Este trabalho foi financiado em parte pelo NIH R01 # DE021475 (CTM), um NIH Predoctoral Training Grant 5T32GM007127 (PAE), e um NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (NAE). Agradecemos a Kevin Schwalbach para a realização de recombineering BAC e injeções, Nick Donde para gerar dados de sequenciamento Sanger CRISPR, e Katherine Lipari para feedback útil sobre o protocolo de injeção.

Os autores não têm nada para revelar.

Injectáveis ​​embriões stickleback unicelulares para transgenia ou edição genoma apresenta três desafios principais. Em primeiro lugar, em relação aos embriões de peixe-zebra, o stickleback embrionária córion é difícil e muitas vezes vai quebrar agulhas. Este problema pode ser parcialmente ultrapassada pela utilização de micropipetas de vidro grosso e mais forte e injectando perpendicular ao córion (ver protocolo, a Figura 2). Assegurar que o mínimo possível de água é adicionada a...

Um componente fundamental de compreensão de como a biodiversidade surge é a determinação das bases genéticas e de desenvolvimento de alterações fenotípicas evoluíram na natureza. O peixe Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, emergiu como um excelente modelo para o estudo da base genética da evolução. Sticklebacks sofreram muitas mudanças evolutivas adaptativas como peixes marinhos colonizaram ambientes de água doce incontáveis ​​em todo o hemisfério norte, resultando em morfológica dramática, fisiológicas e alterações comportamentais 1. Os genomas de indivíduos a partir de vinte e um populações stickleback foram sequenciados e montados, e um mapa de ligação de alta densidade foi gerado para melhorar ainda mais a montagem de 2,3. Experiências de mapeamento genético identificaram regiões genómicas subjacente fenótipos evoluídos 4-6, e em alguns casos, os papéis funcionais de genes candidatos específicos foram testados 7,8. Um número de regiões genômicas subjacentes alterações morfológicas foram identificados com genes candidatos promissores, mas estes candidatos ainda não foram testados funcionalmente 9-12. Além disso, sticklebacks são modelos comuns para estudos de genética populacional / genômica 13,14, especiação 15, o comportamento 1, endocrinologia 16, ecotoxicologia 17, imunologia e parasitologia 18 19. Estudos futuros em cada um desses campos serão beneficiados com a capacidade de executar manipulações genéticas funcionais em sticklebacks. Além manipulando as suas sequências de codificação, os papéis dos genes candidatos pode ser avaliada através do estudo as suas sequências -regulatory cis e por funcionalmente aumentando, diminuindo ou eliminando a expressão do gene candidato. Métodos de microinjeção e transgenia em sticklebacks estão bem estabelecidos 7,8,20 e foram inicialmente desenvolvido utilizando uma mediada por meganucleasemétodo 21 descrito pela primeira vez em medaka 22. O método de microinjeção modificado aqui apresentado foi otimizado para ambos transgênese Tol2 mediada e, recentemente, desenvolveu reagentes edição do genoma incluindo TALENS e CRISPR. Mudanças a cis -regulatory elementos são pensados ​​para ser crítico para a evolução morfológica, como cis -regulatory mudanças podem evitar as consequências negativas pleiotrópicos de codificação de mutações 23. Portanto, testando e comparando seqüências -regulatory cis putativos tornou-se um objetivo central de um número crescente de estudos evolutivos. Além disso, a maioria das variantes de doenças humanas são variantes reguladoras 24,25, e sistemas modelo de vertebrados são extremamente necessários para estudar a função elemento -regulatory cis e da lógica. Os peixes que fertilize seus embriões externamente em grandes números oferecem sistemas de vertebrados poderosas para estudar Regulamentação cis. O sistema de transposão Tol2, em que FOREIDNA gn para ser integrado no genoma é ladeado por sites e vinculativo Tol2 transposase co-injectados com mRNA transposase Tol2, trabalha com alta eficiência para integrar com sucesso plasmídeo constrói-se em genomas de peixes 26 - 28. Tipicamente, um intensificador de potencial é clonada a montante de um promotor basal (tais como hsp70l 29) e o gene repórter fluorescentes tais como a EGFP (proteína fluorescente verde melhorada) ou mCherry em uma espinha dorsal Tol2 e injectados com ARNm da transposase 26. Observação de expressão do repórter fluorescente, quer em embriões ou crias com transgenes integrados estavelmente injectados, fornece informação sobre a regulação espaço-temporais da expressão do gene dirigido pelo potenciador putativo. Em experiências adicionais, os potenciadores validados pode ser utilizado para dirigir a sobre-expressão específica de tecido dos genes de interesse. Para a análise das regiões -regulatory cis maiores, de alta qualidade em grande inserção genombibliotecas de IC utilizando cromossomos artificiais bacterianos (BACs) foram construídos para ambas as marinhas e de água doce sticklebacks 30. Estes BACs pode ser recombineered para substituir um gene com um gene repórter fluorescente, no contexto de uma grande (150-200 kb) região genómica 31. O repórter fluorescente é então expresso num padrão espaço-temporal, tal como determinado por sequências reguladoras dentro do BAC. Para os estudos em peixes, locais Tol2 pode ser adicionado ao CCB para facilitar a integração genómica 32,33. Nas fases posteriores de desenvolvimento quando a hibridação in situ é tecnicamente difícil, a leitura de fluorescência do BAC pode ser usado para estudar os padrões de expressão de genes, como tem sido demonstrado para stickleback osso proteína morfogenética 6 (BMP6) 20. Além disso, os padrões de expressão fluorescentes em um indivíduo pode ser rastreados ao longo do tempo, o que não pode ser conseguido com a hibridização in situ. BACs pode também ser usado para adicionar uma additional cópia de uma região genómica de aumentar a dosagem de um gene de interesse. Para o estudo da função do gene, genoma de edição é um campo explosivamente expansão que pode ser utilizado para produzir alterações específicas para sequências genómicas em uma ampla variedade de organismos 34. Transcrição nucleases efetoras ativador-like (TALENS) são nucleases modulares, específicos de sequência originalmente isoladas de patógenos de plantas que podem ser precisamente projetados para ligar directamente a uma sequência genômica de escolha e gerar uma cadeia dupla quebrar 35,36. Agrupamentos regularmente interespaçadas palindrï¿½icas repetições curtas (CRISPR) / CAS sistemas foram originalmente encontrada em bactérias e utilizar um guia de RNA e da proteína Cas9 para gerar um intervalo de uma sequência de ADN alvo complementar para o guia 37. A reparação posterior da quebra de cadeia dupla criada por ambos os TALENS e CRISPR muitas vezes deixa para trás uma pequena inserção ou deleção, o que pode prejudicar a função da sequência alvo35-37. Em sticklebacks, TALENS