이 작품은 NIH R01 # DE021475 (CTM), NIH Predoctoral 교육 그랜트 5T32GM007127 (PAE) 및 NSF 대학원 연구 활동 (NAE)에 의해 부분적으로 투자되었다. 우리는 주입 프로토콜에 대한 유용한 피드백을 CRISPR 생거 시퀀싱 데이터를 생성 BAC의 recombineering 및 주사, 닉 Donde을 수행하는 케빈 Schwalbach에 감사하고, 캐서린 리 파리.

저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

형질 전환 또는 게놈 편집 주입 한 세포 큰가시 고기의 배아는 세 가지 주요 과제를 제시한다. 첫째, 제브라 피쉬 배아를 기준으로는 큰가시 고기 배아 융모막은 힘든 종종 바늘을 깰 것입니다. 이 문제는 부분적으로 두껍고 강한 유리 마이크로 피펫을 사용하여 융모막에 수직 주입함으로써 극복 될 수있다 (프로토콜,도 2 참조). 가능한 것과 약간의 물을 확보하는 것은 배아에 추가됩?...

생물 다양성은 자연에서 진화 된 표현형 변화의 유전 개발 기지를 결정하는 발생 방법을 이해하는 하나의 기본 구성 요소입니다. 큰가시 고기 생선, Gasterosteus aculeatus는 진화의 유전 적 기초를 공부하는 우수한 모델로 떠오르고있다. 큰가시 고기과 해양 물고기가 북반구의 주위에 수많은 민물 환경을 식민지 것처럼 극적인 형태 학적, 생리 학적 결과, 많은 적응 진화 적 변화를 겪고, 그리고 한 행동 변화 1. 스물 한 큰가 집단에서 개인의 게놈 서열 조립 및 고밀도 링크 맵은 상기 조립체 2,3-을 개선하기 위해 생성되어왔다. 유전자 맵핑 실험은 진화 표현형 4 기본 게놈 영역을 식별 한 6 -, 몇 가지 경우에, 특정 후보 유전자의 기능적 역할 7,8 테스트 한. 형태 학적 변화를 기본 게놈 영역의 숫자는 유망한 후보 유전자로 확인되었다, 그러나이 후보는 아직 기능적으로 9 테스트되지 않은 - 12. 또한, 큰가시 고기과 인구 유전학 / 유전체학 (13, 14), 분화 (15), 행동 (1), 내분비학 (16), 생태 독성학 (17), 면역학 (18)와 기생충학 (19)의 연구를위한 일반적인 모델입니다. 각 필드에서의 앞으로의 연구는 큰가시 고기과의 기능 유전자 조작을 수행하는 능력에서 이익을한다. 이들 코딩 서열의 조작에 더하여, 후보 유전자의 역할은 시스 - 규정 시퀀스를 연구함으로써 기능적 증가 감소 또는 후보 유전자의 발현을 제거함으로써 평가 될 수있다. 큰가시 고기과에 미세 주입 및 형질 전환 방법은 잘 7,8,20를 설립하고 처음 사용하여 개발 하였다 meganuclease 매개방법 (21)는 첫 번째 송사리 (22)에 설명. 여기에 제시된 개질 미세 주입 방법은 모두 TOL2 매개 된 형질 전환에 최적화 최근 TALENs 및 CRISPRs 포함한 게놈 편집 시약을 개발되었다. 시스 규정하는 요소에 대한 변경 사항은 시스 규정하는 변화는 돌연변이 (23)를 코딩의 부정적인다면 발현 결과를 피할 수로, 형태 학적 진화에 중요한 것으로 생각된다. 따라서, 추정 시스 규정하는 순서를 테스트하고 비교하는 진화 연구의 증가의 중심 목표되고있다. 또한, 대부분의 인간 질병 변형 심하게 시스 규정하는 기능 소자 및 로직을 연구하는데 필요한 규제 변이체 24, 25 및 모델 척추 시스템이다. 많은 수의 외부에 자신의 배아를 비옥 물고기 시스 -regulation을 연구하는 강력한 척추 시스템을 제공합니다. 외국 ì되는 TOL2 트랜스포존 시스템게놈에 통합 할 GN DNA가 TOL2의 트랜스가 사이트와 바인딩에 의해 형벌되고, TOL2의 트랜스 mRNA의와 공동 주입 성공적으로 플라스미드 물고기 유전체 (26)에 구축 통합하는 높은 효율로 작동 - 28. 일반적으로 잠재적 인 증강은 TOL2 백본에서 (예 : hsp70l 29)를 기초 프로모터 및 형광 리포터 유전자 등 EGFP로 (강화 된 녹색 형광 단백질) 또는 mCherry의 상류 복제 및 트랜스의 mRNA (26) 주입된다. 형광 기자의 어느 주입 배아 또는 안정적으로 통합 된 형질 전환 유전자를 가진 자손의 표현의 관측은 추정 증강에 의해 구동 유전자 발현의 시공간 규제에 대한 정보를 제공합니다. 상기 실험에서 검증 증강은 관심 유전자의 조직 - 특이 과발현을 유도하는데 사용될 수있다. 큰 시스 규정하는 지역의 분석, 고품질의 대형 삽입 genom에 대한세균 인공 염색체 (BAC에)를 사용하여 IC 라이브러리는 모두 해양 및 담수 큰가시 고기과 (30)로 구성되어있다. 이들의 BAC는 큰 (1백50-2백킬로바이트)의 맥락에서 형광 리포터 유전자의 게놈 영역 (31)을 가진 유전자를 대체 recombineered 수있다. 는 BAC 내의 조절 서열에 의해 결정되는 형광 리포터이어서 시공간 패턴으로 표현된다. 물고기 연구 내용 TOL2 사이트 게놈 통합 (32,33)를 용이하게하기 BAC에 첨가 될 수있다. 개발의 후기 단계 계내 혼성화에 기술적 도전에서 BAC 형광 판독 큰가 뼈 형태 형성 단백질 6 (Bmp6) (20)에 대해 도시 된 바와 같이, 유전자 발현의 패턴을 연구하는데 사용될 수있다. 또한, 각각의 형광 발현 패턴 계내 혼성화에 달성 될 수없는 시간에 걸쳐 추적 될 수있다. BAC에 또한 additiona을 추가하는데 사용될 수있다게놈 영역의 L 사본은 관심의 유전자의 복용량을 증가시킵니다. 유전자 기능 연구를 위해, 게놈 편집 유기체 (34)의 다양한 게놈 서열을 타겟팅하는 변화를 생성하는 데 사용될 수 폭발적으로 확장 필드이다. 전사 활성제와 같은 이펙터 뉴 클레아 제 (TALENs)는 원래 정확하게 선택의 게놈 시퀀스에 직접 결합하여 이중 가닥이 35, 36을 깰 생성하도록 설계 될 수있다 식물 병원균으로부터 분리 모듈, 순서 특정 뉴 클레아 있습니다. 클러스터 정기적 interspaced 짧은 상동 반복 (CRISPR)은 / CAS 시스템은 원래 세균에서 찾을 수 있으며, 상기 가이드 (37)에 상보적인 표적 DNA 서열의 틈을 발생하도록하는 가이드 RNA 및 Cas9 단백질을 사용 하였다. 종종 TALENs 및 CRISPRs 모두에 의해 생성 된 이중 가닥 나누기 후속 보수는 표적 서열의 기능을 방해 할 수있는 작은 삽입 또는 결실을 남겨35-37. 큰가시 고기과에서 TALENs는 인핸서 (20)를 대상으로 유전자 발현을 방해하는 데 사용되었으며, TALENs 및 CRISPRs 모두 성공적 서열 (미공개 데이터)를 코딩 돌연변이를 생산 하였다. 제브라에 사용 CRISPRs의 생성에 대한 상세한 프로토콜은 큰가시 고기과 38 CRISPRs을 개발하는 지침으로 이용 될 수있다. 형질 전환 및 게놈 편집 실험 새로 수정 된 하나의 배아 세포 내로의 핵산의 도입을 필요로한다. 초기 발달에서 유전자 또는 게놈 편집 툴을 도입함으로써, 배아 유 전적으로 조작 딸 세포의 수를 최대화한다. 주입 된 배아는 시각적으로 형광에 대한 검사 또는 분자 게놈 수정에 대한 상영된다. 항체 2.12.1fx에 기여하는 세포를 타겟으로하는 경우, 형질 전환 또는 돌연변이 포스트 분사 치사율이 높은 경우에도, 자식들의 서브 세트로 전달 될 수있다. 모자이크 물고기 outcrossed 할 수 있습니다 또는교차하고 그들의 자손은 돌연변이 대립 유전자 또는 관심의 안정적 통합 된 형질 전환 유전자를 복구하는 상영. 이 프로토콜은 하나의 셀 큰가시 고기의 배아에 유전자와 게놈 편집 시약을 도입하고 성공적으로 게놈 수정에 대한 모니터링하기위한 방법을 설명합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="647">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Stereomicroscope with transillumination</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6e/ KL300 LED</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Manual micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MM33</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Marzhauser M33 Micromanipulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pressure Injecion system</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MPPI-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Back pressure unit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BPU</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Micropipette holder kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MPIP</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Magnetic base holder</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Magnetic base</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Foot switch</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FSW</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iron plate (magnetic base)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IP</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disposable transfer pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-711-7M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.5% phenol red in DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P0290</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">injection tracer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">#5 forceps, biologie dumoxel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-30</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for needle breaking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Micropipette Storage Jar</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E210</td>
