined by the subjective visual vertical in the head upright position. The additional assessment at head tilts of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

주관적인 시각적 수직 패러다임을 사용하여 롤 플레인에서 정적 중력 지각의 평가

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow ...

Measuring the Influence of Magnetic Vestibular Stimulation on Nystagmus, Self-Motion Perception, and Cognitive Performance in a 7T MRT

Strong magnetic fields induce dizziness, vertigo, and nystagmus due to Lorentz forces acting on the cupula in the semi-circular canals, an effect called magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS). In this article, we present an experimental setup in a 7T MRT scanner (MRI scanner) that allows the investigation of the influence of strong magnetic fields on nystagmus as well as perceptual and cognitive responses. The strength of MVS is manipulated by altering the head positions of the participants. The orientation of the participants&#39; semicircular canals with respect to the static magnetic field is assessed by combining a 3D magnetometer and 3D constructive interference in steady-state (3D-CISS) images. This approach allows to account for intra- and inter-individual differences in participants&#8217; responses to MVS. In the future, MVS can be useful for clinical research, for example, in the investigation of compensatory processes in vestibular disorders. Furthermore, it could foster insights into the interplay between vestibular information and cognitive processes in terms of spatial cognition and the emergence of self-motion percepts under conflicting sensory information. In fMRI studies, MVS can elicit a possible confounding effect, especially in tasks influenced by vestibular information or in studies comparing vestibular patients with healthy controls.

In this article, we describe the experimental setup, material, and procedures to assess reflexive eye movements, self-motion perception, and cognitive tasks under magnetic vestibular stimulation, as well as the anatomical orientation of the vestibular organs, in a 7 Tesla Magnetic resonance tomography (7T-MRT) scanner.

7T MRT에서 안진, 자기 움직임 인식 및 인지 능력에 대한 자기 전정 자극의 영향 측정

Strong magnetic fields induce dizziness, vertigo, and nystagmus due to Lorentz forces acting on the cupula in the semi-circular canals, an effect called ...

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Endolymphatic sac tumors (ELST) are low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma originating from the endolymphatic sac. Usually slow-growing, with local aggressiveness and a low risk of distant metastases, ELST can be sporadic but also frequently associated with von Hippel Lindau disease. The current treatment of ELST is primarily surgical resection. A 55-year-old woman accessed our otologic tertiary level referral center for a sudden worsening of hearing loss in her left ear and vertigo. A magnetic resonance (MRI) and computer tomography scan study subsequently showed a mass in the petrous bone; hence, the presence of an ELST was hypothesized. After embolization of the mass, the patient underwent surgical removal of the lesion. The resection of the mass was done through a translabirinthine approach, with an uneventful procedure. No residual disease remained after surgery. After 24 months of radiologic follow up with MRI, there are no signs of recurrence disease. This paper reports the management of this sporadic ELST, as well as the follow up results, providing clinicians this protocol for the handling of such a challenging otologic skull base surgery and rare disease.

Here, we discuss clinical and radiological features of endolymphatic sac tumors and report the methodology and results of a surgical removal in a case in care at our otologic referral center.