têm sido utilizados para interromper a expressão do gene por direccionamento um intensificador de 20, e ambos TALENS CRISPR e ter sucesso na produção de mutações em sequências de codificação (dados não publicados). Um protocolo detalhado para a geração de CRISPR para uso em peixes-zebra pode ser utilizada como orientação para desenvolver CRISPR para sticklebacks 38. Transgênicas e genoma experimentos de edição requerem introdução de ácidos nucleicos em um embrião de uma célula recém-fertilizado. Ao introduzir a ferramenta transgene ou genoma de edição no início do desenvolvimento, o número de células filhas geneticamente manipuladas no embrião é maximizada. embriões injectados são então visualmente pesquisadas quanto a fluorescência ou molecularmente rastreados para modificações do genoma. Se as células que contribuem para a linha germinal são orientados com sucesso, o transgene ou a mutação pode ser passada para um subconjunto de prole, mesmo quando letalidade pós-injecção é alta. Os peixes de mosaico pode ser outcrossed ouentrecruzadas e os seus descendentes selecionados para recuperar os alelos mutantes ou um transgene integrado de forma estável de interesse. Este protocolo descreve métodos para a introdução de transgenes e edição de reagentes genoma em embriões stickleback unicelulares e monitoramento para modificações genômicas de sucesso.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereomicroscope with transillumination</td><td>Leica</td><td>S6e/ KL300 LED</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual micromanipulator</td><td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td><td>MM33</td><td>Marzhauser M33 Micromanipulator</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Injecion system</td><td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td><td>MPPI-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Back pressure unit</td><td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td><td>BPU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette holder kit</td><td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td><td>MPIP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic base holder</td><td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td><td>Magnetic base</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foot switch</td><td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td><td>FSW</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iron plate (magnetic base)</td><td>Narishige</td><td>IP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable transfer pipettes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>13-711-7M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5% phenol red in DPBS</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P0290</td><td>injection tracer</td></tr><tr><td>#5 forceps, biologie dumoxel&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-30</td><td>for needle breaking</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette Storage Jar</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>E210</td><td>holds needles</td></tr><tr><td>6&quot;, 6 teeth per inch plaster drywall saw</td><td>Lenox</td><td>20571 (S636RP)</td><td>hold eggs for injection</td></tr><tr><td>13 cm x 13 cm glass plate</td><td>any hardware store</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillaries, 1.0 mm OD/0.58 mm ID&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>1B100-F4</td><td>*harder glass than zebrafish injection capillaries</td></tr><tr><td>150 x 15mm Petri dish</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875714</td><td>raise stickleback embryos</td></tr><tr><td>35 mm x 10 mm Petri dish</td><td>Fisher</td><td>08-757-100A</td><td>store eggs pre-injection</td></tr><tr><td>Instant Ocean Salt</td><td>Instant Ocean</td><td>SS15-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5761-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tricaine methanesulfonate/MS-222</td><td>Western Chemical Inc</td><td>MS222</td><td>fish anaesthesia/euthanasia</td></tr><tr><td>Sp6 transcription kit</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM1340</td><td>For transcription of TALENs and transposase mRNA</td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy cleanup kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74104</td><td>purify transposase or TALEN RNA</td></tr><tr><td>QiaQuick PCR cleanup kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td>clean up plasmids for injection</td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K 20 mg/ml</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM2546</td><td>for DNA preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Nucleobond BAC 100 kit</td><td>Clontech</td><td>740579</td><td>for BAC DNA preparation</td></tr><tr><td>NotI</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0189L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phusion polymerase</td><td>Fisher</td><td>F-530L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qiagen PlasmidPlus Midi kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12943</td><td>contains endotoxin rinse buffer</td></tr><tr><td>QIAQuick Gel Extraction</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28704&amp;nbsp;</td><td>for sequencing induced mutations</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol:chloroform:Isoamyl alcohol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P2069-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S2889-250G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (molecular biology grade)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E7023-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A9539</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50x Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>B49</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5-10 Kb RNA ladder</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>15623-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop&amp;nbsp; Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>Nanodrop 2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>158127-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10x PBS</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>70011-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 kb Plus DNA Ladder</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>10787-018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9541-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP-40</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>28324</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P1379-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris pH 8.3</td><td>Teknova</td><td>T1083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-strip PCR tube</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>AB-1113</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