			<td>holds needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">6&#34;, 6 teeth per inch plaster drywall saw</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Lenox</td>
			<td>20571 (S636RP)</td>
			<td>hold eggs for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">13 cm x 13 cm glass plate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">any hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries, 1.0 mm OD/0.58 mm ID&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1B100-F4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">*harder glass than zebrafish injection capillaries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">150 x 15mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FB0875714</td>
			<td>raise stickleback embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">35 x 10mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-757-100A</td>
			<td>store eggs pre-injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Instant Ocean Salt</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Instant Ocean</td>
			<td>SS15-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S5761-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tricaine methanesulfonate/MS-222</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Western Chemical Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MS222</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">fish anaesthesia/euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sp6 transcription kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM1340</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For transcription of TALENs and transposase mRNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">RNeasy cleanup kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74104</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">purify transposase or TALEN RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">QiaQuick PCR cleanup kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28104</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">clean up plasmids for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proteinase K 20 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM2546</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for DNA preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nucleobond BAC 100 kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">740579</td>
			<td>for BAC DNA preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NotI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0189L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Phusion polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-530L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Qiagen PlasmidPlus Midi kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12943</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">contains endotoxin rinse buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">QIAQuick Gel Extraction</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28704&#160;</td>
			<td>for sequencing induced mutations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phenol:chloroform:Isoamyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P2069-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium acetate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S2889-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ethanol (molecular biology grade)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E7023-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50X Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B49</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.5-10KbRNA ladder</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15623-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nanodrop&#160; Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nanodrop 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>158127-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>70011-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1kb Plus DNA Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10787-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NP-40</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>28324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris pH 8.3</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Teknova</td>
			<td>T1083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">12-strip PCR tube</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AB-1113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microinjection for transgenesis and genome editing in threespine sticklebacks

