Name: use of ultra-high field mri in small rodent models of polycystic kidney disease for in vivo phenotyping and drug monitoring
Uploaded: 2015-06-23T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 35 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring at JoVE.com

We thank Drs. Xiaofang Wang and Katharina Hopp for their invaluable help with the animal models. This work has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (DK090728, DK058816).

살아있는 동물과 어떤 절차를 시작하기 전에 실험 프로토콜은 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 승인을 받아야한다. 1. 스캐너 구성 <ol><li> 시작하기 전에, 히터가 OFF 위치에 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 미니 이미징 그라데이션과 38mm의 RF 코​​일과 미니 영상 홀더를 선택합니다. </li><li> 홀더의 중심 보어 가변 온도 어셈블리를 설치한다. </li></ol> 2. 동물 준비 <ol><li> 자기 공명 영상 실험을 위해, 증발 이소 플루 란을 사용하여 최적의 마취를 얻을 수 있습니다. 마취의 유도, 흡수 조직 늘어서 유도 챔버에서 동물을 배치합니다. 2.0-2.5 L / 분, 산소의 3 %에 이소 플루 란에 이소 플루 란 기화기의 유량계를 조정합니다. </li><li> 이 단계에서 금속 태그 또는 다른 금속 물체를 제거합니다. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 동물의 눈에 수의사 연고를 적용합니다. </li><li> 동물 일단마취의 수술 비행기에 도달했습니다 (즉, 발가락 핀치에 철수 반사 손실)은, 코 콘에 삽입 코와 홀더에 동물을 배치합니다. 2.0-2.5 ml / 분에 프로브 마취 공기 흐름과 산소의 1.5-2.0 %로 이소 플루 란 농도를 설정합니다. 마취 절차를 수행하는 동안 코 콘을 통해 전달됩니다. 주기적 ~ 40 BPM의 호흡 속도를 유지하기 위해 동물의 연령 및 체중에 따라 이소 플루 란 농도를 조정한다. </li><li> 대신에, 동물을 고정하고 MRI 실험 동안 움직임을 방지하기 위해 동물 홀더를 사용. 바디 영역에 따라 동물 홀더 유형이 스캔 할 다양하다. 주 : 실험실 플라스틱 (폴리 프로필렌, 테플론, 폴리스티렌, 폴리 카보네이트)로부터 받아서 홀더 특정 실험을 수용하고 (160g 래트 신생아로부터 마우스) 동물의 크기에 맞게 만들어 질 수있다. </li><li> 동물의 신체 온도를 모니터링하기 위해 동물의 직장 온도계를 놓습니다. 특급시eriment 따뜻한 공기의 스트림을 사용하여, 35-37 ℃에서 동물 유지. 공기 온도 (30-38 ° C의)과 동물의 체온 피드백을 기반으로 흐름 (1,200-2,000 리터 / h)를 조정합니다. </li><li> 호흡 속도를 모니터링하는 동물의 복부에 풍선 호흡 압력 센서를 부착합니다. </li><li> RF 코일의 중심에서, 동물을 고정하고 신중 MRI 스캐너로 동물 RF 코​​일을 배치했다. </li></ol> 3. 