microinjection for transgenesis and genome editing in threespine sticklebacks

O peixe Gasterosteus aculeatus emergiu como um poderoso sistema para o estudo da base genética de uma larga variedade de características morfológicas, fisiológicas e comportamentais fenótipos. Os notavelmente diferentes fenótipos que evoluíram como populações marinhas se adaptar a ambientes de água doce incontáveis, combinados com a capacidade de atravessar formas marinhas e de água doce, fornecer um sistema de vertebrados rara em que a genética pode ser usada para mapear as regiões genômicas controlar evoluiu características. Excelentes recursos genômicos estão agora disponíveis, facilitando a análise genética molecular das alterações evoluídos. Enquanto experimentos de mapeamento gerar listas de genes candidatos interessantes, manipulações genéticas funcionais são necessários para testar o papel destes genes. regulação do gene pode ser estudada com plasmídeos repórter transgénicos e BACs integrado no genoma usando o sistema de transposase Tol2. Funções de genes candidatos específicos e elementos cis -regulatory pode ser avaliada através da indução de alvomutações com reagentes de edição genoma TALEN CRISPR e / Cas9. Todos os métodos requerem a introdução de ácidos nucleicos em embriões stickleback uma célula fertilizada, uma tarefa feita desafiador pelo córion espessura de embriões stickleback eo relativamente pequeno e fino blastomere. Aqui, um protocolo detalhado para microinjecção de ácidos nucleicos em embriões stickleback é descrita para aplicações transgénicos e de edição de genoma para estudar a expressão e função do gene, bem como técnicas para avaliar o sucesso de transgénese e recuperar linhas estáveis.

Para transgenes de gene repórter que têm actividade potenciadora, injecção bem sucedido resultará na expressão específica, celular do transgene (Figura 4A, 4C). Peixes podem então ser injectados outcrossed para produzir linhas estáveis ​​(exemplo de uma linha estável BAC mostrado na Figura 4B). ADN em embriões stickleback injectando tipicamente resulta em letalidade muito mais elevado do que o RNA sozinho. É típico para ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks at JoVE.com

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Microinjeção para Transgénese e Genoma Edição na Threespine Sticklebacks

Manipulações transgénicas e edição genoma são críticos para testar funcionalmente o papel dos genes e elementos -regulatory cis. Aqui, um protocolo detalhado para microinjecção a geração de modificações genómicas (incluindo construções Tol2 mediadas repórter fluorescentes transgene, TALENS, e CRISPR) é apresentada para o peixe modelo emergente, a Gasterosteus aculeatus.