큰가시 고기 생선은 형태 학적, 생리의 다양한 유전 적 기초를 공부하는 강력한 시스템, 행동 표현형로 ​​떠오르고있다. 해양 및 민물 형태를 교차 할 수있는 능력과 결합 해양 인구 수많은 담수 환경에 적응로 진화 현저 다양한 표현형은 유전자가 형질 발전 제어하는​​ 게놈 영역을 매핑하는데 사용될 수있는 드문 척추 시스템을 제공한다. 우수 게놈 자원 진화 변화의 분자 유전 학적 해부을 용이하게 사용할 수 있습니다. 맵핑 실험 흥미 후보 유전자의리스트를 생성하지만, 기능적 유전자 조작은 유전자의 역할을 테스트하도록 요구된다. 유전자 조절은 TOL2 트랜스의 시스템을 이용하여 게놈에 통합 된 트랜스 제닉 리포터 플라스미드와 함께 BAC에 조사 할 수있다. 특정 후보 유전자 및 시스 - 규정 요소의 기능은 타겟 유도함으로써 평가할 수있다TALEN 및 CRISPR / Cas9 게놈 편집 시약 돌연변이. 모든 방법은 수정 된 하나의 셀 큰가시 고기의 배아로 핵산을 도입 필요, 작업이 큰가시 고기 배아의 두께 융모막과 상대적으로 작고 얇은 할구로 도전했다. 여기서, 큰가 배아 내로 핵산 마이크로 인젝션에 대한 상세한 프로토콜은 트랜스 제닉 게놈 편집 유전자의 발현 및 기능을 연구하는 응용뿐 아니라 형질 전환의 성공 여부를 평가하고 안정한 선을 복구하는 방법에 대해 설명한다.

