We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work by the Korean Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&amp;D Center (KCRC).

프레 폴리머 솔루션 1. 준비 <ol><li> 조제 물을 용매로 사용하여 <ol><li> 자기 교반 막대로 유리 병에 탈 이온수 (DI) 물 10.00 g을 추가한다. </li><li> SBMA 2.00 g을 측정하고, 물을 함유하는 유리 병으로 옮긴다. SBMA가 완전히 용해 될 때까지 30 분 동안 용액을 교반 하였다. </li><li> 별도의 병에, PEGDA의 20.00 g (M, N = 700g / 몰)을 추가한다. </li><li> PEGDA 용액에, 1- 히드 록시 시클로 헥실 페닐 케톤 (HCPK) 광개시제 20.0 mg을 추가. 적어도 30 분 동안 솔루션 저어 보자. </li><li> 일회용 피펫을 사용하여, SBMA 수용액에 PEGDA-HCPK 용액 8.00 g을 전송. 용액이 균질해질 때까지 혼합물을 계속 교반 하였다. </li></ol></li><li> 제조 용매로서 물 / 에탄올 혼합물을 사용하여 <ol><li> DI 물 6.00 g 및 자기 교반 막대와 앰버 글래스 병에 에탄올 4.00 g을 추가합니다.철저하게 혼합 할 수 있도록 솔루션을 저어. </li><li> 물 / 에탄올 혼합물에 SBMA의 2.00 g을 추가합니다. 솔루션을 저어하고 SBMA이 완전히 용해 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> SBMA 혼합물에 PEGDA-HCPK 용액 8.00 g을 전송하기 위해 피펫을 사용한다. 철저 솔루션을 섞어 저어. </li></ol></li></ol> 프리 스탠딩 필름의 제조 2 <ol><li> 깨끗한 석영 디스크에 공지 두께의 두 개의 스페이서로; 스페이서의 두께는 수득 된 폴리머 필름 (19)의 두께를 제어한다. </li><li> 일회용 피펫을 사용하여 석영 디스크에 프레 폴리머 용액을 소량 (~ 1.0 ml)에 옮긴다. </li><li> 액체 위에 다른 석영 디스크를 놓고 액막에 기포가 없도록. </li><li> 자외선 (UV) 가교 결합제의 샘플을 놓고, 254 나노 미터 (19)의 파장을 갖는 UV 광을 사용하여 5 분 동안 조사한다. 참고 : 대체 조사 시간S 및 파장 광개시제의 종류에 따라 사용할 수있다. </li><li> 날카로운 칼날을 사용하여 석영 디스크로부터 고분자 필름을 분리한다. DI 물을 욕조에 필름을 전송하는 핀셋을 사용합니다. 필름으로부터 용매, 미 반응 모노머 / 가교제, 졸을 제거 후 24 시간 동안 두 번 수분을 변경한다. 주 :이 경우, 고분자 필름, 기공 구조를 유지하기 위해 DI 물에 보관해야합니다. </li><li> ATR-FTIR 및 DSC 분석 건조 필름을 준비한다. <ol><li> 수조에서 필름을 제거하고 24 시간 동안 공기 건조 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 진공 하에서 밤새 건조 80 ℃의 진공 오븐에서 필름을 놓는다. </li></ol></li></ol> 함침 막의 제조 3 <ol><li> 석영 디스크 상에 다공성 지지체 시트를 배치했다. </li><li> 발포체 브러시 코팅 물 / 에탄올 혼합물 (4)에 기초하여, 프레 폴리머 용액으로 두 지지체의 각각의 측면을 사용. 참고 : 이후 t그는 지원이 소수성, 에탄올을 포함하는 예비 중합체 솔루션은 쉽게 지원을 적시 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 지원 위에 또 다른 석영 디스크를 넣습니다. </li><li> 자외선 가교제에 샘플을 놓고, 254 nm의 파장을 갖는 UV 광을 사용하여 5 분 동안 조사한다. </li><li> 석영 디스크에서 충진 된 멤브레인을 제거하고, 5 분 동안 DI 수조의 전체 어셈블리를 담그고 신중 날카로운 블레이드와 핀셋을 사용하여 막을 제거한다. </li><li> DI 물에서 막 보관하십시오. 용매, 미 반응 모노머 / 가교제, 멤브레인의 졸을 제거하기 위해 두 번 수분을 변경한다. </li><li> ATR-FTIR 및 DSC 분석 건조 함침 세포막을 준비한다. <ol><li> 수조에서 막을 제거합니다. 멤브레인을 24 시간 동안 주위 조건에서 건조 할 수있다. </li><li> 오븐에서 밤새 진공하에 80 ℃에서 진공에서 건조 막. </li></ol></li></ol> 자립 필름 및 수태 나 4. 특성mbranes <ol><li> ATR-FTIR 분석 <ol><li> FTIR 분석 단계 1.1에 기재된 바와 같이, 프레 폴리머 용액의 샘플을 준비한다. </li><li> 샘플을 스캔하기 전에 백그라운드 검색을 수행합니다. 