The threespine stickleback fish has emerged as a powerful system to study the genetic basis of a wide variety of morphological, physiological, and ...

microinjection-for-transgenesis-genome-editing-threespine

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.9K visualizações.  University of California, Berkeley.  Manipulações transgénicas e edição genoma são críticos para testar funcionalmente o papel dos genes e elementos -regulatory cis. Aqui, um protocolo detalhado para microinjecção a geração de modificações genómicas (incluindo construções Tol2 mediadas repórter fluorescentes transgene, TALENS, e CRISPR) é apresentada para o peixe modelo emergente, a Gasterosteus aculeatus. 

Vídeo: Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene function. Gene knockout has been used to study these gene functions in vivo. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a powerful tool used to edit genomic DNA sequences to alter gene function. While the traditional approach has been to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the single cell embryos through microinjection, this can be a slow and inefficient process in catfish. Here, a detailed protocol for microinjection of channel catfish embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 protein is described. Briefly, eggs and sperm were collected and then artificial fertilization performed. Fertilized eggs were transferred to a Petri dish containing Holtfreter's solution. Injection volume was calibrated and then guide RNAs/Cas9 targeting the toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule (TICAM 1) gene and rhamnose binding lectin (RBL) gene were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. The gene knockout was successful as indels were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The predicted protein sequence alterations due to these mutations included frameshift and truncated protein due to premature stop codons.

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

A simple and efficient microinjection protocol for gene editing in channel catfish embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is presented. In this protocol, guide RNAs and Cas9 protein were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. This protocol has been validated by knocking out two channel catfish immune-related genes.

Microinjeção de proteína CRISPR/Cas9 em bagre do canal, Ictalurus punctatus, embriões para Gene Editing

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene ...

Genética

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex determination, venom synthesis, and host-symbiont interactions, among others. A major limitation of working with this organism is the lack of effective protocols to perform directed genome modifications. An important part of genome modification is delivery of editing reagents, including CRISPR/Cas9 molecules, into embryos through microinjection. While microinjection is well established in many model organisms, this technique is particularly challenging to perform in N. vitripennis primarily due to its small embryo size, and the fact that embryonic development occurs entirely within a parasitized blowfly pupa. The following procedure overcomes these significant challenges while demonstrating a streamlined, visual procedure for effectively removing wasp embryos from parasitized host pupae, microinjecting them, and carefully transplanting them back into the host for continuation and completion of development. This protocol will strongly enhance the capability of research groups to perform advanced genome modifications in this organism.

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

Microinjection of Nasonia vitripennis embryos is an essential method for generating heritable genome modifications. Described here is a detailed procedure for microinjection and transplantation of Nasonia vitripennis embryos, which will greatly facilitate future genome manipulation in this organism.

Microinjeção de embrião e a técnica de transplante para manipulação de genoma Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex ...

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

The use of genetically modified mice has significantly contributed to studies on both physiological and pathological in vivo processes. The pronuclear injection of DNA expression constructs into fertilized oocytes remains the most commonly used technique to generate transgenic mice for overexpression. With the introduction of CRISPR technology for gene targeting, pronuclear injection into fertilized oocytes has been extended to the generation of both knockout and knockin mice. This work describes the preparation of DNA for injection and the generation of CRISPR guides for gene targeting, with a particular emphasis on quality control. The genotyping procedures required for the identification of potential founders are critical. Innovative genotyping strategies that take advantage of the "multiplexing" capabilities of CRISPR are presented herein. Surgical procedures are also outlined. Together, the steps of the protocol will allow for the generation of genetically modified mice and for the subsequent establishment of mouse colonies for a plethora of research fields, including immunology, neuroscience, cancer, physiology, development, and others.

The microinjection of mouse oocytes is commonly used for both classic transgenesis (i.e., the random integration of transgenes) and CRISPR-mediated gene targeting. This protocol reviews the latest developments in microinjection, with a particular emphasis on quality control and genotyping strategies.

