Name: bone conditioned medium: preparation and bioassay
Uploaded: 2015-07-08T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay at JoVE.com

Authors would like to thank Catherine Solioz for her skillful assistance.

1. BCM准备<ol><li>从获得当地的屠户尽可能新鲜的猪的下颌骨。将下颚骨到坚硬的表面，并释放一个全厚皮瓣特别注意不要留下任何软组织或骨膜附着于骨。在清洁的环境，而不需要的流罩下工作的工作。 </li><li>一旦全厚瓣被释放，使用骨刮板从颊侧收获了碎骨片。请注意，骨刮板必须锐利。处理坚决骨刮板和长运动收集骨头。弃骨碎片越小1毫米。 <ol><li>维持天然骨片，直接将骨碎片直径10厘米与补充有1％抗生素和抗真菌剂不能让它们变干的Dulbecco氏改良的Eagle氏培养基（DMEM）的塑料盘中。 </li><li>为了评价热加工的影响，受骨芯片在80℃巴氏灭菌30分钟或高压釜20分钟，121℃。 </li><li>为了评价脱矿质的影响，摇骨碎片在1M HCL为4-6小时，在4℃，并用培养基反复洗涤直到pH为中性。 </li></ol></li><li>总共5克每10ml新鲜的DMEM补充有1％抗生素和抗真菌剂的骨片的放置到一个新的塑料盘。 </li><li>将塑料皿在湿润气氛中，在37℃下放置24小时。然后，收获BCM。离心机BCM的在200×g离心10分钟以除去碎片，将其过滤灭菌（0.2纳米），并保持等份冷冻在-80℃。 </li><li>在即将使用前解冻BCM股票和避免冷冻和解冻的重复循环。 </li><li>为指示的实验中，浸泡胶原膜与BCM或无血清培养基进行1小时，在室温。用PBS洗涤大力膜并将它们放入96孔板。湿膜用细胞接种。 </li><li> BCM的制备方法概述于图1中 。 </LI&gt; </ol>基于间充质细胞生物测定2 <ol><li>种子的人类间充质细胞（例如成骨细胞，牙龈和牙周膜细胞）到12孔板用30,000个细胞/ cm 2的浓度。种子细胞用生长培养基由DMEM，10％胎牛血清和抗生素。让细胞附着到板O / N。 </li><li>弃去培养液，用预温的PBS在37℃下洗涤细胞。通过加入预热的无血清培养基中有和没有20％BCM刺激细胞。将细胞在湿润气氛中，在37℃下放置24小时。 </li><li>弃去培养液，冲洗细胞与预热PBS，并根据您的首选协议提取RNA。 </li><li>调节RNA的浓度，以使每个样品中的RNA的量相同。制备的cDNA和执行定量RT-PCR分析，使用表1所示的引物的选择的基因。 注:这是每一个组件的稀释液:2X SYBR绿，20X引着，20X引反向，5倍无菌水DD，5倍的cDNA。的定量RT-PCR在95℃15秒40个循环和60℃1分钟进行。 </li><li> CT GAPDH和Δ（ΔCT）是ΔCT刺激 - - ΔCT控制通过标准化来使用Δ（ΔCT）方法，其中ΔCT是CT目标看家基因GAPDH计算相对表达水平。 </li><li>这种质量控制后，添加BCM到培养基来刺激所有类型的细胞，包括间充质细胞，造血细胞或内皮细胞。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者什么都没有透露。霍尔迪卡巴耶 - 塞拉诺获得奖学金的牙科研究和教育，巴塞尔，瑞士的基金会。

骨条件培养基反映骨移植物的过程中的骨再生的早期阶段的释放活性。这里描述的协议可以适于研究不同类型参与骨再生的细胞的反应。此外，该协议可以用于制备从加工骨或骨填充剂的条件培养基。该方法很容易执行，并依靠一个简单的概念:从各种天然和加工骨释放的因素。如何理解BCM影响间充质细胞可以帮助更多地了解移植整合和自体骨的性质。基于这种理念，我们已经积累了BCM从本土1...