600cm -1 4,500 cm로 파수 범위를 설정 -1 측정 4 cm -1 해상도. </li><li> 분석을 위해 FTIR 기계에서 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 샘플을 제거합니다. 결정과 적당한 용매로 끝을 청소한다. </li><li> 다공성 지지체, 프레 폴리머 용액, 자립 막을 건조하고, 건조 된 함침 막은 다음 샘플 4.1.4 - 반복 4.1.1 단계. </li></ol></li><li> 시차 주사 열량계 (DSC) <ol><li> 무게 균형에 DSC 팬에 뚜껑을 놓고 자신의 체중을 기록합니다. </li><li> 팬 내부에 샘플 (5-10 mg)의 소량을 넣고 뚜껑을 닫는다. </li><li> 샘플을 포함하는 팬의 무게를. 오 사이의 중량 차이로부터ccupied 팬 뚜껑과 빈 냄비와 뚜껑, 샘플의 무게를 계산한다. </li><li> 기자를 사용하여 밀봉 팬 내부의 샘플을 봉인. </li><li> 불활성 기준이 위치한 DSC 셀 안에 밀봉 팬에 놓는다. </li><li> 비어있는 냄비와 뚜껑과 프로그램의 샘플의 무게의 무게를 입력합니다. </li><li> 10 ℃ / 분의 가열 속도로 160 ℃ ~ -80 ° C에서 DSC 스캔. </li><li> 제조업체의 프로토콜을 사용하여 DSC 분석을 수행합니다. </li><li> 상기 단계에 따라 다른 샘플에 대한 DSC 실험을 반복한다. </li></ol></li><li> 펜던트 드롭 방법을 사용하여 접촉각을 측정 <ol><li> 막 샘플 (6mm 약 30mm)의 직사각형 스트립을 절단. </li><li> 10 분 동안 DI 물이 스트립을 적시 한 다음 5 분 동안 건조시킨다. </li><li> 샘플 홀더에 건조 된 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 투명한의 샘플 홀더 잠수함탈 이온수 (20)를 포함하는 환경 챔버. </li><li> 스테인리스 바늘으로 마이크로 리터 주사기를 이용하여 막에 N 개의 샘플 -decane (약 1 μL)의 액 적을 분주. </li><li> 방울의 안정을 보장하기 위해 2 분 동안 방해받지 설정을 둡니다. </li><li> 막 표면 상에 분배 된 방울의 각도를 측정함으로써 시료의 접촉각을 결정하는 적당한 화상 해석 소프트웨어를 사용한다. </li><li> 다양한 방울 얻은 접촉각 값의 평균을 가져 가라. </li></ol></li><li> 투수의 특성 막 다른 여과 시스템을 사용하여 <ol><li> 프리 스탠딩 필름을 함침 막의 쿠폰 잘라 적절한 직경 해머 중심 펀치 구멍을 사용한다. </li><li> 데드 엔드 여과 셀 내부의 다공성 지지체 상에 제조 된 쿠폰을 놓는다. </li><li> 샘플의 상단에있는 O 링을 놓습니다. 두 부분을 나사투과 셀의 서로. </li><li> 투과 셀에 DI 물 약 50 mL를 넣고. 뚜껑에 나사와 자석 교반기에 투과 셀을 배치합니다. (300) 900 회전의 교반 속도를 설정합니다. </li><li> 투과 물을 수집하는 균형에 덮여 비커를 놓습니다. 균형을 용기. </li><li> 가스 실린더의 밸브를 연다. 원하는 압력 (프리 스탠딩 필름을 45 psig로 함침 멤브레인 psig의 35)에 도달 할 때까지 압력 조절 밸브를 시계 방향으로 돌려. </li><li> 투과 셀에 압력을 제공 할 수있는 릴리스 밸브를 엽니 다. </li><li> 모니터와 시간 비커의 무게를 기록한다. </li><li> 21 (4) 아래의 액 확산 모델 수분 투과도 (A w)과 투자율 (P의 w)를 계산 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/55426/55426eq1.jpg" /> 어디 w는 토륨물의 밀도 (g / L) w는, A는 멤브레인의 유효 면적 (m은 ρ E 물 투과도 (L / m 2 hbar 또는 LMH / 바), P (W)를, 투수 (LMH의 cm / 바)이다 2), ΔM은 시간주기 ΔT (H 위에 물 투과 (g))의 질량 변화이고, ΔP)은 멤브레인 (바를 가로 지르는 압력 차이며 L은 팽윤 된 필름 (cm)의 두께이다. </li><li> 막의 방오성 및 제거 속도를 평가하기 위해, pH는 7.4와 인산 완충 용액 (PBS) 용액에 0.5 g / L의 BSA를 함유하는 BSA 용액을 사용한다. </li><li> BSA의 존재 하에서 물 플럭스를 결정하기 위해 4.4.10 - 반복 4.4.5 단계를 반복합니다. 