Authors would like to thank Catherine Solioz for her skillful assistance.

1. BCM 준비 <ol><li> 가능한 한 신선한 지역 정육점에서 돼지 턱을 얻습니다. 회사 표면에 턱을 놓고 전체 두께 플랩이있는 부드러운 조직을 떠나거나 뼈에 부착 된 골막하지 않도록 특별한주의를 기울이고 놓습니다. 흐름 후드에서 작동 할 필요없이 깨끗한 환경에서 작업. </li><li> 전체 두께 플랩이 해제되면, 협측에서 뼈 칩을 수확 뼈 스크레이퍼를 사용합니다. 뼈 스크레이퍼 날카로운되어 있어야합니다. 단단히 뼈 스크레이퍼를 처리하고 긴 운동은 뼈를 수집로. 작은 그 1mm를 뼈 칩을 폐기하십시오. <ol><li> 기본 뼈 칩을 유지하기 위해, 1 %의 항생제와 그들을 밖으로 건조를 허용하지 않습니다 항진균제 보충 둘 베코의 수정 이글의 중간 (DMEM)와 10cm 직경의 플라스틱 접시에 직접 뼈 칩을 놓습니다. </li><li> 열처리의 영향을 평가하기 위해, 대상 뼈 칩은 80 ° C에서 30 분 동안 저온 살균 또는121 ℃에서 20 분 동안 오토 클레이브. </li><li> , 탈회의 영향을 평가 4 ℃에서 4-6 시간 동안 1 M HCL에 뼈 칩을 흔들 pH가 중성이 될 때까지 배양 배지로 반복 세척합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 새로운 플라스틱 접시에 1 % 항생제와 항진균제로 보충 된 10 ml의 신선한 DMEM 당 뼈 칩 5 g의 총을 놓습니다. </li><li> 24 시간 동안 37 ℃에서 가습 분위기에서 플라스틱 접시를 놓습니다. 그런 다음, 수확 BCM. 원심 분리기, 파편을 제거 멸균 (0.2 nm의) 필터, -80 ℃에서 냉동 분취 량을 유지하기 위해 10 분 동안 200 XG에 BCM. </li><li> 바로 사용하기 전에 BCM 주식을 해동과 동결 융해의 반복주기를 피하십시오. </li><li> 나타낸 실험에서, RT에서 1 시간 동안 BCM 또는 무 혈청 배지로 콜라겐 막을 담가. PBS로 적극적으로 막을 세척하고 96 웰 플레이트에 배치합니다. 젖은 막은 세포와 씨앗을 품고있다. </li><li> BCM의 제조 공정은도 1에 요약 하였다. </리&gt; </ol> 간엽 세포 기준 2. 생물학적 정량 <ol><li> / cm 2 30,000 세포의 농도로 12 웰 플레이트 (예를 들어, 골 세포, 치은 및 치주 인대 섬유 아세포) 종자 인간 간엽 세포. 세포를 DMEM으로 이루어지는 성장 배지, 10 % 소 태아 혈청과 항생제를 사용 시드. 세포는 플레이트의 O / N에 부착하자. </li><li> 문화 매체를 취소하고 37 ° C에서 미리 예열 PBS로 세포를 씻어. 와 20 % BCM없이 예열 무 혈청 배지를 첨가하여 세포를 자극한다. 24 시간 동안 37 ° C에서 가습 된 분위기에서 셀을 놓는다. </li><li> , 문화 매체를 폐기 미리 예열 PBS로 세포를 씻어하고 원하는 프로토콜에 따라 RNA를 추출. </li><li> 각 샘플에서 RNA의 동일한 금액을하기 위해 RNA의 농도를 조정합니다. cDNA를 준비하고, 표 1에 나타낸 프라이머를 사용하여 선택된 유전자를 분석 QRT-PCR을 수행한다. 참고 :이 모든 구성 요소의 희석 수 있습니다 : 배 SYBR 녹색, 20 배 프라이머 앞으로, 20 배 프라이머 역, 5 배 무균 DD 물, 5 배의 cDNA. QRT-PCR은 95 ° C 15 초, 40 사이클 및 60 ° C에서 1 분간 수행된다. </li><li> CT GAPDH와 Δ (ΔCT) ΔCT 자극 - - ΔCT 제어 ΔCT는 CT의 대상이되는 Δ (ΔCT) 방법을 사용하여 하우스 키핑 유전자 GAPDH에 정상화가 상대적 발현 수준을 계산합니다. </li><li> 이 품질 관리 후에, 중간 엽 세포, 조혈 세포 또는 내피 세포를 포함하여 모든 유형의 세포를 자극하는 배양액을 추가로 BCM. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다. 조르디 Caballé - 세라노는 치과 연구 및 교육, 바젤, 스위스의 재단에서 장학금을 받았다.