Geração de ratos geneticamente modificados através da microinjecção de oócitos

The use of genetically modified mice has significantly contributed to studies on both physiological and pathological in vivo processes. The pronuclear ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression studies. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), microinjection of RNA, DNA, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and other small molecules into the developing embryo provides researchers a quick and robust assay for exploring gene function in vivo. In this video-article, we will demonstrate how to prepare and microinject in vitro synthesized EGFP mRNA and a translational-blocking morpholino oligo against pkd2, a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. We will then analyze the success of the mRNA and morpholino microinjections by verifying GFP expression and phenotype analysis. Broad applications of this technique include generating transgenic animals and germ-line chimeras, cell-fate mapping and gene screening. Herein we describe a protocol for overexpression of EGFP and knockdown of pkd2 by mRNA and morpholino oligonucleotide injection.

Microinjection is a well-established and effective method for introducing foreign substances into fertilized zebrafish embryos. Here, we demonstrate a robust microinjection technique for performing mRNA overexpression, and morpholino oligonucleotide gene knockdown studies in zebrafish.

Microinjeção de mRNA e Oligonucleotídeos Anti-Senso Morpholino em embriões Zebrafish.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression ...

Biologia

Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) technique as a means to modulate gene expression in the adult zebrafish brain. By using CVMI, substances can be administered into the cerebroventricular fluid and be thoroughly distributed along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain. We particularly focus on the use of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, which are potent tools for knocking down gene expression in vivo. In our method, when applied, morpholino molecules are taken up by the cells lining the ventricular surface. These cells include the radial glial cells, which act as neurogenic progenitors. Therefore, knocking down gene expression in the radial glial cells is of utmost importance to analyze the widespread neurogenesis response in zebrafish, and also would provide insight into how vertebrates could sustain adult neurogenesis response. Such an understanding would also help the efforts for clinical applications in human neurodegenerative disorders and central nervous system regeneration. Thus, we present the cerebroventricular microinjection method as a quick and efficient way to alter gene expression and neurogenesis response in the adult zebrafish forebrain. We also provide troubleshooting tips and other useful information on how to carry out the CVMI procedure.

In this article, we demonstrate a method for manipulation of gene expression in the ventricular cells of the adult zebrafish telencephalon using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. We present this method as an efficient and quick protocol that can be used for functional studies in the adult vertebrate brain.

Micromanipulação de expressão gênica no cérebro adulto Zebrafish Usando microinjeção Cerebroventricular de Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is  required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the  cerebroventricular ...

Neurociência

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

Microinjection do ADN em Eyebuds em embriões do laevis de Xenopus e imagem latente de GFP que expressa Arbors axonal óticos em girinos intact, vivendo de Xenopus

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

Zygote Microinjection for Creating Gene Cassette Knock-in and Flox Alleles in Mice

CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled the rapid and effortless generation of genetically modified mice. Specifically, mice and point mutant mice are readily produced by electroporation of CRISPR factors (and single-stranded oligo DNA donors) into the zygote. In contrast, gene cassette (&#62;1 kb) knock-in and floxed mice are mainly generated by microinjection of CRISPR factors and double-stranded DNA donors into zygotes. Genome editing technologies have also increased the flexibility of genetically modified mice production. It is now possible to introduce the intended mutations in the target genomic regions in a number of beneficial inbred mouse strains. Our team has produced over 200 gene cassette knock-in mouse lines, and over 110 floxed mouse lines by zygote microinjection of CRISPR-Cas9 following requests from several countries, including Japan. Some of these genome editing used BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6N inbred strains, however most used C57BL/6J. Unlike the electroporation method, genome editing by zygote microinjection in various inbred strains of mice is not that easy. However, gene cassette knock-in and floxed mice on single inbred genetic backgrounds are as critical as genetic humanized, fluorescent reporter, and conditional knockout mouse models. Therefore, this article presents the protocol for the zygote microinjection of CRISPR factors and double-stranded DNA donors in C57BL/6J mice for generating gene cassette knock-in and floxed mice. This article exclusively focuses on nuclear injection rather than cytoplasmic injection. In addition to zygote microinjection, we outline the timeline for the production process and peripheral techniques such as induction of superovulation and embryo transfer.

The present protocol describes zygote microinjection of CRISPR-Cas9 and donor DNA to efficiently produce gene cassette knock-in and floxed mice.

Microinjeção de zigoto para criação de alelos knock-in e flox de gênico em camundongos

CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled the rapid and effortless generation of genetically modified mice. Specifically, mice and point mutant mice are readily ...