하기 식 (22)과 BSA 배제 율을 계산 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/55426/55426eq2.jpg" /> 여기서 R은 BSA 막 (%)의 BSA 배제 율이고,C P는 투과 (g / ℓ)에서 BSA의 농도이고, C는 F 공급 (g / L)의 BSA의 농도이고; BSA의 농도는 UV 분광법을 통해 결정될 수있다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Cross-Linking+on+Gas+Permeability+in+Cross-Linked+Poly(Ethylene+Glycol+Diacrylate).">The Effect of Cross-Linking on Gas Permeability in Cross-Linked Poly(Ethylene Glycol Diacrylate).</a> Macromolecules. 38 (20), 8381-8393 (2005).</li><li>Sagle, A. C., Ju, H., Freeman, B. D., Sharma, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PEG-based+hydrogel+membrane+coatings.">PEG-based hydrogel membrane coatings.</a> Polymer. 50 (3), 756-766 (2009).</li><li>Wu, Y. -. H., Park, H. B., Kai, T., Freeman, B. D., Kalika, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+uptake,+transport+and+structure+characterization+in+poly(ethylene+glycol)+diacrylate+hydrogels.">Water uptake, transport and structure characterization in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels.</a> J Membr Sci. 347 (1-2), 197-208 (2010).</li><li>Rahimpour, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+functionalized+carbon+nanotubes+for+improving+the+surface+properties+and+performance+of+polyethersulfone+(PES)+membrane.">Novel functionalized carbon nanotubes for improving the surface properties and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane.</a> Desalination. 286, 99-107 (2012).</li><li>Gulmine, J. V., Janissek, P. R., Heise, H. M., Akcelrud, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylene+characterization+by+FTIR.">Polyethylene characterization by FTIR.</a> Polym Testing. 21 (5), 557-563 (2002).</li><li>Ara&#250;jo, J. R., Waldman, W. R., De Paoli, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+properties+of+high+density+polyethylene+composites+with+natural+fibres:+Coupling+agent+effect.">Thermal properties of high density polyethylene composites with natural fibres: Coupling agent effect.</a> Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (10), 1770-1775 (2008).</li><li>McCloskey, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+polydopamine+deposition+conditions+on+pure+water+flux+and+foulant+adhesion+resistance+of+reverse+osmosis,+ultrafiltration,+and+microfiltration+membranes.">Influence of polydopamine deposition conditions on pure water flux and foulant adhesion resistance of reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration membranes.</a> Polymer. 51 (15), 3472-3485 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