뼈 에어컨 매체는 골 재생의 초기 단계 동안 뼈 이식의 공개 활동을 반영한다. 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜이 골 재생에 관여하는 세포의 다른 유형의 반응을 연구하기 위해 적응 될 수있다. 또한, 프로토콜 처리 된 뼈 또는 뼈 충전제로부터의 조건화 배지를 제조 할 수있다. 다양한 네이티브 및 처리 뼈에서 방출 요인 : 방법을 수행하고 간단한 개념에 의존하기 쉽다. 방법 BCM을 이해하는 것은 중간 ?...

자가 뼈 널리 기형의 결과, resective 수술, 재건 외상 수술, 이전 임플란트 식립 1, 2에로 발생한 결함을 연결하는 데 사용됩니다. 뼈 이식은 이식 통합의 과정을 지원하는 방법의 생물학적 원리를 이해하는 것은자가 이식이 재건 수술의 황금 표준으로 간주하는 이유를 이해하기 만 키가 아닌, 그것은 또한 뼈 대체 (3)의 개선 된 디자인에 생체 공학입니다. 그러나 이식 통합은 빠른자가 뼈와 뼈가 4,5 대체 비교된다. 따라서, 골 재생을 지원하기 때문에 효과적인 자가골을 분자 세포 메커니즘을 나타 내기 위해 필수적이다. 통합 프로세스의 6,7을 지원하는 것으로 간주되는자가 이식의 세 교과서의 특성이 있습니다. 첫째,자가 뼈가 성장하는 새로 형성된 뼈에 대한 지침을 제공, osteoconductive입니다결함에. 둘째,자가 뼈는 조골 세포 (8)로 분화 할 수 중간 엽 세포를 포함 즉, 골 형성이다. 매트릭스 내에 안치 뼈 형태 형성 단백질 유사 성장 인자 연골 또는 골 형성 intramembranous (9)의 처리를 개시 할 수있다 셋째, 자가골은 골 유도된다. 또 다른 측면이있다 : 갓 준비 뼈 칩은 &quot;뼈 에어컨 매체&quot;10 ~ 15과 체외 관찰을 기반으로 분비 기능을 유지. 또한 myelopoiesis의 영향은 16를 언급한다. &quot;탈회 골 기질 - 조정 배지&quot;A와 유사한 용어는 이미 탈회 (17)에 의해 처리 된 경우에도, 1996 년 낸 뼈의 분비 기능의 전체적인 개념을 지원 하였다. 우리의 목적을 위해, BCM은 10,11 하악골 신선한 돼지로부터 제조 될 수있다. BCM의 프로테옴 분석은 성장의 사실을 포함하여, 복잡한 구성을 밝혀ORS과 세포 외 기질 (10)의 성분은, 또한 전체의 뼈 18,19 테아의 기존 기술을 연장. 따라서, BCM은 시험관 내에서 뼈 이식의 다양한 변형의 공개 활동을 반영해야한다. 중간 엽 세포는, 예를 들어 뼈 칩 또는 구두 부드러운 조직에서 분리 된 사람들을 위해, BCM 수 있나요? 체외 노출되었을 때 어떻게됩니까, BCM은 골 형성과 지방 세포 분화를 감소시키고, IL11 식 (11)의 강한 증가를 불러 일으킨다. 게놈 넓은 마이크로 어레이는 차등 BCM에 대한 응답으로 중간 엽 세포에서 발현되는 많은 유전자를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 이들 유전자 중 adrenomedullin (ADM)이며, IL11, IL33, NADPH 산화 효소 4 (NOX4), 프로테오글리칸 4 (PRG4, 또는 lubricin) 및 3 (PTX3) 15 pentraxin. 멸균 뼈 칩으로부터 얻어진 BCM은 각각 14 유전자의 발현을 변경하지 못한 경우. 저온 살균을 시행하고 동결 뼈 칩에서 BCM은 할 수 있었다유전자 발현 (14)을 변경합니다. 탈회 골 기질 (DBM-CM)의 또한 에어컨 매체는 TGF-β 조절 유전자 (20)의 표현을 변경합니다. 흥미롭게도, 주위의 부드러운 조직 뼈 (21, 22)로부터 칩을 보호하는 데 콜라겐 배리어 막은, 유전자 발현의 변화 (23)에 대한 책임 BCM의 그 부분을 흡착. BCM 연구는 몇 가지 이름을, 같은 뼈 재 흡수 파골 세포와 내피 세포로 골 재생에 관여하는 다른 세포 유형으로 확장 할 수 있습니다. 