자기 공명 영상 실험 <ol><li> 조정이 실험은 RF 전력 사용을 최소화하고, 신호 대 잡음비를 최대화하기 시작하기 전에 RF 코​​일 일치. 일치 / 튜닝을 시작하려면 : <ol><li> 도구 아이콘을 클릭하여 분광계 제어 도구를 엽니 다. </li><li> 분광계 제어 도구에서 수집 → 워블을 클릭합니다. ACQ / 레코 창 워블 곡선을 표시 열립니다. </li><li> 선택적 반사 RF 전력까지 작은 단계로 조정 및 정합 커패시터 (튜닝 봉을 사용하고 매칭)을 조정할최소화된다. 목표는 횡축 제로에 위치 수직축에서 최소 곡선을 볼 수있다. </li><li> 코일의 교정이 성공적으로 달성되면, ACQ / 레코 창에서 정지 버튼을 누르십시오. </li></ol></li><li> , 축 관상 및 시상 이미지를 만드는 세 직교면에서 스카우트 이미지를 획득. 스카우트 이미지 (12)를 취득하는 등 내부 게이트 빠른 낮은 각도 샷 (IG-FLASH)와 같은 빠른 이미지 시퀀스를 사용합니다. 실제 영상에 대한 적절한 형상을 설정하기 위해 스카우트 이미지를 사용합니다. </li><li> 특정 연구 목적에 따라 적절한 이미지 시퀀스 및 매개 변수를 선택하고 신호등과 스캔을 시작합니다. 이것은 모든 자동, RF 채널을 교정 물에 공명 자석, 설정된 반송파 주파수를 심은 및 수신기 이득을 조정한다. <ol><li> 해부학 적 연구 및 T2 강조 영상의 경우, 2D 멀티 슬라이스 또는 3D 모드로 취득. 필드의 유지, 주어진 공간 해상도 실험 시간을 단축의 클로 뷰 (FOV) 가능하지만 랩 어라운드 유물 (2.56-3.2 CM)을 방지하기에 충분히 큰만큼 작은. </li></ol></li><li> 반복 시간 (TR) 및 / 또는 조각의 수의 적절한 선택에 의해 동물의 호흡주기보다 약간 짧은 선택한 시퀀스의주기를 유지합니다. 이 데이터는 동물의 조용한 기간 동안 수집되는 것을 보장한다. <ol><li> 예를 들어, 복부 이미지, ~ 30 BPM에서 동물의 호흡을 유지; 그 숨 당 약 2,000 밀리 초입니다. TR로, 휴식 향상 (RARE) 순서로 터보 빠른 취득을 사용하여 11-19 관상 조각을 취득 / TE 9분의 1,500 밀리 초 희귀 인자 8 (매트릭스 256 X 256, FOV 2.56 X 2.56 cm, 슬라이스 두께 0.75 ㎜) . 참고 : 1,500 밀리 초에 TR을 조정하고, ~ 30 BPM을 (숨 2,000 밀리 초) 동물의 호흡 속도를 유지함으로써, 우리는 데이터가 동물의 조용한 기간 동안 수집되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 모든 화상 취득이 완료되면, 주사 동물을 배치가열 패드에 외래 때까지 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. 복구 후 케이지에 동물을 반환하고, 동물 시설로 돌아 가기 전에 1 시간 동안 적어도 모니터링. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 원고는 생체 표현형 특성 또는 PKD에 대한 설치류 모델에서 약물 모니터링을위한 도구로 UHF 자기 공명 영상 사용의 가능성을 보여줍니다. 우리는 넓은 구멍 마이크로 미니 이미징 액세서리를 갖춘 이동이다 III 고해상도 NMR 분광계와 16.4 T에서 수행 실험을 설명합니다. 분광계는 Paravision 5.1 이미징 소프트웨어에 의해 제어 TopSpin2.0PV 취득 및 처리 소프트웨어에 의해 ?...