우리는 자립 영화와 양쪽 성 하이드로 젤을 기반으로 함침 세포막을 준비하는 손쉬운 방법을 증명하고있다. 세 (메트) 아크릴 레이트 특성 피크의 소멸 (즉, 810, 1,190 및 1,410cm-1) 얻어진 폴리머 필름의 IR 스펙트럼과는 막 (도 2) 단량체 및 가교제 (4)의 우수한 전환을 나타낸다 함침 19 (21). 또한, SO (...

증가하는 수요를 충족하기 위해 깨끗한 물을 생산하기 위해 저렴한 비용 및 에너지 효율적인 기술을 개발하는 중대한 필요가있다. 고분자 멤브레인은 작업 1의 높은 에너지 효율, 낮은 비용, 단순성으로 인해 자신의 고유 한 장점 정수에 대한 선도적 인 기술로 등장했다. 막 순수한 물을 통해 침투와 오염 물질을 거부 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 멤브레인은 종종 유리한 작용 (2, 3)에서 막 표면에 흡착 될 수있는 공급 물 오염 물질에 의해 오염을 실시한다. 오손 극적 필요한 멤브레인 면적 정수 비용을 증가 막을 통해 물 흐름을 감소시킬 수있다. 오염을 줄일 수있는 효과적인 방법은 친수성을 증가시키고 이에에서 유리한 감소 막 표면을 수정하는 것막 표면 사이 foulants 고유 상호 작용. 하나의 방법은 3 초 친수성 하이드로 겔로 박막 코팅을 사용하는 것이다. 하이드로 겔은 종종 높은 물 투과성을 가지고, 따라서, 박막 코팅은 막 전체에 걸쳐 약간 증가 반송 저항 불구 인해 완화 된 오염을 막을 통한 장기간의 물 투과도를 증가시킬 수있다. 하이드로 겔은 또한 직접 침투 응용 4 정수용 막 함침으로 제조 될 수있다. 양쪽이 온성 물질은 순 중성 전하와 양 양 및 음으로 하전 된 작용기를 포함하고, 정전 유도 수소 결합 5, 6, 7, 8, 9를 통해 강한 표면 수분을 갖는다. 단단히 결합 된 수화 층은 물리적 역할에너지 장벽은, 표면에 부착로부터 foulants 방지 따라서 우수한 방오성 10 시연. 폴리 (술 포베 타인 메타 크릴 레이트) (PSBMA) 및 폴리 (carboxybetaine 메타 크릴 레이트) (PCBMA)와 같은 양쪽이 온성 중합체, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18가 증가 도포하여 막 표면을 수정하는데 사용되어왔다 표면 친수성 때문에 방오성. 우리는 여기에 폴리 (에틸렌 글리콜)을 사용하여 가교 광중합 통해 술 포베 타인 메타 크릴 레이트 (SBMA)를 사용하여 양쪽이 온성 하이드로 디 아크릴 레이트를 제조하기위한 용이 한 방법을 설명 (PEGDA가 M N = 700g / 몰)은 기계적 강도를 향상시킬 수있다. 우리는 또한 존재하는절차는 광중합 전에 다공성 지지체에 소수성 단량체와 가교제를 함침 견고한 막을 구성한다. 프리 스탠딩 필름을 함침 막의 물리적 해상 수송 성질은 충분히 정수용 구성 / 속성의 관계를 규명하는 것을 특징으로한다. 제조 된 하이드로 겔은 막 분리 특성을 향상시키기 위해 표면 코팅으로서 사용될 수있다. 가교 밀도를 조절하여 소수성 다공성 지지체에 함침시킴으로써, 이들 물질은 또한 순방향 또는 삼투 압력 지연 삼투 4 삼투압 공정에 대한 충분한 기계적 강도를 갖는 박막을 형성 할 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; M&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; = 700 (PEGDA)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>455008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 99% (HCPK)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>405612</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>[2-(Methacrloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide, 97%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>537284</td><td>Acutely Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 95%</td><td>Koptec, VWR International</td><td>V1101</td><td>Flamable</td></tr><tr><td>Decane, anhydrous, 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>457116</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solupor Membrane</td><td>Lydall</td><td>7PO7D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micrometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Starrett</td><td>2900-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ATR-FTIR</td><td>Vertex 70</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DSC: TA Q2000</td><td>TA Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rame&amp;rsquo;-hart Goniometer: Model 190</td><td>Rame&amp;rsquo;-hart Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultraviolet Crosslinker: CX-2000</td><td>Ultra-Violet Products</td><td></td><td>UV radiation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Permeation Cell: Model UHP-43</td><td>Advantec MFS</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deionized Water: Milli-Q Water</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of hydrogels with antifouling properties as membranes for water purification

