Name: electroporation of functional bacterial effectors into mammalian cells
Uploaded: 2015-01-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIGMS, National Institutes of Health (GM094623). Significant portions of this work were performed in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a DOE/BER national scientific user facility located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated for the DOE by Battelle under Contract DE-AC05-76RLO1830.

1. 사전에 준비 <ol><li> 37 ° C에 따뜻한 멸균 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS). </li><li> 10 % 소 태아 혈청 (FBS)이 보충 된 이글 배지 (DMEM) 및 최소 필수 매체 (MEM)의 따뜻한 둘 베코 변형, 100 IU / ml의 페니실린, 100 ㎍ / ml의 스트렙토 마이신을 37 ° C이다. 참고 :이 각각 RAW와 헬라 세포 정상적인 성장 미디어 (NGM)를 나타냅니다. </li></ol> 세포의 2. 준비 <ol><li> NGM에 70-90%의 포화 상태에 RAW 264.7 세포를 성장. <ol><li> 가습 95 % 공기 / 5 % CO 2 분위기에서 37 ° C에서 세포를 유지한다. </li></ol></li><li> NGM에 70-90%의 포화 상태에 헬라 세포를 성장. <ol><li> 가습 95 % 공기 / 5 % CO 2 분위기에서 37 ° C에서 세포를 유지한다. </li></ol></li><li> 수집하기 전에, 멸균 PBS로 한 번 세포 단층을 씻는다. </li><li> 멸균 원뿔 튜브에 미리 합류 세포를 수집합니다. <ol><li> 부드럽게 RAW 세포를 긁어PBS에서 고무 경찰관으로, 반복 피펫으로 세포 집계를 분산한다. </li><li> 육안 검사는 문화면에서 해리가 표시 될 때까지 0.25 % 트립신 솔루션 헬라 세포를 분리합니다. 예를 들어, T-75 플라스크에 대해 2 내지 3 ml의 사용. 트립신 솔루션이 전체 성장 표면을 커버하기 위해 그에 따라 볼륨을 조정합니다. <ol><li> NGM 10 % FBS를 함유하는과 해리 반응을 켄칭. </li><li> 세포 집합체를 분산시키기 반복 피펫 팅으로, 트립신 NGM의 적어도 두 배 볼륨을 사용. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 가볍게 4 분 900 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포 펠렛. </li><li> 멸균 PBS를 사용하여 트립신 / 종결 용액과 동일한 볼륨에 재현 탁. </li><li> 입자 또는 혈구 계수기를 사용하여 세포를 카운트. </li><li> 가볍게 4 분 900 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포 펠렛. </li><li> 5.5 × 106 6.0 × 106 개의 세포 / ㎖의 PBS를위한 충분한 부피 재현 탁. 참고 : 예를 들어, 하나의 T-75 플라스크 approxim을 얻을 것입니다러면 7.5 × 10 6 세포 (29). </li><li> 전기까지 얼음에 세포 현탁액을 유지합니다. </li></ol> 일렉트로 3. 준비 <ol><li> 얼음 사전 냉각 전기 큐벳 (0.4 cm 간격). </li><li> 전기 장치의 전원을 켜고 0.3 kV의에 전압을 설정합니다. 참고 : 용량 및 저항 (제조업체가 10 μF 600 Ω로 설정) 우리의 electroporator에 설정 조정하지 않았다. </li><li> NGM과 복구 판을 작성하고 37 ℃에서 가습 95 % 공기 / 5 % CO 2 분위기에서 평형 </li></ol> 4. Electroporation에 <ol><li> 사전 냉장 큐벳에 세포 현탁액 400 μl를 놓고 베트 (/ ㎖ 50 μg의) 선택된 단백질 20 μg의를 추가합니다. </li><li> 톡 베트는 부드럽게 ~ 10 배 세포를 손상시키지 않고 혼합합니다. 참고 : 베트는 잘 혼합 여러 번 반전 될 수 있지만, 최대 피펫하지 않고 아래로 또는 소용돌이 세포의 손상을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><l난&gt; 종이 타월 또는 다른 와이퍼와 큐벳의 드라이 외부는 electroporator에 전기 불꽃을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 1.5-1.7 밀리 0.3 kV의에서 Electroporate 샘플. 참고 :이 연구에 대한 전형적인했다. </li><li> 즉시 전기 플릭 베트 후 부드럽게 ~ 10 배는 잘 혼합합니다. </li></ol> 세포의 5. 