인핸서 활성을 갖는 리포터 유전자 형질 전환 유전자를 들어, 성공적으로 주입 트랜스 (도 4A, 4C)의 특정 세포 발현을 초래할 것이다. 주입 후 물고기 안정 라인 (도 4b에 도시 된 BAC 안정 선의 예)를 제조하는 outcrossed 수있다. 큰가시 고기의 배아에 DNA를 주입하는 것은 일반적으로 혼자 RNA보다 훨씬 높은 치사율을 초래한다. 그것은 50 %?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks at JoVE.com

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Threespine 큰가시 고기과에 형질 전환 및 게놈 편집에 대한 미세 주입

트랜스 제닉 조작 게놈 편집 기능적 유전자 및 시스 - 규정 요소의 역할을 테스트하기 위해 중요하다. 여기에 (TOL2 매개 형광 리포터 유전자 구조, TALENs 및 CRISPRs 포함) 유전자 변형의 발생에 대한 자세한 미세 주입 프로토콜은 긴급 모델 물고기의 큰가시 고기에 대한 표시됩니다.

The threespine stickleback fish has emerged as a powerful system to study the genetic basis of a wide variety of morphological, physiological, and ...

microinjection-for-transgenesis-genome-editing-threespine

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.8K 조회수.  University of California, Berkeley.  트랜스 제닉 조작 게놈 편집 기능적 유전자 및 시스 - 규정 요소의 역할을 테스트하기 위해 중요하다. 여기에 (TOL2 매개 형광 리포터 유전자 구조, TALENs 및 CRISPRs 포함) 유전자 변형의 발생에 대한 자세한 미세 주입 프로토콜은 긴급 모델 물고기의 큰가시 고기에 대한 표시됩니다. 

비디오: Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

The recruitment of chromatin regulators and the assignment of chromatin states to specific genomic loci are pivotal to cell fate decisions and tissue and organ formation during development. Determining the locations and levels of such chromatin features in vivo will provide valuable information about the spatio-temporal regulation of genomic elements, and will support aspirations to mimic embryonic tissue development in vitro. The most commonly used method for genome-wide and high-resolution profiling is chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). This protocol outlines how yolk-rich embryos such as those of the frog Xenopus can be processed for ChIP-Seq experiments, and it offers simple command lines for post-sequencing analysis. Because of the high efficiency with which the protocol extracts nuclei from formaldehyde-fixed tissue, the method allows easy upscaling to obtain enough ChIP material for genome-wide profiling. Our protocol has been used successfully to map various DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors, signaling mediators, components of the transcription machinery, chromatin modifiers and post-translational histone modifications, and for this to be done at various stages of embryogenesis. Lastly, this protocol should be widely applicable to other model and non-model organisms as more and more genome assemblies become available.

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

The question of how chromatin regulators and chromatin states affect the genome in vivo is key to our understanding of how early cell fate decisions are made in the developing embryo. ChIP-Seq&#8212;the most popular approach to investigate chromatin features at a global level&#8212;is outlined here for Xenopus embryos.

염색질 레귤레이터 및 미국에서의 게놈 전체의 스냅 샷<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리</em칩 서열 번호&gt; 태아

The recruitment of chromatin regulators and the assignment of chromatin states to specific genomic loci are pivotal to cell fate decisions and tissue and ...