自体骨被广泛用于桥接发生作为结果畸形，切除手术，重建手术创伤，和之前植入物放置1,2-缺陷。了解骨移植物是如何支持巩固移植的过程中，生物的原则是不理解为什么自体被认为是在重建手术的金标准唯一的关键，这也是仿生骨代用品3的改进设计。尽管如此，移植合并是更快地与自体骨相比，骨替代4,5。因此，当务之急是揭示，使自体骨以便有效地支持骨再生的分子和细胞机制。 还有被认为支持整合过程6,7自体移植三种教科书的特点。首先，自体骨骨传导是，新成立的骨生长提供指导入缺陷。其次，自体骨的成骨，这意味着它包含间充质细胞，能分化成成骨细胞8。第三，自体骨是骨诱导性的像埋葬在基质骨形态发生蛋白的生长因子可以发起软骨内或甚至膜内骨形成9的过程。还有另外一个方面:新鲜制备的骨碎片保持基于在体外观察与"骨条件培养基"10-15旁分泌功能。还骨髓细胞生成的影响应该提到16。与之类似的术语"脱钙骨基质条件培养基"已经创造于1996年，支持骨旁分泌功能的整体概念，即使是由脱盐处理17。对于我们而言，BCM可以从新鲜的猪准备下颌骨10,11。 BCM的蛋白质组学分析显示的成分复杂，包括生长事实口服补液盐和细胞外基质10的成分，也延长对整骨18,19的蛋白酶现有的知识。因此，BCM应该反映骨移植体外的各种修改的发布活动。 当间质细胞，例如来自骨片或口腔软组织中分离，暴露于BCM？ 在体外会发生什么，BCM降低了成骨和脂肪细胞分化，并引发IL11表达11的强劲增长。基因组范围的微阵列显示多个基因被差异表达的间充质细胞响应于BCM。在这些基因中有肾上腺髓质素（ADM），IL11，IL33，NADPH氧化酶4（NOX4），蛋白聚糖4（PRG4或润滑素）和五聚环蛋白3（PTX3）15。从高压灭菌骨碎片得到的BCM未能改变各基因14的表达。从骨片的巴氏杀菌经历和冻结BCM能改变基因表达14。脱钙骨基质（DBM-CM）的还条件培养基改变TGF-β调控的基因20的表达。有趣的是，用于从周围的软组织21,22屏蔽骨片胶原阻挡隔膜，吸附BCM的，负责的基因表达的变化23的那些部分。 BCM研究可以扩展到参与骨再生等骨吸收的破骨细胞和内皮细胞的其它细胞类型，仅举几例。总体而言，累积体外数据提供用于临床前研究的设计的科学依据。 本协议是两方面:首先，它显示了如何准备BCM。其次，它显示了如何基于骨髓间质细胞在体外测试其生物活性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pig Mandibles</td><td>Local bucher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone Scraper</td><td>Hu-Friedy</td><td>PPBUSE2/36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotics &amp;amp; Antimicotics</td><td>All life Technologies</td><td>15240-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen Membranes (Bio-Gide)</td><td>Geistlich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Calf Serum</td><td>Invitrogen Corporation</td><td>16030074</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Invitrogen Corporation</td><td>21885-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;br/&gt; High Pure RNA Isolation Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>11828665001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>4379012001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primers</td><td>Microsynth</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SYBR Green (for Q-RT-PCR)</td><td>Roche</td><td>4673484001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Roche</td><td>11666789001</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