다낭성 신장 질환 (PKD)는 신장 낭의 발달을 특징으로 단일 유전자 질환의 군을 포함한다. 그 중 상 염색체 우성 다낭성 신장 질환 (ADPKD)과 염색체 - 열성 다낭성 신장 질환의 가장 일반적인 유형 1, 2를 나타냅니다 (ARPKD)이다. ADPKD, 유전성 신장 낭종 성 질환의 가장 흔한 형태는 PKD1 또는 PKD2 유전자의 돌연변이에 의해 유래. 그것은 후기 발병, 여러 양측 신장 낭종, 변수 여분 신장 낭종을 동반뿐만 아니라 심장 혈관과 근육 골격의 이상을 특징으로한다. ARPKD, 가장 일반적으로 영향을 미치는 신생아 및 어린 아이들, PKHD1 돌연변이에 의해 발생 및 확대 에코 신장과 선천성 간 섬유증 3을 특징으로한다. 중요한 것은, ADPKD 모두 상당한 P 결과 유전자 (제닉)과 변이 (대립 유전자) 수준에서 이질성이 특징입니다henotypic 변화. PKD1 유전자의 돌연변이는 심한 임상 양상 (다수의 낭종, 조기 진단, 고혈압, 및 혈뇨),뿐만 아니라 (PKD2 돌연변이를 가진 환자는 20 년 전) 신장 질환 단계를 종료하는 빠른 진행과 관련된 4. 심한 다낭성 간 질환 (PLD)과 혈관 이상은 PKD1과 PKD2 5 모두에 돌연변이와 연관 될 수 있습니다. ADPKD의 신장 합병증의 대부분은 연관된 염증 및 섬유증과 함께 낭종 팽창의 결과로 주로 발생한다. 낭종 개발은 자궁에서 시작하여 환자의 일생을 통해 계속됩니다. 신장은 보통 20 개 이상의 배 정상 신장 볼륨에 도달 할 수에도 불구하고 자신의 콩팥 모양의 모양을 유지한다. 신장 낭종의 환자 현재 양측 분포의 대부분은, 그러나 어떤 특별한 경우에, 낭종은 일방적 또는 비대칭 패턴으로 개발할 수 있습니다. 주요 challen신장 내과는 ADPKD 환자를 다음 또는 치료를 구현하기위한 GE는 질병의 자연 경과입니다. 그 과정의 대부분 동안, 신장 기능은 정상 유지 및 신장 기능이 감소하기 시작하는 시간, 신장의 대부분은 낭종에 의해 대체되었습니다. 치료법은 나중 단계에서 구현 될 때, 이는 환자가 이미 만성 신장 질환의 귀환 포인트에 도달 할 수 있기 때문에 성공하기 어렵다. 치료는 초기 단계에서 시작되는 경우 반대로, 그것은 전적으로 사구체 여과율에 기초한 응답을 식별하는 것이 곤란하다. 그 결과, 질병 진행의 마커로서 신장 용적의 개념은 주목을 받았다. ADPKD 환자에서 신장 낭종 볼륨의 증가는 직접 한 총 신장 볼륨 (TKV)의 잠재력을 강조, 신장 기능 저하와 관련이 있음을 다낭성 신장 질환 (선명한) 연구의 방사선 영상 연구 컨소시엄을 보여 주었다질병 진행의 6,7에 대한 urrogate 마커. 따라서, TKV 현재 ADPKD 2,8,9에 대한 여러 임상 시험에서 기본 또는 보조 엔드 포인트로 사용됩니다. 여러 쥐 모델을 포함 자발적인 돌연변이와 유전자 조작은 PKD 10, 11의 발병 기전을 밝혀왔다. Pkd1 또는 Pkd2 모델 (Pkd1 또는 Pkd2 중 하나에 돌연변이), 그들이 완벽하게 모방 인간의 질병에서 가장 인기있는 사람이되었다. 또한 Pkd1 또는 Pkd2 유전자 이외의 유전자 돌연변이 쥐 모델 질환과 관련된 신호 전달 경로 해명 실험 플랫폼으로 사용되어왔다. 또한, 이들 모델의 몇몇 잠재적 인 치료법을 테스트하는 데 사용되어왔다. 그러나, PKD 많은 설치류 연구에 제한 요소를 순차적으로 신장 해부학 적 및 기능적 변화를 분석하는 효율적인 비 침습적 방법은 종종 부족하다. 자기 Resonance 이미징 (MRI)이 우수한 부드러운 티슈 콘트라스트 및 해부학 상세를 제공하고 있으나 TKV 측정을 허용 ADPKD 환자를 따르는 전류 금 표준 영상 법이다. MRI가 아니라 생체 내에서 더 큰 동물과 인간, 촬상 작은 설치류에서 해부학 촬상 수립 되더라도 높은 해상도의 이미지를 획득 할 수있는 능력이 그 유용성을 제한 할 수있는 추가의 기술적 도전을 수반한다. 초고 필드 (UHF) MRI (7-16.4 T)과 강한 구배 현상의 도입으로, 이것은 유사한 잡음비 및 진단 품질 MRI 화상의 공간 해상도 신호 - 더 달성하는 것이 가능하다 인간에서 얻어진. 따라서, PKD에 대한 작은 설치류 모델의 생체 내 이미징을위한 UHF MRI의 사용은 연구를위한 강력한 도구가되고있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>AVANCEIII-700 (16.4 T)</td><td>Bruker</td><td>BH067206</td><td>Wide-bore two channel multinuclear spectrometer equipped with mini and micro-imaging accessories for &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; small rodent imaging</td></tr><tr><td>TopSpin2.0PV</td><td>Bruker</td><td>H9088TA2</td><td>Spectrometer processing software</td></tr><tr><td>Paravision 5.1</td><td>Bruker</td><td>T10314L5</td><td>Imaging sofware</td></tr><tr><td>VTU BVT 3000 digital</td><td>Bruker</td><td>W1101095</td><td>Temperature controller</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of ultra-high field mri in small rodent models of polycystic kidney disease for in vivo phenotyping and drug monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease, and are very convenient for rapid drug screening and testing of promising therapies. A limiting factor in these studies is often the lack of efficient non-invasive methods for sequentially analyzing the anatomical and functional changes in the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard imaging technique to follow autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, providing excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail and allowing Total Kidney Volume (TKV) measurements.A major advantage of MRI in rodent models of PKD is the possibility for in vivo imaging allowing for longitudinal studies that use the same animal and therefore reducing the total number of animals required. In this manuscript, we will focus on using Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI to non-invasively acquire in vivo images of rodent models for PKD. The main goal of this work is to introduce the use of MRI as a tool for in vivo phenotypical characterization and drug monitoring in rodent models for PKD.

