Name: zebrafish in situ spinal cord preparation for electrophysiological recordings from spinal sensory and motor neurons
Uploaded: 2017-04-18T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons at JoVE.com

이 작품은 (ABR에 RLM 및 R01NS25217 및 P30NS048154에 F32 NS059120)에 NIH 보조금에 의해 지원되었다.

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익을 선언합니다.

여기에 설명 된 방법은 척수의 최소 절개 후 제브라 배아 감각 뉴런과 모터의 전기적 특성과 형태 학적 허용한다. 뉴런은 적어도 1 시간이 기록에 부과 된 시간 제한에 대한 건강을 유지. 뉴런은 표준 전체 셀 구성을 사용하여 기록 된뿐만 아니라 핵 패치에서 같은; 후자의 방법은, 이온 전류 (9)의 상세한 생물 물리학 연구를 배제 할 공간 클램프 문제를 최소화한다. <p class="jove...

<html> 조지 스트라이징거 척추 동물의 개발 (10)의 유전 적 분석을위한 모델 시스템으로, 일반적으로 제브라 피쉬로 알려진 다니오 레 리오 (rerio)의 사용을 개척했다. 모델 등 여러 가지 장점을 제공한다 : (1) 상대적으로 간단하고 저렴한 축산을; (2) 체외 수정, 초기 발달 단계에서 배아에 쉽게 액세스 할 수 있도록; 및 (3) 투명 배아가 형성로서 세포, 조직 및 기관의 직접 반복 관측을 허용. 계속되는 년 동안, 여러 진보는 더 제브라 피쉬 모델의 힘을 증가했다. 특히, 앞으로 유전 화면과 전체 게놈 시퀀싱 노력이 많은 발달 과정 11, 12, 13, 14에 돌연변이 중요한 유전자의 식별에 중요한 역할을,&quot;&gt; 15, 16. 게이트웨이 클로닝 방법은 전사 활성 형 (TALENs)로 예시. 유전자의 루틴은 애플리케이션 (17), (18)에 접근 게놈 편집 최근 발전시키고 클러스터 한 정기적 interspaced 짧은 상동 반복 (CRISPR) -Cas9 클레아, 돌연변이의 목표로 도입을 허용뿐만 아니라 노크 아웃 및 노크 인은 (22). 결합은, 이러한 방법은 제브라 피쉬의 특정 행동과 여러 인간의 질병의 기초가되는 유전 적 메커니즘 연구를위한 강력한 모델 만들기, 21, 20, 19에 접근 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 이 작품은 개발에 초점을 맞추고정신 규제와 신경 발달에 전기 활동의 역할. 초점은 제브라 피쉬 모델은 몇 가지 장점을 제공하는 척수에있다. 첫째, 배아와 애벌레 단계에서 제브라 피쉬에 액세스하는 데 상대적으로 쉽다; 따라서, 하나는 적은 수의 뉴런과 간단한 회로 (28), (29)이 발달 단계에서 척수의 기능을 연구 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 상기 제브라 척수 전사 특성과 구분 패턴에 의해 설명 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 요인으로 다른 척추 유사 신경의 다양한 세트를 갖는다. 척수 회로의 기능을 기초 메커니즘을 발견하는 것을 목표로 제브라 피쉬의 연구의 대부분, 특히운동을 지원 것들, 당연 애벌레 단계 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43에 집중된다. 그러나, 척추 기관차 네트워크를 구성하는 뉴런의 많은 초기 배아 단계에서 분화를 개시 ~ 9-10 시간 후 수정 (HPF) 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51. 이러한 관점에서, 척추 신경 세포의 형태 학적 및 전기적 특성이 발생하고 배아와 애벌레 단계 사이의 변화는 overa 중요하다 이해하는 방법전위의 회로 형성 및 기능의 이해 LL. 여기에 설명 된 해부 방법은 척추 신경 세포에서 패치 클램프 녹음을 허용하고 성공적으로 배아 단계 (~ 17-48 HPF) 및 애벌레 단계 (~ 3~7일 게시물 수정 [DPF])에 적용되고있다. 이 방법은 관심의 뉴런에 대한 액세스를 제공하는 데 필요한 해부의 양을 제한합니다. 프로토콜은 상기 기록 챔버로 배아 또는 유충을 첨부 오히려 미세 텅스텐 핀 대신 사용되는 의사 봉합 접착제에 제브라 척수 뉴런 기록 다른 번역 메소드의 대부분 다르다. 두 개의 서로 다른 접근 방식의 가용성 (즉, 텅스텐 핀 대 봉합 접착제) 전기 생리학 분석을 위해 제브라 피쉬 배아 또는 애벌레를 장착 대체 옵션 연구진은 특정 실험 목표를 달성하기 위해 제공합니다. 첫째, 팝업에서 액세스하고 기록하기위한 절차<html> 차 감각 뉴런의 ulation는 Rohon 수염 - 셀들은 기재되어있다. 이러한 신경 세포의 세포체는 척수 척수 내에서 거짓말. Rohon - 수염 세포는 다수의 척추 동물 종에서 존재하는 초기 개발에서 차별화, 그리고 배아 터치 반응 6, 44, 47, 48의 기초가. 둘째, 액세스 및 척추 운동 뉴런에서 기록 절차의 상세한이다. Zebrafish의 척추 운동 뉴런은 신경의 두 파도 동안 발생한다. 이전 태생 일차 운동 뉴런 hemisegment 45, 46, 49에 따라 본 3-4 일차 운동 뉴런, 낭배 (~ 9-16 HPF)의 단부에서 발생한다. 반면, 보조 운동 신경의 이상 태생 인구는 더 많은입니다 ~ 14 HPF에서 시작, 오랜 기간 동안 발생EF &quot;&gt; 45, 50. 미드 트렁크 세그먼트 보조 운동 신경의 기원은 대부분 (51), HPF (50)에 의해 완성된다. 보조 운동 뉴런은 양막 류 (amniotes)의 운동 뉴런의 대응되는 것으로 간주된다 (46). 흥미롭게도, 척 주상 뉴런이 도파민을 통해 운동을 규제 유충 및 이차 운동 신경 기원 배아 및 어린 유충 50, 51. 초등 운동 뉴런은 각각 여러 가지 아형을 포함한다. 각 일차 운동 뉴런 아형 프로젝트 박힌 결과 특징 근육 그룹 innervates 주변 축색을 축삭 궤도를 식별하는 단계를 포함한다. 일반적으로, 이차 운동 뉴런 이전 기본 운동 뉴런에 의해 설정된 축삭 통로를 따른다. 따라서, 축삭 궤적에 대해 일차 및 이차 운동 뉴런을 제외하고 유사하다는 축삭 두께 인 somata 크기 A를기본 운동 뉴런 45보다 재. 셋째,의 interneurons의 몇 가지 유형에서 녹화하는 방법이 설명되어 있습니다. 그러나, 이러한 경우, 다른 척수 세포 분리의 제한된 양이 필요하며, 따라서 척추가 Rohon 수염 - 셀 또는 운동 뉴런으로부터 녹화 용 미만 그대로.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vacuum filter/Storage bottle, 0.22 mm pore</td><td>Corning</td><td>431096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filter 0.2 mm</td><td>Whatman</td><td>6780-2502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tricaine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A-5040</td><td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-bugarotoxin</td><td>Tocris</td><td>11032-79-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetrodotoxin</td><td>Tocris</td><td>4368-28-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa-549 hydrazine salt</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>A-10438</td><td>fluorescent dye</td></tr><tr><td>Spin-X centrifuge tube filter</td><td>Corning</td><td>8161</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass microscope slide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-550C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard silicone elastomer kit</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>184</td><td>silicone elastomer</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>30-0038</td><td>inner and outer diameters of 0.78 and 1.0 mm (thin walled glass capillaries)</td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td><td>Drummond Scientific</td><td>1-000-1000-100</td><td>inner and outer diameters of 1.13 and 1.55 mm (thick walled glass capillaries)</td></tr><tr><td>Miniature