연구

발생학

Mosaic Zebrafish Transgenesis for Functional Genomic Analysis of Candidate Cooperative Genes in Tumor Pathogenesis

Comprehensive genomic analysis has uncovered surprisingly large numbers of genetic alterations in various types of cancers. To robustly and efficiently identify oncogenic &#8220;drivers&#8221; among these tumors and define their complex relationships with concurrent genetic alterations during tumor pathogenesis remains a daunting task. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as an important animal model for studying human diseases, largely because of their ease of maintenance, high fecundity, obvious advantages for in vivo imaging, high conservation of oncogenes and their molecular pathways, susceptibility to tumorigenesis and, most importantly, the availability of transgenic techniques suitable for use in the fish. Transgenic zebrafish models of cancer have been widely used to dissect oncogenic pathways in diverse tumor types. However, developing a stable transgenic fish model is both tedious and time-consuming, and it is even more difficult and more time-consuming to dissect the cooperation of multiple genes in disease pathogenesis using this approach, which requires the generation of multiple transgenic lines with overexpression of the individual genes of interest followed by complicated breeding of these stable transgenic lines. Hence, use of a mosaic transient transgenic approach in zebrafish offers unique advantages for functional genomic analysis in vivo. Briefly, candidate transgenes can be coinjected into one-cell-stage wild-type or transgenic zebrafish embryos and allowed to integrate together into each somatic cell in a mosaic pattern that leads to mixed genotypes in the same primarily injected animal. This permits one to investigate in a faster and less expensive manner whether and how the candidate genes can collaborate with each other to drive tumorigenesis. By transient overexpression of activated ALK in the transgenic fish overexpressing MYCN, we demonstrate here the cooperation of these two oncogenes in the pathogenesis of a pediatric cancer, neuroblastoma that has resisted most forms of contemporary treatment.

The goal of this study is to demonstrate how the mosaic transgenesis strategy can be used in zebrafish to rapidly and efficiently assess the relative contributions of multiple oncogenes in tumor initiation and progression in vivo.

종양의 병인에 후보 협동 유전자의 기능 게놈 분석을위한 모자이크 Zebrafish의 Transgenesis

Comprehensive genomic analysis has uncovered surprisingly large numbers of genetic alterations in various types of cancers.  To robustly and efficiently ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

에반스 블루 염료와 Zebrafish의 애벌레 골격 근육 무결성 분석

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

개발에 미세 주입을 대상으로 기술<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 신장

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Identification of Critical Conditions for Immunostaining in the Pea Aphid Embryos: Increasing Tissue Permeability and Decreasing Background Staining

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental studies. Like other aphids, A. pisum propagate rapidly via parthenogenetic viviparous reproduction, where the embryos develop within egg chambers in an assembly-line fashion in the ovariole. Previously we have established a robust platform of whole-mount in situ hybridization allowing detection of mRNA expression in the aphid embryos. For analyzing the expression of protein, though, established protocols for immunostaining the ovarioles of asexual viviparous aphids did not produce satisfactory results. Here we report conditions optimized for increasing tissue permeability and decreasing background staining, both of which were problems when applying established approaches. Optimizations include: (1) incubation of proteinase K (1 &#181;g/ml, 10 min), which was found essential for antibody penetration in mid- and late-stage aphid embryos; (2) replacement of normal goat serum/bovine serum albumin with a blocking reagent supplied by a Digoxigenin (DIG)-based buffer set and (3) application of methanol rather hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for bleaching endogenous peroxidase; which significantly reduced the background staining in the aphid tissues. These critical conditions optimized for immunostaining will allow effective detection of gene products in the embryos of A. pisum and other aphids.

A protocol of whole-mount immunostaining on aphid embryos is presented, in which critical conditions for decreasing background staining and increasing tissue permeability are addressed. These conditions are specifically developed for effective detection of protein expression in the embryonic tissues of aphids.

완두콩 진딧물 태아의 면역 염색을위한 중요한 조건의 확인 : 조직 투과성을 증가 및 배경 염색을 감소

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental ...