이 논문에서 우리는 PKD 및 기타 신장 질환에 대한 설치류 모델에서 생체 표현형 특성 또는 약물 모니터링을위한 도구로 UHF 자기 공명 영상의 유용성을 표시하는 것을 목표로하고 있습니다. 모든 실험은 IACUC 승인 실험 프로토콜의 일부였다. PKD는 UHF MRI를 사용하기위한 작은 설치류 모델의 생체 표현형에서 : 모든 영상 검사는 브루 커 AVANCEIII-7...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring at JoVE.com

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

대한 다낭성 신장 질환의 작은 설치류 모델에서 매우 높은 필드 MRI의 사용<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 표현형 의약품 모니터링

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

use-ultra-high-field-mri-small-rodent-models-polycystic-kidney

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

11.4K 조회수.  Mayo Clinic. The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

비디오: Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Utilizing High Resolution Ultrasound to Monitor Tumor Onset and Growth in Genetically Engineered Pancreatic Cancer Models

The LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mouse model represents an established and frequently used transgenic model to evaluate novel therapies in pancreatic cancer. Tumor onset is variable in the KPC model between 8 weeks and several months. Therefore, non-invasive imaging tools are required to screen for tumor onset and monitor for response to treatment. To address this issue, different approaches have emerged over the last years. High resolution ultrasound has major advantages such as non-invasiveness, fast session times and a high image resolution without radiation exposure. However, ultrasound in mice is not trivial and sufficient anatomical knowledge and practical skills are required to successfully perform high resolution ultrasound in preclinical pancreatic cancer models. With the following article, a detailed hands-on guide for abdominal ultrasound in murine models with a particular focus on endogenous pancreatic cancer models is presented. Furthermore, a summary of common mistakes and how to avoid them is provided.

This article describes the utilization of high-resolution ultrasound in genetically engineered pancreatic cancer mice. The primary aim is to provide a detailed instruction for detection and evaluation of endogenous pancreatic tumors.

고해상도 초음파 모니터 종양 발병 및 성장 췌장암 유전자 조작된 모델에서을 활용 하 여

The LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mouse model represents an established and frequently used transgenic model to evaluate novel ...