barbed polypropylene fitting&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cole-Palmer</td><td>6365-90</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vetbond tissue adhesive&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3M</td><td>1469SB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase XI</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C7657</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Model P-97&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Axopatch 200B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Head stage</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>CV203BU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Motorized micromanipulator&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>MP-285</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tygon tubing</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-169-1B</td><td>ID 1/16 IN, OD 1/8 IN and WALL 1/32 IN (flexible laboratory tubing)</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode holder</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>1-HC-U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pharmaseal Three-Way Stopcocks&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Baxter</td><td>K75</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digitizer</td><td>Axon Instruments</td><td>Digidata 1440A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axioskop2 FS plus</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40X/0.80W Achroplan objective</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition and analysis software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Axon Instruments</td><td></td><td>PClamp 10 - Clampex and Clampfit&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>Model P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Dissection and Recording Solutions (in mM)&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>All solutions, except the intracellular, are stable for ~2-3 months when filtered (0.22 mm filter cups) and stored at room temperature (RT).</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>The intracellular solution is filtered (0.2 mm syringe filters) and stored frozen (-20 &amp;deg;C) in small aliquots that are individually thawed on the day of use.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection/Ringer&amp;rsquo;s solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>145 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.8 CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 10 HEPES; pH 7.4 (with NaOH)</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette (intracellular) recording solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>135 KCl, 10 EGTA-acid, 10 HEPES; pH 7.4 (with KOH).</td></tr><tr><td>Bath (extracellular) recording solution/voltage and current-clamp</td><td></td><td></td><td>125 NaCl, 2 KCl, 10 CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 5 HEPES; pH 7.4 (with NaOH).</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa-594 hydrazine salt stock solution.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepare a 13.2 mM stock in ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, aliquot (~100 &amp;micro;l) and store at -20 &amp;deg;C. For use, dilute the stock solutiond 132 fold with pipette solution to a final concentration of 100 mM. After dilution, filter the Alexa-594 containing pipette solution&amp;nbsp; with a centrifuge tube filter.</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Immobilizing agents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.4% ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt (Tricaine)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepare a 0.4% stock solution in 0.2 M Tris, pH 9 (0.4 g Tricaine/100 mL 0.2 M Tris</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Adjust pH to 7 with NaOH and store at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">For use, dilute the stock solution ~25 fold in embryo media</td></tr><tr><td>250 mM &amp;alpha;-bungarotoxin</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepare a 250 mM stock in ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (1 mg/500 mL), prepare 100 &amp;micro;L aliquots, and sotre at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">For use, dilute 2,500-fold with extracellular solution to a final concentration of 100 nM.</td></tr><tr><td>1 mM Tetrodotoxin</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepare a 1 mM stock in ddH2O (1 mg/3 mL), prepare 100 &amp;micro;L aliquots, and sotre at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">For use, dilute 2,000-fold with extracellular solution to a final concentration of 500 nM.</td></tr></tbody></table>