bone conditioned medium: preparation and bioassay

自体骨移植被广泛应用于口腔颌面外科，骨科，骨伤。自体骨移植不仅取代失去的骨头，它们还支持骨再生的复杂过程。自体移植的这种有利的行为归因于三个特点:骨传导性，osteogenicity，和骨诱导性。然而，还有另外一个方面:骨移植物释放分子，包括生长因子，它可以靶向参与骨再生的间充质细胞的无数。骨移植物的旁分泌性能还可以通过使用骨条件培养基（BCM）来进行体外研究。在这里，我们提出了一个协议就如何从本地猪皮质骨骨准备条件培养基和骨头进行热加工或脱矿。细胞可以直接暴露于BCM或接种于生物材料，如胶原膜，与前面的BCM湿透。我们举例说明体外 bioassaYS上的TGF-β调节基因表达的间质细胞。所提出的协议应该鼓励进一步揭示骨移植的旁分泌影响骨再生期间和重建手术的广阔领域打开了转化型研究的路径。

骨条件培养基从新鲜猪碎骨片制成。该方法的一般概述，制备BCM和用于与BCM组合的生物材料示于图1和图2分别。在BCM制备，重要的是要获得大的骨片，长动作短的运动或非常小的骨片可以影响最终BCM的质量。霉素，PTX3，IL11，IL33，NOX4和PRG4（ 图3）:BCM的质量可以通过分析BCM靶基因的基因表达的控制。 ADM和PTX3都下调至0.4倍，IL11，IL33，NOX4和PRG4可以是上调至200倍...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay at JoVE.com

Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

我们在这里描述了如何准备骨条件培养基（BCM）和体外测试其活性。

骨条件培养基的制备和生物测定

Autologous bone grafts are widely used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedics, and traumatology. Autologous bone grafts not only replace missing ...

bone-conditioned-medium-preparation-and-bioassay

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.0K 次观看.  School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern. 我们在这里描述了如何准备骨条件培养基（BCM）和体外测试其活性。 

视频: Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Culture of Isolated Floor Plate Tissue and Production of Conditioned Medium to Assess Functional Properties of Floor Plate-released Signals

During development, progenitors and post-mitotic neurons receive signals from adjacent territories that regulate their fate. The floor-plate is a group of glial cells lining the ependymal canal at ventral position. The floor-plate expresses key morphogens contributing to the patterning of cell lineages in the spinal cord. At later developmental stages, the floor-plate regulates the navigation of axons in the spinal cord, acting as a barrier to prevent the crossing of ipsilateral axons and controlling midline crossing by commissural axons1. These functions are achieved through the secretion of various guidance cues. Some of these cues act as attractants and repellents for the growing axons while others regulate guidance receptors and downstream signaling to modulate the sensitivity of the axons to the local guidance cues2,3. Here we describe a method that allows investigating the properties of floor-plate derived signals in a variety of developmental contexts, based on the production of Floor-Plate conditioned medium (FPcm)4-6. We then exemplify the use of this FPcm in the context of axon guidance. First, the spinal cord is isolated from mouse embryo at E12.5 and the floor-plate is dissected out and cultivated in a plasma-thrombin matrix (Figure 1). Second two days later, commissural tissue are dissected out from E12.5 embryos, triturated and exposed to the FPcm. Third, the tissue are processed for Western blot analysis of commissural markers.

The floor plate is a crucial structure of the developing spinal cord, providing diffusible signals to progenitors and differentiating neurons. We describe a method to produce floor-plate conditioned medium, to apply it to fresh spinal cord tissue, and to assess the consequences on proteins of interest by biochemistry.

隔离楼板组织条件培养基和生产，以评估楼板释放信号的功能性质的文化

During development, progenitors and post-mitotic neurons receive signals from adjacent territories that regulate their fate. The floor-plate is a group of ...