하이드로 겔은 시간 경과에 널리 막을 통해 안정된 투수 달성 따라서 방오성을 증가시키고, 정수용 막 표면의 친수성을 향상시키기 위해 사용되어왔다. 여기, 우리는 막 애플리케이션에 양쪽 성 이온에 따라 하이드로 젤을 준비하는 손쉬운 방법을보고합니다. 프리 스탠딩 필름은 광중합 통해 폴리 가교제 (에틸렌 글리콜) 디 아크릴 레이트 (PEGDA)와 메타 크릴 술 포베 타인 (SBMA)로부터 제조 될 수있다. 하이드로 겔은, 기계적 강도를 향상시키는 소수성 다공성 지지체에 함침시켜 제조 할 수있다. 이들 필름은 중합체 쇄 역학 친수성 및 시차 주사 열량계 (DSC)에 대한 고니 오 미터를 이용하여, (메트) 아크릴 기의 전화율을 결정하기 위해 적외선 분광법 (ATR-FTIR)을 변형 감쇄 전반사 푸리에 특징으로 할 수있다. 우리는 또한 막 다른 FILTRA에서 투수를 결정하기 위해 프로토콜을보고기 시스템 및 막 성능에 foulants 효과 (소 혈청 알부민, BSA).

단계 1.1 및 1.2에 규정 된 프리폴리머 용액으로 제조 된 프리 스탠딩 필름을 각각 S50 및 S30로 지칭된다. 자세한 내용은 표 1에 나타낸다. 단계 1.2에 명시된 프레 폴리머 용액은 IMS30로 표시되는 함침 멤브레인을 제조하는데 사용 하였다. 다공성 지지체는 친수성 폴리에틸렌 때문에도 1-4에 나?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

물 정화를위한 막으로 방오 특성을 가진 히드로 겔의 합성

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

synthesis-hydrogels-with-antifouling-properties-as-membranes-for

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.3K 조회수.  The State University of New York at Buffalo. This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties. 

비디오: Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Preparation of Hydroxy-PAAm Hydrogels for Decoupling the Effects of Mechanotransduction Cues

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Eukaryotic cells constantly sense their local microenvironment through surface mechanosensors to transduce physical changes of ECM into biochemical signals, and integrate these signals to achieve specific changes in gene expression. Interestingly, physicochemical and mechanical parameters of the ECM can couple with each other to regulate cell fate. Therefore, a key to understanding mechanotransduction is to decouple the relative contribution of ECM cues on cellular functions.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol to rapidly and easily generate biologically relevant hydrogels for the independent tuning of mechanotransduction cues in vitro. We chemically modified polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAAm) to surmount their intrinsically non-adhesive properties by incorporating hydroxyl-functionalized acrylamide monomers during the polymerization. We obtained a novel PAAm hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, which permits immobilization of any desired nature of ECM proteins. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing allows to independently control the morphology of single-cells, the matrix stiffness, the nature and the density of ECM proteins. We provide a simple and rapid method that can be set up in every biology lab to study in vitro cell mechanotransduction processes. We validate this novel two-dimensional platform by conducting experiments on endothelial cells that demonstrate a mechanical coupling between ECM stiffness and the nucleus.

We present a new polyacrylamide hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, that allows a direct binding of ECM proteins with minimal cost or expertise. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing facilitates independent control of many cues of the natural cell microenvironment for studying cellular mechanostransduction.

mechanotransduction의 큐의 영향 디커플링에 대한 히드 록시 PAAm 히드로 겔의 제조

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their ...

연구

생체공학

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports (polymer, ceramic, metal, carbon, and graphene). We developed a novel crystallization technique, which is termed the ENACT approach: the electrophoretic nuclei assembly for the crystallization of highly intergrown thin films (ENACT). This approach allows for a high density of heterogeneous nucleation of MOFs on a chosen substrate via the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) directly from the precursor sol. The growth of well-packed MOF nuclei leads to a highly intergrown polycrystalline MOF film. We show that this simple approach can be used for the synthesis of thin, intergrown zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF)-7 and ZIF-8 films. The resulting 500 nm-thick ZIF-8 membranes show a considerably high H2 permeance (8.3 x 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1) and ideal gas selectivities (7.3 for H2/CO2, 15.5 for H2/N2, 16.2 for H2/CH4, and 2655 for H2/C3H8). An attractive performance for C3H6/C3H8 separation is also achieved (a C3H6 permeance of 9.9 x 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and a C3H6/C3H8 ideal selectivity of 31.6 at 25 &#176;C). Overall, the ENACT process, owing to its simplicity, can be extended to synthesize intergrown thin films of a wide range of nanoporous crystalline materials.

A simple, reproducible, and versatile approach for the synthesis of intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports is presented.