전반적으로, 축적 체외 데이터는 임상 연구의 설계를위한 과학적 근거를 제공한다. 본 프로토콜은 두 가지입니다 : 첫째, BCM을 준비하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 둘째, 체외에서 중간 엽 세포를 기반으로 생물학적 활성을 테스트하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pig Mandibles</td><td>Local bucher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone Scraper</td><td>Hu-Friedy</td><td>PPBUSE2/36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotics &amp;amp; Antimicotics</td><td>All life Technologies</td><td>15240-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen Membranes (Bio-Gide)</td><td>Geistlich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Calf Serum</td><td>Invitrogen Corporation</td><td>16030074</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Invitrogen Corporation</td><td>21885-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;br/&gt; High Pure RNA Isolation Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>11828665001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>4379012001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primers</td><td>Microsynth</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SYBR Green (for Q-RT-PCR)</td><td>Roche</td><td>4673484001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Roche</td><td>11666789001</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

bone conditioned medium: preparation and bioassay

자가 뼈 이식 널리 구강 악안면 외과, 정형 외과 및 외상에 사용됩니다. 자가 뼈 이식은 누락 된 뼈를 대체하지, 그들은 또한 골 재생의 복잡한 과정을 지원합니다. 자가 이식이 유리한 동작은 세 가지 특징에 기인한다 : osteoconductivity, osteogenicity 및 osteoinductivity을. 그러나, 다른 측면이있다 : 뼈 골 재생에 관련된 중간 엽 세포를 대상으로 할 수 성장 인자를 포함하여 분자의 무수 해제 접목. 골 이식의 분비 속성은 뼈 에어컨 매체 (BCM)를 사용하여 시험 관내에서 공부하실 수 있습니다. 여기에서 우리는 열 처리 또는 탈회를 시행 기본 돼지 피질 뼈에서 뼈 에어컨 매체를 준비하는 방법에 대한 프로토콜 및 뼈를 제시한다. 세포는 직접 BCM에 노출 또는 콜라겐 멤브레인, 이전 BCM 적신 같은 생체 재료,에 접종 할 수있다. 우리는 체외 bioassa에 대한 예를들TGF-β 조절 유전자의 발현에 중간 엽 세포와 YS. 제시된 프로토콜은 추가 골 재생시 뼈 이식의 분비 효과를 밝혀 및 재건 수술의 폭 넓은 분야의 중개 연구에 대한 경로를 엽니 다 장려해야한다.