科研

神经科学

Biological Compatibility Profile on Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration

Large non-union bone fractures are a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Although auto- and allogeneic bone grafts are excellent for healing such lesions, there are potential complications with their use. Thus, material scientists are developing synthetic, biocompatible biomaterials to overcome these problems. In this study, we present a multidisciplinary platform for evaluating biomaterials for bone repair. We combined expertise from bone biology and immunology to develop a platform including in vitro osteoclast (OC) and osteoblast (OB) assays and in vivo mouse models of bone repair, immunogenicity, and allergenicity. We demonstrate how to perform the experiments, summarize the results, and report on biomaterial biocompatibility. In particular, we tested OB viability, differentiation, and mineralization and OC viability and differentiation in the context of &#946;-tricalcium phosphate (&#946;-TCP) disks. We also tested a &#946;-TCP/Collagen (&#946;-TCP/C) foam which is a commercially available material used clinically for bone repair in a critical-sized calvarial bone defect mouse model to determine the effects on the early phase of bone healing. In parallel experiments, we evaluated immune and allergic responses in mice. Our approach generates a biological compatibility profile of a bone biomaterial with a range of parameters necessary for predicting the biocompatibility of biomaterials used for bone healing and repair in patients.

The number of novel biomaterials engineered for repairing large bone lesions is continuously expanding with the aim to enhance bone healing and overcome the complications associated with bone transplantation. Here, we present a multidisciplinary strategy for pre-clinical biocompatibility testing of biomaterials for bone repair.

骨再生生物材料的生物相容性曲线

Large non-union bone fractures are a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Although auto- and allogeneic bone grafts are excellent for healing such ...

生物工程

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

抗体药物对小鼠骨髓及腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用的评价

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

免疫与感染

Generation of Organ-conditioned Media and Applications for Studying Organ-specific Influences on Breast Cancer Metastatic Behavior

Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lymph node, bone, lung, brain and liver in breast cancer patients. Previous research efforts have focused on identifying factors inherent to breast cancer cells that are responsible for this observed metastatic pattern (termed organ tropism), however much less is known about factors present within specific organs that contribute to this process. This is in part because of a lack of in vitro model systems that accurately recapitulate the organ microenvironment. To address this, an ex vivo model system has been established that allows for the study of soluble factors present within different organ microenvironments. This model consists of generating conditioned media from organs (lymph node, bone, lung, and brain) isolated from normal athymic nude mice. The model system has been validated by demonstrating that different breast cancer cell lines display cell-line specific and organ-specific malignant behavior in response to organ-conditioned media that corresponds to their in vivo metastatic potential. This model system can be used to identify and evaluate specific organ-derived soluble factors that may play a role in the metastatic behavior of breast and other types of cancer cells, including influences on growth, migration, stem-like behavior, and gene expression, as well as the identification of potential new therapeutic targets for cancer. This is the first ex vivo model system that can be used to study organ-specific metastatic behavior in detail and evaluate the role of specific organ-derived soluble factors in driving the process of cancer metastasis.

This manuscript describes an ex vivo model system comprised of organ-conditioned media derived from the lymph node, bone, lung, and brain of mice. This model system can be used to identify and study organ-derived soluble factors and their effects on the organ tropism and metastatic behavior of cancer cells.

器官空调，媒体和应用的产生对乳腺癌转移行为研究器官特异性的影响

Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lymph node, bone, lung, brain and liver in breast cancer patients. Previous research efforts have focused ...

医学

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by astrocytes, pericytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs). Here, we detail methods to assess BBB coverage using single cultures of immortalized human BECs, single cultures of primary mouse BECs, and a humanized triple culture model (BECs, astrocytes and pericytes) of the BBB. To highlight the applicability of the assays to disease states, we describe the effect of oligomeric amyloid-&#946; (oA&#946;), which is an important contributor to Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression, on BBB coverage. Further, we utilize the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to illuminate the drug screening potential of the techniques. Our results show that single and triple cultured BECs form meshwork-like structures under basal conditions, and that oA&#946; disrupts this cell meshwork formation and degenerates the preformed mesh structures, but EGF blocks this disruption. Thus, the techniques described are important for dissecting fundamental and disease-relevant processes that modulate BBB coverage.

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Maintaining blood-brain barrier coverage is key for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. This protocol describes in vitro techniques to delineate the fundamental and pathological processes that modulate blood-brain barrier coverage.