Ultrathin 높은 성능 금속-유기 프레임 워크 막의 전기 이동 화

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...

화학

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

바이오 메디컬 응용 프로그램에 대한 초 소수성 고분자 재료를 제조

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial ...

Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing

Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane technology. Understanding the fouling process could lead to optimization and higher efficiency of membrane based filtration. Here we show the design and fabrication of an automated three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross-flow filtration system that can test up to 4 membranes in parallel. The microfluidic cells were printed using multi-material photopolymer 3-D printing technology, which used a transparent hard polymer for the microfluidic cell body and incorporated a thin rubber-like polymer layer, which prevents leakages during operation. The performance of ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested and membrane fouling could be observed with a model foulant bovine serum albumin (BSA). Feed solutions containing BSA showed flux decline of the membrane. This protocol may be extended to measure fouling or biofouling with many other organic, inorganic or microbial containing solutions. The microfluidic design is especially advantageous for testing materials that are costly or only available in small quantities, for example polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids due to the small surface area of the membrane being tested. This modular system may also be easily expanded for high throughput testing of membranes.&#160;

Design and fabrication of a three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross-flow filtration system is demonstrated. The system is used to test performance and observe fouling of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration (thin film composite) membranes.

한외 여과 / 나노 멤브레인 성능 테스트 용 삼차원 인쇄물 미세 유체 교차 유동 시스템

Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane ...

Proof-of-Concept for Gas-Entrapping Membranes Derived from Water-Loving SiO2/Si/SiO2 Wafers for Green Desalination

Desalination through direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) exploits water-repellent membranes to robustly separate counterflowing streams of hot and salty seawater from cold and pure water, thus allowing only pure water vapor to pass through. To achieve this feat, commercial DCMD membranes are derived from or coated with water-repellent perfluorocarbons such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). However, the use of perfluorocarbons is limiting due to their high cost, non-biodegradability, and vulnerability to harsh operational conditions. Unveiled here is a new class of membranes referred to as gas-entrapping membranes (GEMs) that can robustly entrap air upon immersion in water. GEMs achieve this function by their microstructure rather than their chemical make-up. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept for GEMs using intrinsically wetting SiO2/Si/SiO2 wafers as the model system; the contact angle of water on SiO2 is &#952;o &#8776; 40&#176;. Silica-GEMs had 300 &#956;m-long cylindrical pores whose diameters at the (2 &#956;m-long) inlet and outlet regions were significantly smaller; this geometrically discontinuous structure, with 90&#176; turns at the inlets and outlets, is known as the &#34;reentrant microtexture&#34;. The microfabrication protocol for silica-GEMs entails designing, photolithography, chrome sputtering, and isotropic and anisotropic etching. Despite the water loving nature of silica, water does not intrude silica-GEMs on submersion. In fact, they robustly entrap air underwater and keep it intact even after six weeks (&#62;106 seconds). On the other hand, silica membranes with simple cylindrical pores spontaneously imbibe water (&#60; 1 s). These findings highlight the potential of the GEMs architecture for separation processes. While the choice of SiO2/Si/SiO2 wafers for GEMs is limited to demonstrating the proof-of-concept, it is expected that the protocols and concepts presented here will advance the rational design of scalable GEMs using inexpensive common materials for desalination and beyond.

Proof-of-Concept for Gas-Entrapping Membranes Derived from Water-Loving SiO2/Si/SiO2 Wafers for Green Desalination

Presented here is a stepwise protocol for realizing gas-entrapping membranes (GEMs) from SiO2/Si wafers using integrated circuit microfabrication technology. When silica-GEMs are immersed in water, the intrusion of water is prevented, despite the water-loving composition of silica.

녹색 담수화용 수중 SiO 2/Si/SiO2 웨이퍼에서 파생된 가스 포획 멤브레인에 대한 개념 증명

Desalination through direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) exploits water-repellent membranes to robustly separate counterflowing streams of hot and ...