뼈 조정 배지를 신선한 돼지 뼈 칩으로부터 제조된다. 공정의 일반 개요 BCM을 준비하고 BCM 생체 물질과 조합을 사용은도 1 및도 2에 각각 도시되어있다. BCM 준비 동안, 최종 BCM의 품질에 영향을 미칠 수있는 짧은 움직임 또는 매우 작은 뼈 칩만큼 움직임 큰 뼈 칩을 얻는 것이 중요하다. ADM, PTX3, IL11, IL33, NOX4 및 PRG4 (도 3) : BCM의 품질 BCM 타겟 유전자의 유전자 발현을 분석하?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay at JoVE.com

Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

우리는 뼈 에어컨 매체 (BCM)을 준비하고 시험 관내에서 활동을 테스트하는 방법을 여기에 대해 설명합니다.

뼈 조정 배지 : 준비 및 생물 검정

Autologous bone grafts are widely used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedics, and traumatology. Autologous bone grafts not only replace missing ...

bone-conditioned-medium-preparation-and-bioassay

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.0K 조회수.  School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern.  우리는 뼈 에어컨 매체 (BCM)을 준비하고 시험 관내에서 활동을 테스트하는 방법을 여기에 대해 설명합니다. 

비디오: Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Culture of Isolated Floor Plate Tissue and Production of Conditioned Medium to Assess Functional Properties of Floor Plate-released Signals

During development, progenitors and post-mitotic neurons receive signals from adjacent territories that regulate their fate. The floor-plate is a group of glial cells lining the ependymal canal at ventral position. The floor-plate expresses key morphogens contributing to the patterning of cell lineages in the spinal cord. At later developmental stages, the floor-plate regulates the navigation of axons in the spinal cord, acting as a barrier to prevent the crossing of ipsilateral axons and controlling midline crossing by commissural axons1. These functions are achieved through the secretion of various guidance cues. Some of these cues act as attractants and repellents for the growing axons while others regulate guidance receptors and downstream signaling to modulate the sensitivity of the axons to the local guidance cues2,3. Here we describe a method that allows investigating the properties of floor-plate derived signals in a variety of developmental contexts, based on the production of Floor-Plate conditioned medium (FPcm)4-6. We then exemplify the use of this FPcm in the context of axon guidance. First, the spinal cord is isolated from mouse embryo at E12.5 and the floor-plate is dissected out and cultivated in a plasma-thrombin matrix (Figure 1). Second two days later, commissural tissue are dissected out from E12.5 embryos, triturated and exposed to the FPcm. Third, the tissue are processed for Western blot analysis of commissural markers.

The floor plate is a crucial structure of the developing spinal cord, providing diffusible signals to progenitors and differentiating neurons. We describe a method to produce floor-plate conditioned medium, to apply it to fresh spinal cord tissue, and to assess the consequences on proteins of interest by biochemistry.

바닥 플레이트 출시 신호의 기능적 특성을 평가하기 위해 에어컨 중간의 절연 층 플레이트 조직과 생산의 문화

During development, progenitors and post-mitotic neurons receive signals from adjacent territories that regulate their fate. The floor-plate is a group of ...

연구

신경과학

Biological Compatibility Profile on Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration

Large non-union bone fractures are a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Although auto- and allogeneic bone grafts are excellent for healing such lesions, there are potential complications with their use. Thus, material scientists are developing synthetic, biocompatible biomaterials to overcome these problems. In this study, we present a multidisciplinary platform for evaluating biomaterials for bone repair. We combined expertise from bone biology and immunology to develop a platform including in vitro osteoclast (OC) and osteoblast (OB) assays and in vivo mouse models of bone repair, immunogenicity, and allergenicity. We demonstrate how to perform the experiments, summarize the results, and report on biomaterial biocompatibility. In particular, we tested OB viability, differentiation, and mineralization and OC viability and differentiation in the context of &#946;-tricalcium phosphate (&#946;-TCP) disks. We also tested a &#946;-TCP/Collagen (&#946;-TCP/C) foam which is a commercially available material used clinically for bone repair in a critical-sized calvarial bone defect mouse model to determine the effects on the early phase of bone healing. In parallel experiments, we evaluated immune and allergic responses in mice. Our approach generates a biological compatibility profile of a bone biomaterial with a range of parameters necessary for predicting the biocompatibility of biomaterials used for bone healing and repair in patients.