Microstructured Devices for Optimized Microinjection and Imaging of Zebrafish Larvae

Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful model of various human diseases and a useful tool for an increasing range of experimental studies, spanning fundamental developmental biology through to large-scale genetic and chemical screens. However, many experiments, especially those related to infection and xenograft models, rely on microinjection and imaging of embryos and larvae, which are laborious techniques that require skill and expertise. To improve the precision and throughput of current microinjection techniques, we developed a series of microstructured devices to orient and stabilize zebrafish embryos at 2 days post fertilization (dpf) in ventral, dorsal, or lateral orientation prior to the procedure. To aid in the imaging of embryos, we also designed a simple device with channels that orient 4 zebrafish laterally in parallel against a glass cover slip. Together, the tools that we present here demonstrate the effectiveness of photolithographic approaches to generate useful devices for the optimization of zebrafish techniques.

Microinjection of zebrafish embryos and larvae is a crucial but challenging technique used in many zebrafish models. Here, we present a range of microscale tools to aid in the stabilization and orientation of zebrafish for both microinjection and imaging.

최적화 된 Microinjection 및 Zebrafish 애벌레의 이미징 microstructured 장치

Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful model of various human diseases and a useful tool for an increasing range of experimental studies, spanning ...

An Efficient Strategy for Generating Tissue-specific Binary Transcription Systems in Drosophila by Genome Editing

Binary transcription systems are powerful genetic tools widely used for visualizing and manipulating cell fate and gene expression in specific groups of cells or tissues in model organisms. These systems contain two components as separate transgenic lines. A driver line expresses a transcriptional activator under the control of tissue-specific promoters/enhancers, and a reporter/effector line harbors a target gene placed downstream to the binding site of the transcription activator. Animals harboring both components induce tissue-specific transactivation of a target gene expression. Precise spatiotemporal expression of the gene in targeted tissues is critical for unbiased interpretation of cell/gene activity. Therefore, developing a method for generating exclusive cell/tissue-specific driver lines is essential. Here we present a method to generate highly tissue-specific targeted expression system by employing a &#34;Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/CRISPR-associated&#34; (CRISPR/Cas)-based genome editing technique. In this method, the endonuclease Cas9 is targeted by two chimeric guide RNAs (gRNA) to specific sites in the first coding exon of a gene in the Drosophila genome to create double-strand breaks (DSB). Subsequently, using an exogenous donor plasmid containing the transactivator sequence, the cell-autonomous repair machinery enables homology-directed repair (HDR) of the DSB, resulting in precise deletion and replacement of the exon with the transactivator sequence. The knocked-in transactivator is expressed exclusively in cells where the cis-regulatory elements of the replaced gene are functional. The detailed step-by-step protocol presented here for generating a binary transcriptional driver expressed in Drosophila fgf/branchless-producing epithelial/neuronal cells can be adopted for any gene- or tissue-specific expression.

An Efficient Strategy for Generating Tissue-specific Binary Transcription Systems in Drosophila by Genome Editing

Here, we present a method for generating tissue-specific binary transcription systems in Drosophila by replacing the first coding exon of genes with transcription drivers. The CRISPR/Cas9-based method places a transactivator sequence under the endogenous regulation of a replaced gene, and consequently facilitates transctivator expression exclusively in gene-specific spatiotemporal patterns.

게놈을 편집 하 여 초파리 에서 조직 관련 이진 전사 시스템을 생성 하기 위한 효율적인 전략

Binary transcription systems are powerful genetic tools widely used for visualizing and manipulating cell fate and gene expression in specific groups of ...