연구

암 연구학

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

여러 마우스 Neuroanatomical 자기 공명 영상

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

신경과학

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystic 신장 질환과 함께 인간과 마우스의 염색체 이상을 공부하는 스펙트럼 Karyotyping

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

의학

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

쥐에서 초음파 기술을 사용하여 약물 유발 신장 혈역학 적 부전의 조기 발견

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

의식 설치류에서 신장 기능의 경피 평가

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

신장 기능 사 질병 마우스 모델에서의 평가

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Use of 3D Robotic Ultrasound for In Vivo Analysis of Mouse Kidneys

Common modalities for in vivo imaging of rodents include positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). Each method has limitations and advantages, including availability, ease of use, cost, size, and the use of ionizing radiation or magnetic fields. This protocol describes the use of 3D robotic US for in vivo imaging of rodent kidneys and heart, subsequent data analysis, and possible research applications. Practical applications of robotic US are the quantification of total kidney volume (TKV), as well as the measurement of cysts, tumors, and vasculature. Although the resolution is not as high as other modalities, robotic US allows for more practical high throughput data collection. Furthermore, using US M-mode imaging, cardiac function may be quantified. Since the kidneys receive 20%-25% of the cardiac output, assessing cardiac function is critical to the understanding of kidney physiology and pathophysiology.

Use of 3D Robotic Ultrasound for In Vivo Analysis of Mouse Kidneys

This protocol demonstrates robotic ultrasound (US) as a practical, cost-effective, and quick alternative to traditional non-invasive image modalities.

마우스 신장의 생체 내 분석을 위한 3D 로봇 초음파 사용

Common modalities for in vivo imaging of rodents include positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ...

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes

Applying novel microscopy methods to suitable animal disease models to explore the dynamic physiology of the kidney remains a challenge. Rats with surface glomeruli provide a unique opportunity to investigate physiological and pathophysiological processes using intravital 2-photon microscopy. Quantification of glomerular capillary blood flow and vasoconstriction and dilatation in response to drugs, permeability, and inflammation are just some of the processes that can be studied. In addition, transgenic rats, i.e., podocytes labeled with fluorescent dyes and other molecular biomarker approaches, provide increased resolution to directly monitor and quantify protein-protein interactions and the effects of specific molecular alterations.
In mice, which lack surface glomeruli after four weeks of age, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for several weeks has been used to induce surface glomeruli. As this induction model does not allow for baseline studies, we quantified the effects of UUO on glomerular processes in the UUO model in Munich Wistar Fr&#246;mter (MWF) rats, which have surface glomeruli under physiologic conditions. The UUO model for five weeks or more induced significant alterations to gross renal morphology, the peritubular and glomerular microvasculature, as well as the structure and function of tubular epithelia. Glomerular and peritubular red blood cell (RBC) flow decreased significantly (p &#60; 0.01), probably due to the significant increase in the adherence of white blood cells (WBCs) within glomerular and peritubular capillaries. The glomerular sieving coefficient of albumin increased from 0.015 &#177; 0.002 in untreated MWFs to 0.045 &#177; 0.05 in 5-week-old UUO MWF rats. Twelve weeks of UUO resulted in further increases in surface glomerular density and glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC) for albumin. Fluorescent albumin filtered across the glomeruli was not reabsorbed by the proximal tubules. These data suggest that using UUO to induce surface glomeruli limits the ability to study and interpret normal glomerular processes and disease alterations.

Here, we present a protocol using 2-photon microscopy in Munich Wistar Fromter rats with surface glomeruli to quantifythe effects of prolonged ureteral obstruction on glomerular dynamics and function.

2광자 현미경을 사용하여 만성 일방적 요관 폐쇄가 사구체 과정에 미치는 영향을 정량화

Applying novel microscopy methods to suitable animal disease models to explore the dynamic physiology of the kidney remains a challenge. Rats with surface ...