The number of novel biomaterials engineered for repairing large bone lesions is continuously expanding with the aim to enhance bone healing and overcome the complications associated with bone transplantation. Here, we present a multidisciplinary strategy for pre-clinical biocompatibility testing of biomaterials for bone repair.

뼈 재생을 위해 생체에서 생물학적 호환성 프로필

Large non-union bone fractures are a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Although auto- and allogeneic bone grafts are excellent for healing such ...

생체공학

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Murine 골 복 막 대 식 세포 활성화에 대 한 항 체 기반 약물 효과의 평가

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Generation of Organ-conditioned Media and Applications for Studying Organ-specific Influences on Breast Cancer Metastatic Behavior

Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lymph node, bone, lung, brain and liver in breast cancer patients. Previous research efforts have focused on identifying factors inherent to breast cancer cells that are responsible for this observed metastatic pattern (termed organ tropism), however much less is known about factors present within specific organs that contribute to this process. This is in part because of a lack of in vitro model systems that accurately recapitulate the organ microenvironment. To address this, an ex vivo model system has been established that allows for the study of soluble factors present within different organ microenvironments. This model consists of generating conditioned media from organs (lymph node, bone, lung, and brain) isolated from normal athymic nude mice. The model system has been validated by demonstrating that different breast cancer cell lines display cell-line specific and organ-specific malignant behavior in response to organ-conditioned media that corresponds to their in vivo metastatic potential. This model system can be used to identify and evaluate specific organ-derived soluble factors that may play a role in the metastatic behavior of breast and other types of cancer cells, including influences on growth, migration, stem-like behavior, and gene expression, as well as the identification of potential new therapeutic targets for cancer. This is the first ex vivo model system that can be used to study organ-specific metastatic behavior in detail and evaluate the role of specific organ-derived soluble factors in driving the process of cancer metastasis.

This manuscript describes an ex vivo model system comprised of organ-conditioned media derived from the lymph node, bone, lung, and brain of mice. This model system can be used to identify and study organ-derived soluble factors and their effects on the organ tropism and metastatic behavior of cancer cells.

유방암 전이성 행동에 장기 별 영향 유학을위한 장기 에어컨 미디어 및 응용 프로그램의 생성

Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lymph node, bone, lung, brain and liver in breast cancer patients. Previous research efforts have focused ...

의학

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by astrocytes, pericytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs). Here, we detail methods to assess BBB coverage using single cultures of immortalized human BECs, single cultures of primary mouse BECs, and a humanized triple culture model (BECs, astrocytes and pericytes) of the BBB. To highlight the applicability of the assays to disease states, we describe the effect of oligomeric amyloid-&#946; (oA&#946;), which is an important contributor to Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression, on BBB coverage. Further, we utilize the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to illuminate the drug screening potential of the techniques. Our results show that single and triple cultured BECs form meshwork-like structures under basal conditions, and that oA&#946; disrupts this cell meshwork formation and degenerates the preformed mesh structures, but EGF blocks this disruption. Thus, the techniques described are important for dissecting fundamental and disease-relevant processes that modulate BBB coverage.

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Maintaining blood-brain barrier coverage is key for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. This protocol describes in vitro techniques to delineate the fundamental and pathological processes that modulate blood-brain barrier coverage.

혈액 뇌 장벽 메쉬와 유사한 혈관 형성 및 분열을 평가하기위한 In vitro 시험 법

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by ...