zebrafish in situ spinal cord preparation for electrophysiological recordings from spinal sensory and motor neurons

먼저 개발 모델로 소개 제브라 피쉬는 다른 많은 분야에서 인기를 얻고있다. 급속히 발전 유기체 많은 수의 양육의 용이성, 배아 광학 선명도와 결합,이 모델의 초기 강력한 속성으로 봉사했다. 지난 20 년 동안,이 모델의 성공은 더 큰 규모의 돌연변이 유발 화면에의 복종 할 의무에 의해 형질 전환의 용이성에 의해 추진되고있다. 최근 유전자 편집 방법은 모델의 힘을 확장했다. 신경 발달 연구, 제브라 피쉬 배아와 유충은 여러 가지 방법이 적용될 수있는 모델을 제공한다. 여기, 우리는 신경 세포, 전기 흥분의 필수 속성의 연구를 할 수 방법에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. 제브라 피쉬의 척수 신경 세포의 전기 생리학 연구를위한 우리의 준비는 기록 챔버에 대한 준비를 확보하기 위해 수의사 봉합 접착제의 사용을 포함한다. 기록을위한 대체 방법제브라 피쉬 배아와 유충 미세한 텅스텐 핀 1, 2, 3, 4, 5를 이용하여 챔버 제조의 부착을 포함한다. 이 최대 4 애벌레의 등쪽 측 장착하기 위해 사용되었지만 텅스텐 핀은 대부분, 횡 방향의 제조를 탑재하기 위해 사용된다. 봉합 접착제는 두 방향에서 배아 및 유충을 장착하는 데 사용되었습니다. 접착제를 사용하여, 최소한의 절개함으로써 얻어진 임의의 손상을 피하기 위해, 효소 처리의 사용없이 척추 신경 접근 할 수 있도록 수행 될 수있다. 그러나 유충의 경우, 척수를 둘러싸고있는 근육 조직을 제거하는 간단한 효소 처리를 적용하는 것이 필요하다. 여기서 설명하는 방법은 여러 가지 developmenta에서 운동 신경,의 interneurons 및 감각 신경 세포의 고유 전기적 특성을 연구하는 데 사용되었다L은 6, 7, 8, 9 스테이지.

우리가 성공적 유충 DPF 1-7 17 개 HPF 배아 Rohon-수염 뉴런에서 기록했다 (도 5a 및도 5b). Rohon-수염 셀이 기록 된 경우, 제제는 등쪽 측까지 장착 하였다. 이러한 장착은 등쪽 표면 위치와 큰 소마 크기에 기초 Rohon 수염 - 셀의 명확한 식별을 허용한다. 식별 추가적으로 이러한 뉴런의 전형적인 과분극 휴지 막 전위 (도 5, 삽입 테이블)</em...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons at JoVE.com

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

이 원고는 제브라 피쉬 배아 및 유충의 척수 신경 세포에서 전기 생리 녹음하는 방법을 설명합니다. 준비는 현장에서 뉴런을 유지하고 자주 최소 절개를 포함한다. 이 방법은 초기 애벌레 단계를 통해 초기 전기 흥분의 인수, 척추 신경의 다양한 전기 생리학 연구 할 수 있습니다.