Genome Editing in Astyanax mexicanus Using Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)

Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs. Towards this end, much recent work has focused on identifying candidate genes for the evolution of traits in a variety of species. However, until recently it has been challenging to functionally validate interesting candidate genes. Recently developed tools for genetic engineering make it possible to manipulate specific genes in a wide range of organisms. Application of this technology in evolutionarily relevant organisms will allow for unprecedented insight into the role of candidate genes in evolution. Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus) is a species of fish with both surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling forms. Multiple independent lines of cave-dwelling forms have evolved from ancestral surface fish, which are interfertile with one another and with surface fish, allowing elucidation of the genetic basis of cave traits. A. mexicanus has been used for a number of evolutionary studies, including linkage analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for a number of traits. Thus, A. mexicanus is an ideal system for the application of genome editing to test the role of candidate genes. Here we report a method for using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate genes in surface A. mexicanus. Genome editing using TALENs in A. mexicanus has been utilized to generate mutations in pigmentation genes. This technique can also be utilized to evaluate the role of candidate genes for a number of other traits that have evolved in cave forms of A. mexicanus.

Genome Editing in Astyanax mexicanus Using Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases TALENs

Gene-targeting mutagenesis is now possible in a wide range of organisms using genome editing techniques. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for targeted gene mutagenesis using transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs) in Astyanax mexicanus, a species of fish that includes surface fish and cavefish.

Genoma Edição na<em&gt; Mexicanus Astyanax</em&gt; Usando Transcrição Activator-like Effector nucleases (TALENS)

Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs.  Towards this end, much recent ...

Silencing the Spark: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these independently derived phenotypes, which share a common genetic architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the numerous convergent features of gymnotiforms and mormyrids, two species-rich teleost clades that produce and detect weak electric fields and are called weakly electric fish. In the 50 years since the discovery that weakly electric fish use electricity to sense their surroundings and communicate, a growing community of scientists has gained tremendous insights into evolution of development, systems and circuits neuroscience, cellular physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and behavior. More recently, there has been a proliferation of genomic resources for electric fish. Use of these resources has already facilitated important insights with regards to the connection between genotype and phenotype in these species. A major obstacle to integrating genomics data with phenotypic data of weakly electric fish is a present lack of functional genomics tools. We report here a full protocol for performing CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that utilizes endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in weakly electric fish. We demonstrate that this protocol is equally effective in both the mormyrid species Brienomyrus brachyistius and the gymnotiform Brachyhypopomus gauderio by using CRISPR/Cas9 to target indels and point mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel gene scn4aa. Using this protocol, embryos from both species were obtained and genotyped to confirm that the predicted mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel scn4aa were present. The knock-out success phenotype was confirmed with recordings showing reduced electric organ discharge amplitudes when compared to uninjected size-matched controls.

Here, a protocol is presented to produce and rear CRISPR/Cas9 genome knockout electric fish. Outlined in detail are the required molecular biology, breeding, and husbandry requirements for both a gymnotiform and a mormyrid, and injection techniques to produce Cas9-induced indel F0 larvae.

Silenciando a faísca: Edição do genoma CRISPR/Cas9 em peixes fraca elétricos

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these ...

Embryo Injection Technique for Gene Editing in the Black-Legged Tick, Ixodes scapularis

Ticks can transmit various viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens and are therefore considered vectors of medical and veterinary importance. Despite the growing burden of tick-borne diseases, research on ticks has lagged behind insect disease vectors due to challenges in applying genetic transformation tools for functional studies to the unique biology of ticks. Genetic interventions have been gaining attention to reduce mosquito-borne diseases. However, the development of such interventions requires stable germline transformation by injecting embryos. Such an embryo injection technique is lacking for chelicerates, including ticks. Several factors, such as an external thick wax layer on tick embryos, hard chorion, and high intra-oval pressure, are some&#160;obstacles that previously prevented embryo injection protocol development in ticks. The present work has overcome these obstacles, and an embryo injection technique for the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, is described here.&#160;This technique can be used to deliver components, such as CRISPR/Cas9, for stable germline transformations.

Embryo Injection Technique for Gene Editing in the Black-Legged Tick, Ixodes scapularis

The present protocol describes a method for injecting tick embryos. Embryo injection is the preferred technique for genetic manipulation to generate transgenic lines.

Técnica de injeção de embriões para edição de genes no carrapato de patas pretas, Ixodes scapularis

Ticks can transmit various viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens and are therefore considered vectors of medical and veterinary importance. Despite ...