A Comprehensive High-Efficiency Protocol for Isolation, Culture, Polarization, and Glycolytic Characterization of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. Macrophages are commonly classified as M1-like (inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) subtypes. M1-like macrophages are pro-inflammatory macrophages that get activated by LPS and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-&#947;, IL-12 &#38; IL-2. M1-like polarized macrophages are involved in various diseases by mediating the host&#39;s defense to a variety of bacteria and viruses. That is very important to study LPS induced M1-like macrophages and their metabolic states in inflammatory diseases. M2-like macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory macrophages, activated by anti-inflammatory cytokines and stimulators. Under the pro-inflammatory state, macrophages show increased glycolysis in glycolytic function. The glycolytic function has been actively investigated in the context of glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, compensatory glycolysis, or non-glycolytic acidification using extracellular flux (XF) analyzers.
This paper demonstrates how to assess the glycolytic states in real-time with easy-to-follow steps when the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are respiring, consuming, and producing energy. Using specific inhibitors and activators of glycolysis in this protocol, we show how to obtain a systemic and complete view of glycolytic metabolic processes in the cells and provide more accurate and realistic results. To be able to measure multiple glycolytic phenotypes, we provide an easy, sensitive, DNA-based normalization method for polarization assessment of BMDMs. Culturing, activation/polarization and identification of the phenotype and metabolic state of the BMDMs are crucial techniques that can help to investigate many different types of diseases.
In this paper, we polarized the na&#239;ve M0 macrophages to M1-like and M2-like macrophages with LPS and IL4, respectively, and measured a comprehensive set of glycolytic parameters in BMDMs in real-time and longitudinally over time, using extracellular flux analysis and glycolytic activators and inhibitors.

This protocol provides detailed and comprehensive methods for the isolation, culture, polarization, and measurement of the glycolytic metabolic state of live bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). This paper provides step-by-step instructions with realistic visual illustrations for workflow and glycolytic assessment of BMDMs in real-time.

Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. ...

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Innate immunity provides the critical first line of defense in response to pathogens and sterile insults. A key mechanistic component of this response is the initiation of innate immune programmed cell death (PCD) to eliminate infected or damaged cells and propagate immune responses. However, excess PCD is associated with inflammation and pathology. Therefore, understanding the activation and regulation of PCD is a central aspect of characterizing innate immune responses and identifying new therapeutic targets across the disease spectrum.
This protocol provides methods for characterizing innate immune PCD activation by monitoring caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are often associated with diverse PCD pathways, including&#160;apoptosis,&#160;pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. Initial reports characterized caspase-2, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-10 as initiator caspases and caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7 as effector caspases in apoptosis, while later studies found the inflammatory caspases, caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-11, drive pyroptosis. It is now known that there is extensive crosstalk between the caspases and other innate immune and&#160;cell death molecules across the previously defined PCD pathways, identifying a key knowledge gap in the mechanistic understanding of innate immunity and PCD and&#160;leading to the characterization of PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a unique innate immune inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by PANoptosome complexes, which integrate components, including caspases,&#160;from other cell death pathways.
Here, methods for assessing the activation of caspases in response to various stimuli are provided. These methods allow for the characterization of PCD pathways both in vitro and in vivo, as activated caspases undergo proteolytic cleavage that can be visualized by western blotting using optimal antibodies and blotting conditions. A protocol and western blotting workflow have been established that allow for the assessment of the activation of multiple caspases from the same cellular population, providing a comprehensive characterization of the PCD processes. This method can be applied across research areas in development, homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and cancer to evaluate PCD pathways throughout cellular processes in health and disease.

This protocol describes a comprehensive method for assessing caspase activation (caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-11) in response to both in vitro and in vivo (in mice) models of infection, sterile insults, and cancer to determine the initiation of cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis.