공학

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), their ultimate clinical use has been hampered by the lack of biologically-relevant degradation observed for most smart materials. This is particularly true for temperature-responsive hydrogels, which are almost uniformly based on polymers that are functionally non-degradable (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) or poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA)). As such, to effectively translate the potential of thermoresponsive hydrogels to the challenges of remote-controlled or metabolism-regulated drug delivery, cell scaffolds with tunable cell-material interactions, theranostic materials with the potential for both imaging and drug delivery, and other such applications, a method is required to render the hydrogels (if not fully degradable) at least capable of renal clearance following the required lifetime of the material. To that end, this protocol describes the preparation of hydrolytically-degradable hydrazone-crosslinked hydrogels on multiple length scales based on the reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized PNIPAM or POEGMA oligomers with molecular weights below the renal filtration limit. Specifically, methods to fabricate degradable thermoresponsive bulk hydrogels (using a double barrel syringe technique), hydrogel particles (on both the microscale through the use of a microfluidics platform facilitating simultaneous mixing and emulsification of the precursor polymers and the nanoscale through the use of a thermally-driven self-assembly and cross-linking method), and hydrogel nanofibers (using a reactive electrospinning strategy) are described. In each case, hydrogels with temperature-responsive properties similar to those achieved via conventional free radical cross-linking processes can be achieved, but the hydrazone cross-linked network can be degraded over time to re-form the oligomeric precursor polymers and enable clearance. As such, we anticipate these methods (which may be generically applied to any synthetic water-soluble polymer, not just smart materials) will enable easier translation of synthetic smart materials to clinical applications.

Protocols are described for the fabrication of degradable thermoresponsive hydrogels based on hydrazone cross-linking of polymeric oligomers on the bulk scale, microscale, and nanoscale, the latter for preparation of both gel nanoparticles and nanofibers.

자기 조립, 분해 Thermoresponsive Hydrogels 반응 압출, 마이크로, 통해 여러 길이 가늠 자에를 조작 하 고 전기

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), ...

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels are biocompatible hydrogels that have been approved for use in humans by the FDA. Typical PEG-based hydrogels have simple monolithic architectures and often function as scaffolding materials for tissue engineering applications. More sophisticated structures typically take a long time to fabricate and do not contain moving components. This protocol describes a photolithography method that allows for facile and rapid microfabrication of PEG structures and devices. This strategy involves an in-house developed fabrication stage that allows for the rapid fabrication of 3D structures by building upwards in a layer-by-layer fashion. Independent moving components can also be aligned and assembled onto support structures to form integrated devices. These independent components are doped with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that are sensitive to magnetic actuation. In this manner, the fabricated devices can be actuated using external magnets to yield movement of the components within. Hence, this technique allows for the fabrication of sophisticated MEMS-like devices (micromachines) that are composed entirely out of a biocompatible hydrogel, able to function without an onboard power source, and respond to a contact-less method of actuation. This manuscript describes the fabrication of both the fabrication set-up as well as the step-by-step method for the microfabrication of these hydrogels-based MEMS-like devices.

An additive manufacturing strategy for processing UV-crosslinkable hydrogels has been developed. This strategy allows for the layer-by-layer assembly of microfabricated hydrogel structures as well as the assembly of independent components, yielding integrated devices containing moving components that are responsive to magnetic actuation.

첨가제 제조 기술은 자석으로 응답 구성 요소와 히드로 기반 Micromachines의 손쉬운 고 빠른 제작을 위해

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels are biocompatible hydrogels that have been approved for use in humans by the FDA. Typical PEG-based hydrogels ...

Photodegradable Hydrogel Interfaces for Bacteria Screening, Selection, and Isolation

Biologists have long attempted to understand the relationship between phenotype and genotype. To better understand this connection, it is crucial to develop practical technologies that couple microscopic cell screening with cell isolation at high purity for downstream genetic analysis. Here, the use of photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for screening and isolation of bacteria with unique growth phenotypes from heterogeneous cell populations is described. The method relies on encapsulating or entrapping cells with the hydrogel, followed by culture, microscopic screening, then use of a high-resolution light patterning tool for spatiotemporal control of hydrogel degradation and release of selected cells into a solution for retrieval. Applying different light patterns allows for control over the morphology of the extracted cell, and patterns such as rings or crosses can be used to retrieve cells with minimal direct UV light exposure to mitigate DNA damage to the isolates. Moreover, the light patterning tool delivers an adjustable light dose to achieve various degradation and cell release rates. It allows for degradation at high resolution, enabling cell retrieval with micron-scale spatial precision. Here, the use of this material to screen and retrieve bacteria from both bulk hydrogels and microfabricated lab-on-a-chip devices is demonstrated. The method is inexpensive, simple, and can be used for common and emerging applications in microbiology, including isolation of bacterial strains with rare growth profiles from mutant libraries and isolation of bacterial consortia with emergent phenotypes for genomic characterizations.