评估血脑屏障网状血管形成和破坏的体外测定

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by ...

A Comprehensive High-Efficiency Protocol for Isolation, Culture, Polarization, and Glycolytic Characterization of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. Macrophages are commonly classified as M1-like (inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) subtypes. M1-like macrophages are pro-inflammatory macrophages that get activated by LPS and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-&#947;, IL-12 &#38; IL-2. M1-like polarized macrophages are involved in various diseases by mediating the host&#39;s defense to a variety of bacteria and viruses. That is very important to study LPS induced M1-like macrophages and their metabolic states in inflammatory diseases. M2-like macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory macrophages, activated by anti-inflammatory cytokines and stimulators. Under the pro-inflammatory state, macrophages show increased glycolysis in glycolytic function. The glycolytic function has been actively investigated in the context of glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, compensatory glycolysis, or non-glycolytic acidification using extracellular flux (XF) analyzers.
This paper demonstrates how to assess the glycolytic states in real-time with easy-to-follow steps when the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are respiring, consuming, and producing energy. Using specific inhibitors and activators of glycolysis in this protocol, we show how to obtain a systemic and complete view of glycolytic metabolic processes in the cells and provide more accurate and realistic results. To be able to measure multiple glycolytic phenotypes, we provide an easy, sensitive, DNA-based normalization method for polarization assessment of BMDMs. Culturing, activation/polarization and identification of the phenotype and metabolic state of the BMDMs are crucial techniques that can help to investigate many different types of diseases.
In this paper, we polarized the na&#239;ve M0 macrophages to M1-like and M2-like macrophages with LPS and IL4, respectively, and measured a comprehensive set of glycolytic parameters in BMDMs in real-time and longitudinally over time, using extracellular flux analysis and glycolytic activators and inhibitors.

This protocol provides detailed and comprehensive methods for the isolation, culture, polarization, and measurement of the glycolytic metabolic state of live bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). This paper provides step-by-step instructions with realistic visual illustrations for workflow and glycolytic assessment of BMDMs in real-time.

Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. ...

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Innate immunity provides the critical first line of defense in response to pathogens and sterile insults. A key mechanistic component of this response is the initiation of innate immune programmed cell death (PCD) to eliminate infected or damaged cells and propagate immune responses. However, excess PCD is associated with inflammation and pathology. Therefore, understanding the activation and regulation of PCD is a central aspect of characterizing innate immune responses and identifying new therapeutic targets across the disease spectrum.
This protocol provides methods for characterizing innate immune PCD activation by monitoring caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are often associated with diverse PCD pathways, including&#160;apoptosis,&#160;pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. Initial reports characterized caspase-2, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-10 as initiator caspases and caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7 as effector caspases in apoptosis, while later studies found the inflammatory caspases, caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-11, drive pyroptosis. It is now known that there is extensive crosstalk between the caspases and other innate immune and&#160;cell death molecules across the previously defined PCD pathways, identifying a key knowledge gap in the mechanistic understanding of innate immunity and PCD and&#160;leading to the characterization of PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a unique innate immune inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by PANoptosome complexes, which integrate components, including caspases,&#160;from other cell death pathways.
Here, methods for assessing the activation of caspases in response to various stimuli are provided. These methods allow for the characterization of PCD pathways both in vitro and in vivo, as activated caspases undergo proteolytic cleavage that can be visualized by western blotting using optimal antibodies and blotting conditions. A protocol and western blotting workflow have been established that allow for the assessment of the activation of multiple caspases from the same cellular population, providing a comprehensive characterization of the PCD processes. This method can be applied across research areas in development, homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and cancer to evaluate PCD pathways throughout cellular processes in health and disease.

This protocol describes a comprehensive method for assessing caspase activation (caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-11) in response to both in vitro and in vivo (in mice) models of infection, sterile insults, and cancer to determine the initiation of cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis.