High-Resolution Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Small Animals

Positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) are among the most employed diagnostic imaging techniques, and both serve in understanding cardiac function and metabolism. In preclinical research, dedicated scanners with high sensitivity and high spatio-temporal resolution are employed, designed to cope with the demanding technological requirements posed by the small heart size and very high heart rates of mice and rats. In this paper, a bimodal cardiac PET/CT imaging protocol for experimental mouse and/or rat models of cardiac diseases is described, from animal preparation and image acquisition and reconstruction to image processing and visualization.
In particular, the 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG)-PET scan allows for the measurement and visualization of glucose metabolism in the different segments of the left ventricle (LV). Polar maps are convenient tools to display this information. The CT part consists of a time-resolved 3D reconstruction of the entire heart (4D-CT) using retrospective gating without electrocardiography (ECG) leads, allowing the morphofunctional evaluation of the LV and the subsequent quantification of the most important cardiac function parameters, such as ejection fraction (EF) and stroke volume (SV). Using an integrated PET/CT scanner, this protocol can be executed within the same anesthesia induction without the need to reposition the animal between different scanners. Hence, PET/CT can be seen as a comprehensive tool for the morphofunctional and metabolic evaluation of the heart in several small animal models of cardiac diseases.

Here, we present an experimental imaging protocol for the quantification of cardiac function and morphology using high-resolution positron emission tomography/computed tomography for small animals. Both mice and rats are considered, discussing the different requirements of computed tomography contrast agents for the two species.

소형 동물을 위한 고해상도 심장 양전자 방출 단층 촬영/컴퓨터 단층 촬영

Positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) are among the most employed diagnostic imaging techniques, and both serve in understanding ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>마우스의 간 미세혈관 분석을 위한 초고속 도플러 초음파

Imaging and Quantification of the Hepatic Vasculature of Mice Using Ultrafast Doppler Ultrasound

Non-invasive in vivo imaging of the vasculature is a powerful tool for studying disease mechanisms in rodents. To achieve high sensitivity imaging of the microvasculature using Doppler ultrasound methods, imaging modalities employing the concept of ultrafast imaging are preferred. By increasing the frame rate of the ultrasound scanner to thousands of frames per second, it becomes possible to improve the sensitivity of the blood flow down to 2 mm/s and to obtain functional information about the microcirculation in comparison to a sensitivity of around 1 cm/s in conventional Doppler modes. While Ultrafast Doppler ultrasound (UFUS) imaging has become adopted in neuroscience, where it can capture brain activity through neurovascular coupling, it presents greater challenges when imaging the vasculature of abdominal organs due to larger motions linked to breathing. The liver, positioned anatomically under the diaphragm, is particularly susceptible to out-of-plane movement and oscillating respiratory motion. These artifacts not only adversely affect Doppler imaging but also complicate the anatomical analysis of vascular structures and the computation of vascular parameters. Here, we present a qualitative and quantitative imaging analysis of the hepatic vasculature in mice by UFUS. We identify major anatomical vascular structures and provide graphical illustrations of the hepatic macroscopical anatomy, comparing it to an in-depth anatomical assessment of the hepatic vasculature based on Doppler readouts. Additionally, we have developed a quantification protocol for robust measurements of hepatic blood volume of the microvasculature over time. To contemplate further research, qualitative vascular analysis provides a comprehensive overview and suggests a standardized terminology for researchers working with mouse models of liver disease. Furthermore, it offers the opportunity to apply ultrasound as a non-invasive complementary method to inspect hepatic vascular defects in vivo and measure functional microvascular alterations deep within the organ before unraveling blood vessel anomalies at the micron scale levels using ex vivo staining on tissue sections.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>초고속 도플러 초음파를 이용한 생쥐의 간 혈관 구조의 이미징 및 정량화

Ultrafast Doppler ultrasound (UFUS) with high spatial resolution (100 &#956;m) and sensitivity represents a suitable noninvasive imaging modality for obtaining a comprehensive qualitative overview of the hepatic vasculature. UFUS also facilitates quantitative measurements of the microvasculature, aiming to enhance our understanding of vascular disease mechanisms.

초고속 도플러 초음파를 이용한 생쥐의 간 혈관 구조의 이미징 및 정량화

Non-invasive in vivo imaging of the vasculature is a powerful tool for studying disease mechanisms in rodents. To achieve high sensitivity imaging of the ...

대한 다낭성 신장 질환의 작은 설치류 모델에서 매우 높은 필드 MRI의 사용

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