The use of photodegradable hydrogels to isolate bacterial cells by utilizing a high-resolution light pattering tool is reported. Essential experimental procedures, results, and advantages of the process are reviewed. The method enables rapid and inexpensive isolation of targeted bacteria showing rare or unique functions from heterogeneous communities or populations.

박테리아 스크리닝, 선택 및 격리를 위한 광분해성 하이드로겔 인터페이스

Biologists have long attempted to understand the relationship between phenotype and genotype. To better understand this connection, it is crucial to ...

Synthesis of Strong Adhesive Hydrogel, Gelatin O-Nitrosobenzaldehyde

Adhesive materials have become popular biomaterials in the field of biomedical and tissue engineering. In our previous work, we presented a new material - gelatin o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (gelatin-NB) - which is mainly used for tissue regeneration and has been validated in animal models of corneal injury and inflammatory bowel disease. This is a novel hydrogel formed by modifying biological gelatin with o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (NB). Gelatin-NB was synthesized by activating the carboxyl group of NB-COOH and reacting with gelatin through 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The obtained compound was purified to generate the final product, which can be stably stored for at least 18 months. NB has a strong adhesion to -NH2 on the tissue, which can form many C = N bonds, thus increasing the adhesion of gelatin-NB to the tissue interface. The preparation process comprises steps for the synthesis of the NB-COOH group, modification of the group, synthesis of gelatin-NB, and purification of the compound. The goal is to describe the specific synthesis process of gelatin-NB in detail and to demonstrate the application of gelatin-NB to damage repair. Moreover, the protocol is presented to further strengthen and expand the nature of the material produced by the scientific community for more applicable scenarios.

The protocol presented here shows the synthesis of a strong adhesive hydrogel gelatin o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (gelatin-NB). Gelatin-NB has rapid and efficient tissue adhesion ability, which can form a strong physical barrier to protect wound surfaces, so it is expected to be applied to the field of injury repair biotechnology.

강력한 접착력 하이드로겔, 젤라틴 O-니트로소벤즈알데히드의 합성

Adhesive materials have become popular biomaterials in the field of biomedical and tissue engineering. In our previous work, we presented a new material - ...

다양한 하이드로겔 매트릭스에 CFPS 반응 임베딩

Methods for Embedding Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Reactions in Macro-Scale Hydrogels

Synthetic gene networks provide a platform for scientists and engineers to design and build novel systems with functionality encoded at a genetic level. While the dominant paradigm for the deployment of gene networks is within a cellular chassis, synthetic gene networks may also be deployed in cell-free environments. Promising applications of cell-free gene networks include biosensors, as these devices have been demonstrated against biotic (Ebola, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses) and abiotic (heavy metals, sulfides, pesticides, and other organic contaminants) targets. Cell-free systems are typically deployed in liquid form within a reaction vessel. Being able to embed such reactions in a physical matrix, however, may facilitate their broader application in a wider set of environments. To this end, methods for embedding cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions in a variety of hydrogel matrices have been developed. One of the key properties of hydrogels conducive to this work is the high-water reconstitution capacity of hydrogel materials. Additionally, hydrogels possess physical and chemical characteristics that are functionally beneficial. Hydrogels can be freeze-dried for storage and rehydrated for use later. Two step-by-step protocols for the inclusion and assay of CFPS reactions in hydrogels are presented. First, a CFPS system can be incorporated into a hydrogel via rehydration with a cell lysate. The system within the hydrogel can then be induced or expressed constitutively for complete protein expression through the hydrogel. Second, cell lysate can be introduced to a hydrogel at the point of polymerization, and the entire system can be freeze-dried and rehydrated at a later point with an aqueous solution containing the inducer for the expression system encoded within the hydrogel. These methods have the potential to allow for cell-free gene networks that confer sensory capabilities to hydrogel materials, with the potential for deployment beyond the laboratory.

저자 스포트라이트: 하이드로겔에 cell-free 단백질 합성 반응을 포함하기 위한 새로운 접근법 

Here, we present two protocols for embedding cell-free protein synthesis reactions in macro-scale hydrogel matrices without the need for an external liquid phase.

거시적 규모의 하이드로겔에 cell-free 단백질 합성 반응을 임베딩하는 방법

Synthetic gene networks provide a platform for scientists and engineers to design and build novel systems with functionality encoded at a genetic level. ...