Zebrafish의<em&gt; 시츄</em&gt; 척수 척추 감각과 운동 뉴런 전기 생리 녹음 준비

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

zebrafish-situ-spinal-cord-preparation-for-electrophysiological

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

11.4K 조회수.  University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UCAMC).  이 원고는 제브라 피쉬 배아 및 유충의 척수 신경 세포에서 전기 생리 녹음하는 방법을 설명합니다. 준비는 현장에서 뉴런을 유지하고 자주 최소 절개를 포함한다. 이 방법은 초기 애벌레 단계를 통해 초기 전기 흥분의 인수, 척추 신경의 다양한 전기 생리학 연구 할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle. This is a direct consequence of the accessibility to both cell types and ability to visually distinguish the single segmental CaP motor-neuron on the basis of morphology and location. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type. Identification of the CaP motor-neuron type is confirmed by either dye filling or by the biophysical features such as action potential waveform and cell input resistance. Motor-neuron recordings routinely last for one hour permitting long-term recordings from multiple different target muscle cells. Control over the motor-neuron firing pattern enables measurements of the frequency-dependence of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Owing to a large quantal size and the low noise provided by whole cell voltage clamp, all of the unitary events can be resolved in muscle. This feature permits study of basic synaptic properties such as release properties, vesicle recycling, as well as synaptic depression and facilitation. The advantages offered by this in vivo preparation eclipse previous neuromuscular model systems studied wherein the motor-neurons are usually stimulated by extracellular electrodes and the muscles are too large for whole cell patch clamp. The zebrafish preparation is amenable to combining electrophysiological analysis with a wide range of approaches including transgenic lines, morpholino knockdown, pharmacological intervention and in vivo imaging. These approaches, coupled with the growing number of neuromuscular disease models provided by mutant lines of zebrafish, open the door for new understanding of human neuromuscular disorders.

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target skeletal muscle. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a segmental CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type.

모터 신경 세포의 이점 패치 클램프 레코딩과 Zebrafish의 대상 골격근

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

연구

신경과학

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

애벌레의 Zebrafish의 Forebrain Electrophysiological 기록

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

배아 Zebrafish의 MAUTHNER 세포에서 패치 클램프 녹음

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene knockdown approaches can be utilized to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Second, large clutches of developmentally synchronized embryos provide large experimental sample sizes. Third, the optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo permits researchers to visualize progenitor, glial, and neuronal populations. Although zebrafish embryos are transparent, specimen thickness can impede effective microscopic visualization. One reason for this is the tandem development of the spinal cord and overlying somite tissue. Another reason is the large yolk ball, which is still present during periods of early neurogenesis. In this article, we demonstrate microdissection and removal of the yolk in fixed embryos, which allows microscopic visualization while preserving surrounding somite tissue. We also demonstrate semipermanent mounting of zebrafish embryos. This permits observation of neurodevelopment in the dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, as it preserves the three-dimensionality of the tissue.

Developmental processes such as proliferation, patterning, differentiation, and axon guidance can be readily modeled in the zebrafish spinal cord. In this article, we describe a mounting procedure for zebrafish embryos, which optimizes visualization of these events.

해부 및 제브라 피쉬 배아의 측면 장착 : 척수 개발의 분석

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

온전한 성인 Zebrafish의의 뇌에 전기 생리학 기록

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

애벌레 Zebrafish의 척수 절개

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

Zebra II: Advanced ECG System for Multichannel Zebrafish Cardiovascular Studies

Zebra II as A Novel System to Record Electrophysiological Signals in Zebrafish

Zebrafish and their mutant lines have been extensively used in biomedical investigations, cardiovascular studies, and drug screening. In the current study, the commercial version of the novel system, Zebra II, is presented. The protocol demonstrates electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition and analysis from multiple zebrafish within controllable working environments. The device is composed of an external and independent perfusion system, a 4-point electrode, temperature sensors, and an embedded electronic system. In previous studies, the device prototype underwent validation against the established iWORX system through several tests, demonstrating similar data quality and ECG response to drug interventions. Following this, the study delved into examining the impact of anesthetic drugs and temperature fluctuations on zebrafish ECG, necessitating instant data evaluation. Thanks to the apparatus&#39;s capacity for consistent delivery of anesthetics and drugs, it was possible to extend ECG data collection up to 1 h, markedly longer than the 5 min duration supported by current systems. This paper introduces a pioneering, cloud-based, automated analysis utilizing data from four zebrafish, offering an efficient method for conducting combination experiments and significantly reducing time and effort. The system proved effective in capturing and analyzing ECG, especially in detecting drug-induced arrhythmias in wild-type zebrafish. Additionally, the capability to gather data across multiple channels facilitated the execution of randomized controlled trials with zebrafish models. The developed ECG system overcomes existing limitations, showing the potential to greatly expedite drug discovery and cardiovascular research involving zebrafish.