Microinjection-based System for In Vivo Implantation of Embryonic Cardiomyocytes in the Avian Embryo

Interpreting the relative impact of cell autonomous patterning versus extrinsic microenvironmental influence on cell lineage determination represents a general challenge in developmental biology research. In the embryonic heart, this can be particularly difficult as regional differences in the expression of transcriptional regulators, paracrine/juxtacrine signaling cues, and hemodynamic force are all known to influence cardiomyocyte maturation. A simplified method to alter a developing cardiomyocyte's molecular and biomechanical microenvironment would, therefore, serve as a powerful technique to examine how local conditions influence cell fate and function. To address this, we have optimized a method to physically transplant juvenile cardiomyocytes into ectopic locations in the heart or the surrounding embryonic tissue. This allows us to examine how microenvironmental conditions influence cardiomyocyte fate transitions at single cell resolution within the intact embryo. Here, we describe a protocol in which embryonic myocytes can be isolated from a variety of cardiac sub-domains, dissociated, fluorescently labeled, and microinjected into host embryos with high precision. Cells can then be directly analyzed in situ using a variety of imaging and histological techniques. This protocol is a powerful alternative to traditional grafting experiments that can be prohibitively difficult in a moving tissue such as the heart. The general outline of this method can also be adapted to a variety of donor tissues and host environments, and its ease of use, low cost, and speed make it a potentially useful application for a variety of developmental studies.

In this method, embryonic cardiac tissues are surgically microdissected, dissociated, fluorescently labeled, and implanted into host embryonic tissues. This provides a platform for studying the individual or tissue level developmental organization under ectopic hemodynamic conditions, and/or altered paracrine/juxtacrine environments.

조류 배아 배아 Cardiomyocytes의 생체 내 주입에 대 한 microinjection 기반 시스템

Interpreting the relative impact of cell autonomous patterning versus extrinsic microenvironmental influence on cell lineage determination represents a ...

Egg Microinjection and Efficient Mating for Genome Editing in the Firebrat Thermobia domestica

The firebrat Thermobia domestica is an ametabolous, wingless species that is suitable for studying the developmental mechanisms of insects that led to their successful evolutionary radiation on the earth. The application of genetic tools such as genome editing is the key to understanding genetic changes that are responsible for evolutionary transitions in an Evo-Devo approach. In this article, we describe our current protocol for generating and maintaining mutant strains of T. domestica. We report a dry injection method, as an alternative to the reported wet injection method, that allows us to obtain stably high survival rates in injected embryos. We also report an optimized environment setting to mate adults and obtain subsequent generations with high efficiency. Our method underlines the importance of taking each species&#8217; unique biology into account for the successful application of genome editing methods to non-traditional model organisms. We predict that these genome editing protocols will help in implementing T. domestica as a laboratory model and to further accelerate the development and application of useful genetic tools in this species.

Egg Microinjection and Efficient Mating for Genome Editing in the Firebrat Thermobia domestica

We provide a detailed protocol for rearing, microinjection of eggs and for efficient mating of the firebrat Thermobia domestica to generate and maintain mutant strains after genome editing.

파이어 브라트 Thermobia 국내에서 게놈 편집을위한 계란 미세 주입 및 효율적인 짝짓기

The firebrat Thermobia domestica is an ametabolous, wingless species that is suitable for studying the developmental mechanisms of insects that led to ...

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

The iPSC-derived brain organoid is a promising technology for in vitro modeling the pathologies of the nervous system and drug screening. This technology has emerged recently. It is still in its infancy and has some limitations unsolved yet. The current protocols do not allow obtaining organoids to be consistent enough for drug discovery and preclinical studies. The maturation of organoids can take up to a year, pushing the researchers to launch multiple differentiation processes simultaneously. It imposes additional costs for the laboratory in terms of space and equipment. In addition, brain organoids often have a necrotic zone in the center, which suffers from nutrient and oxygen deficiency. Hence, most current protocols use a circulating system for culture medium to improve nutrition.
Meanwhile, there are no inexpensive dynamic systems or bioreactors for organoid cultivation. This paper describes a protocol for producing brain organoids in compact and inexpensive home-made mini bioreactors. This protocol allows obtaining high quality organoids in large quantities.

Here we describe a protocol for generating brain organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). To obtain brain organoids in large quantities and of high quality, we use home-made mini bioreactors.

집에서 만든 미니 생물 반응기에서 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 뇌 오르간성 생성

The iPSC-derived brain organoid is a promising technology for in vitro modeling the pathologies of the nervous system and drug screening. This technology ...

Threespine 큰가시 고기과에 형질 전환 및 게놈 편집에 대한 미세 주입

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