评估半胱天冬酶活化以评估先天免疫细胞死亡

Innate immunity provides the critical first line of defense in response to pathogens and sterile insults. A key mechanistic component of this response is ...

Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts

Bone development and homeostasis is dependent upon the differentiation and activity of bone forming osteoblasts. Osteoblast differentiation is sequentially characterized by proliferation followed by protein synthesis and ultimately bone matrix secretion. Proliferation and protein synthesis require a constant supply of amino acids. Despite this, very little is known about amino acid consumption in osteoblasts. Here we describe a very sensitive protocol that is designed to measure amino acid consumption using radiolabeled amino acids. This method is optimized to quantify changes in amino acid uptake that are associated with osteoblast proliferation or differentiation, drug or growth factor treatments, or various genetic manipulations. Importantly, this method can be used interchangeably to quantify amino acid consumption in cultured cell lines or primary cells in vitro or in isolated bone shafts ex vivo. Finally, our method can be easily adapted to measure the transport of any of the amino acids as well as glucose and other radiolabeled nutrients.

This protocol presents a radiolabeled amino acid uptake assay, which is useful for evaluating amino acid consumption either in primary cells or in isolated bones.

评估培养骨细胞和分离骨干中的氨基酸消耗

Bone development and homeostasis is dependent upon the differentiation and activity of bone forming osteoblasts. Osteoblast differentiation is ...

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, prevent fracture. In the interest to both optimize peak bone mass and combat various musculoskeletal diseases (i.e., post-menopausal osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus), incredible efforts have been made in the field of bone biology to fully characterize osteoblasts throughout their differentiation process. Given the primary role of mature osteoblasts to secrete matrix proteins and mineralization vesicles, it has been noted that these processes take an incredible amount of cellular energy, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The overall cellular energy status is often referred to as cellular bioenergetics, and it includes a series of metabolic reactions that sense substrate availability to derive ATP to meet cellular needs. Therefore, the current method details the process of isolating primary, murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and monitoring their bioenergetic status using the Real-time cell metabolic flux analyzer at various stages in osteoblast differentiation. Importantly, these data have demonstrated that the metabolic profile changes dramatically throughout osteoblast differentiation. Thus, using this physiologically relevant cell type is required to fully appreciate how a cell's bioenergetic status can regulate the overall function.

Real-time cell metabolic flux assay measures the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate, which corresponds to mitochondrial and glycolytic adenosine triphosphate production, using pH and oxygen sensors. The manuscript explains a method to understand the energy status of osteoblasts and the characterization and interpretation of the cellular bioenergetic status.

使用实时细胞代谢通量分析仪监测成骨细胞生物能量学

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, ...

生物学

使用两步线粒体分离改进蛋白质定量

Two-Step Tag-Free Isolation of Mitochondria for Improved Protein Discovery and Quantification

Most physiological and disease processes, from central metabolism to immune response to neurodegeneration, involve mitochondria. The mitochondrial proteome is composed of more than 1,000 proteins, and the abundance of each can vary dynamically in response to external stimuli or during disease progression. Here, we describe a protocol for isolating high-quality mitochondria from primary cells and tissues. The two-step procedure comprises (1) mechanical homogenization and differential centrifugation to isolate crude mitochondria, and (2) tag-free immune capture of mitochondria to isolate pure organelles and eliminate contaminants. Mitochondrial proteins from each purification stage are analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry, and enrichment yields are calculated, allowing the discovery of novel mitochondrial proteins by subtractive proteomics. Our protocol provides a sensitive and comprehensive approach to studying mitochondrial content in cell lines, primary cells, and tissues.

作者聚焦:两步法无标签线粒体分离，改进蛋白质发现和定量  

We present a two-step protocol for high-quality mitochondria isolation that is compatible with protein discovery and quantification at a proteome scale. Our protocol does not require genetic engineering and is thus suitable for studying mitochondria from any primary cells and tissues.