선천면역세포사멸을 평가하기 위한 카스파아제 활성화 평가

Innate immunity provides the critical first line of defense in response to pathogens and sterile insults. A key mechanistic component of this response is ...

Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts

Bone development and homeostasis is dependent upon the differentiation and activity of bone forming osteoblasts. Osteoblast differentiation is sequentially characterized by proliferation followed by protein synthesis and ultimately bone matrix secretion. Proliferation and protein synthesis require a constant supply of amino acids. Despite this, very little is known about amino acid consumption in osteoblasts. Here we describe a very sensitive protocol that is designed to measure amino acid consumption using radiolabeled amino acids. This method is optimized to quantify changes in amino acid uptake that are associated with osteoblast proliferation or differentiation, drug or growth factor treatments, or various genetic manipulations. Importantly, this method can be used interchangeably to quantify amino acid consumption in cultured cell lines or primary cells in vitro or in isolated bone shafts ex vivo. Finally, our method can be easily adapted to measure the transport of any of the amino acids as well as glucose and other radiolabeled nutrients.

This protocol presents a radiolabeled amino acid uptake assay, which is useful for evaluating amino acid consumption either in primary cells or in isolated bones.

배양된 뼈 세포와 분리된 뼈축의 아미노산 소비 평가

Bone development and homeostasis is dependent upon the differentiation and activity of bone forming osteoblasts. Osteoblast differentiation is ...

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, prevent fracture. In the interest to both optimize peak bone mass and combat various musculoskeletal diseases (i.e., post-menopausal osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus), incredible efforts have been made in the field of bone biology to fully characterize osteoblasts throughout their differentiation process. Given the primary role of mature osteoblasts to secrete matrix proteins and mineralization vesicles, it has been noted that these processes take an incredible amount of cellular energy, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The overall cellular energy status is often referred to as cellular bioenergetics, and it includes a series of metabolic reactions that sense substrate availability to derive ATP to meet cellular needs. Therefore, the current method details the process of isolating primary, murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and monitoring their bioenergetic status using the Real-time cell metabolic flux analyzer at various stages in osteoblast differentiation. Importantly, these data have demonstrated that the metabolic profile changes dramatically throughout osteoblast differentiation. Thus, using this physiologically relevant cell type is required to fully appreciate how a cell's bioenergetic status can regulate the overall function.

Real-time cell metabolic flux assay measures the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate, which corresponds to mitochondrial and glycolytic adenosine triphosphate production, using pH and oxygen sensors. The manuscript explains a method to understand the energy status of osteoblasts and the characterization and interpretation of the cellular bioenergetic status.

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, ...

생물학

2단계 미토콘드리아 분리를 사용한 향상된 단백질 정량 분석

Two-Step Tag-Free Isolation of Mitochondria for Improved Protein Discovery and Quantification

Most physiological and disease processes, from central metabolism to immune response to neurodegeneration, involve mitochondria. The mitochondrial proteome is composed of more than 1,000 proteins, and the abundance of each can vary dynamically in response to external stimuli or during disease progression. Here, we describe a protocol for isolating high-quality mitochondria from primary cells and tissues. The two-step procedure comprises (1) mechanical homogenization and differential centrifugation to isolate crude mitochondria, and (2) tag-free immune capture of mitochondria to isolate pure organelles and eliminate contaminants. Mitochondrial proteins from each purification stage are analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry, and enrichment yields are calculated, allowing the discovery of novel mitochondrial proteins by subtractive proteomics. Our protocol provides a sensitive and comprehensive approach to studying mitochondrial content in cell lines, primary cells, and tissues.

저자 스포트라이트: 단백질 발견 및 정량화 개선을 위한 미토콘드리아의 Two-Step Tag-Free Isolation  

We present a two-step protocol for high-quality mitochondria isolation that is compatible with protein discovery and quantification at a proteome scale. Our protocol does not require genetic engineering and is thus suitable for studying mitochondria from any primary cells and tissues.