The study introduces Zebra II, an advanced system for prolonged ECG acquisition and analysis in zebrafish. This system features an independent perfusion system and multiple-point electrodes for handling multiple fish in controlled environments. Acute effects of Amiodarone were assessed and analyzed with wild-type zebrafish.

Zebrafish and their mutant lines have been extensively used in biomedical investigations, cardiovascular studies, and drug screening. In the current ...

생체공학

Activity of Posterior Lateral Line Afferent Neurons during Swimming in Zebrafish

Sensory systems gather cues essential for directing behavior, but animals must decipher what information is biologically relevant. Locomotion generates reafferent cues that animals must disentangle from relevant sensory cues of the surrounding environment. For example, when a fish swims, flow generated from body undulations is detected by the mechanoreceptive neuromasts, comprising hair cells, that compose the lateral line system. The hair cells then transmit fluid motion information from the sensor to the brain via the sensory afferent neurons. Concurrently, corollary discharge of the motor command is relayed to hair cells to prevent sensory overload. Accounting for the inhibitory effect of predictive motor signals during locomotion is, therefore, critical when evaluating the sensitivity of the lateral line system. We have developed an in vivo electrophysiological approach to simultaneously monitor posterior lateral line afferent neuron and ventral motor root activity in zebrafish larvae (4-7 days post fertilization) that can last for several hours. Extracellular recordings of afferent neurons are achieved using the loose patch clamp technique, which can detect activity from single or multiple neurons. Ventral root recordings are performed through the skin with glass electrodes to detect motor neuron activity. Our experimental protocol provides the potential to monitor endogenous or evoked changes in sensory input across motor behaviors in an intact, behaving vertebrate.

We describe a protocol to monitor changes in the afferent neuron activity during motor commands in a model vertebrate hair cell system.

얼룩말피에서 수영하는 동안 후방 측면 라인 발신 신경의 활동

Sensory systems gather cues essential for directing behavior, but animals must decipher what information is biologically relevant. Locomotion generates ...

In Vivo Surface Electrocardiography for Adult Zebrafish

The electrocardiogram waveforms of adult zebrafish and those of humans are remarkably similar. These electrocardiogram similarities enhance the value of zebrafish not only as a research model for human cardiac electrophysiology and myopathies but also as a surrogate model in high throughput pharmaceutical screening for potential cardiotoxicities to humans, such as QT prolongation. As such, in vivo electrocardiography for adult zebrafish is an electrical phenotyping tool that is necessary, if not indispensable, for cross-sectional or longitudinal in vivo electrophysiological characterizations. However, too often, the lack of a reliable, practical, and cost-effective recording method remains a major challenge preventing this in vivo diagnostic tool from becoming more readily accessible. Here, we describe a practical, straightforward approach to in vivo electrocardiography for adult zebrafish using a low-maintenance, cost-effective, and comprehensive system that yields consistent, reliable recordings. We illustrate our protocol using healthy adult male zebrafish of 12-18 months of age. We also introduce a rapid real-time interpretation strategy for quality validation to ensure data accuracy and robustness early in the electrocardiogram recording process.

Here, we present a reliable, minimally invasive, and cost-effective method to record and interpret electrocardiograms in live anesthetized adult zebrafish.

성인 얼룩말 피시를위한 생체 내 표면 심전도

The electrocardiogram waveforms of adult zebrafish and those of humans are remarkably similar. These electrocardiogram similarities enhance the value of ...

생물학

Adult Zebrafish Electrophysiology: A Method to Measure the Extracellular Electrical Activity of Neurons In Vivo

Source: Johnston, L., et al. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/51065/" target="_blank">Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish</a>. &#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2013)
The protocol describes the procedure to perform electrophysiology in adult zebrafish. This method can be used for measuring neural activity in vivo.

성체 제브라피시 전기생리학: 생체 내 뉴런의 세포 외 전기 활동을 측정하는 방법

Source: Johnston, L., et al. Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish. &#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2013)
The protocol describes the ...

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