도금 <ol><li> 준비가 될 때까지 얼음에 electroporation하여 세포 보관 큐벳 복구 플레이트에 배치합니다. </li><li> 대부분의 다운 스트림 분석을 위해, 외부 이펙터 단백질을 제거하기 위해 미리 예열 NGM으로 세포가 1 배 씻는다. <ol><li> 분석을 위해 세포를 제거하고 NGM의 3-5 ml의 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 4 분 동안 900 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포 펠렛. </li><li> 원하는 판 크기 (예 : 35mm 접시 2 ml)에 대한 NGM의 적절한 볼륨을 Resuspend. </li></ol></li><li> 다운 스트림 분석을위한 세포의 적당량을 제거합니다. <ol><li> 예 1 : 현미경 분석을위한 유리 바닥 요리에 판. </li><li> 예 2 : 판 INT친 화성 - 정제를 같은 단백질 분석 용 O 세포 배양 플라스틱. </li></ol></li><li> 세포는 적어도 4 시간 동안 37 ° C에서 95 % 가습 된 공기 / 5 % CO 2 분위기하에 평형화 플레이트에서 복구 할. </li></ol> 6. 현미경 분석 6.1) 고정 / 면역 형광 염색법 <ol><li> 워시 세포는 4 시간의 회복 기간 후 멸균 PBS로 1 배. </li><li> 실온에서 2 분 동안 100 % 메탄올에 세포를 고정. 완전히 세포 (예를 들어, 2 ml의 35mm의 요리)를 충당하기 위해 충분한 메탄올을 사용합니다. </li><li> 멸균 PBS로 세척 배. </li><li> 15 분 동안 PBS에서 0.4 % 트리톤 X-100 세포를 Permeabilize 하시려면. 예를 들어, 35mm 직경 플레이트 된 1 mL의 사용. <ol><li> 에피토프 및 표적 단백질의 위치에 따라 트리톤 X-100 투과성으로 강도의 길이를 조정합니다. 참고 : 최상의 결과를 그러나 위의 조건은 대부분의 C에 적합해야한다, 경험적으로 각 대상에 대해 결정해야합니다ytosolic 목표. </li></ol></li><li> RT에서 1 시간 동안 PBS 중 5 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA)으로 차단. 예를 들어, 35mm 직경 플레이트 된 1 mL의 사용. </li><li> PBS로 세척 배. </li><li> 도 4에서 밤새 항체 용액에 결합 차 항체 (PBS 중 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100, 1 % BSA)을 부화 &#160; 부드러운 락과 C를 °. 예를 들어, 35mm 직경 플레이트를 0.5ml를 사용한다. <ol><li> 항체 희석에 대한 제조업체의 권장 사항을 따르십시오. 주 : 200 희석 : PKN1 항체 1에 사용 된 반면, 1000 희석 : 예를 들어, 스트렙 타비 딘 - 결합 펩티드 태그 (SBP-Tag)을 1 항체를 사용 하였다. </li></ol></li><li> PBS로 세척 4 배. </li><li> 빛으로부터 보호 실온에서 1 시간 동안 항체 결합 액에 적합한 형광 접합 된 이차 항체와 함께 배양한다. <ol><li> 예를 들어, 실온에서 1 시간 동안 또는 알렉사 488 알렉사 647을 사용한다. <ol><li> 개미에 대한 제조업체의 권장 사항을 따르십시오ibody 희석. (예를 들어 약 1 : 1,000 본 연구). </li></ol></li><li> 예를 들어, 필요에 따라 다른 얼룩을 추가, 5 μM 밀 배아 agglutinnin (WGA) 실온에서 1 시간 동안, 제조업체의 권고에 따라 알렉사 647 또는 DAPI에 결합. </li></ol></li><li> 이미지에 대한 준비가 될 때까지 빛으로부터 보호 PBS 4 ° C에서 저장 씻을 5 배. </li></ol> 6.2) 공 초점 현미경 및 이미지 분석 <ol><li> 63X 기름 침지 목표를 사용하여 반전 공 초점 현미경 이미지 샘플. <ol><li> 492-542 nm의 방출 사이의 대역폭과 아르곤 레이저의 488nm의 라인을 이용하여, 화상을 녹색 채널. </li><li> 640-718 nm의 방출 사이의 대역폭을 가진 633 nm의 다이오드 레이저를 사용하여 적색 이미지 채널. </li><li> 407-453 nm의 방출 사이의 대역폭을 가진 405 nm의 다이오드 레이저를 사용하여 청색 이미지 채널. </li><li> Z-스택 세포 볼륨의 전체를 커버 여러 채널을 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 해당 이미지 처리 소프트웨어로 이미지를 처리​​. </li></ol> 7. 선호도 정화 <ol><li> 4 시간의 회복 기간 후 4 ° C PBS로 두 번 일렉트로 세포를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 와를 Lyse ~ 용해 완충액 얼음 (PBS에서 프로테아제 억제제 칵테일 및 포스파타제 억제제와 1 % 트리톤 X-100)의 1.0 ml의. 제조업체의 지침에 따라 억제제를 사용합니다. 참고 : 예를 들어, 모두 본 연구에 사용 된 프로테아제 및 포스파타제 억제제 (100X)에 공급하고 있지만, 다른 제제는 동일하게 잘 작동한다. </li><li> 즉시 고무 경찰관과 세포를 긁어 원뿔 튜브에 수집합니다. </li><li> 활발한로 소용돌이 초음파 처리를 Lyse. 참고 : 다른 용해 방법은 똑같이 잘 작동 할 수 있지만 효율이 경험적으로 분석 요구 사항의 적합성 여부를 결정해야합니다. <ol><li> 간헐적 와동와 3 × 30 초 초음파 처리. </li></ol></li><li> 4 ° C에서 10 분 동안 10,000 XG에 원심 분리기 수집세포 파편과 불용성 집계; 뜨는을 저장합니다. </li><li> 엔드 오버 엔드 회전 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 스트렙 타비 딘 아가로 오스 수지 현탁액 50 μL와 일렉트로 세포 용 해물 같은 부피 (~ 1.0 ml)에 결합합니다. 참고 :이 수지는 스트렙 타비 딘 결합 펩타이드 친 화성 태그를 통해 일렉트릭 단백질 (및 관련 단지)를 캡처합니다. </li><li> 2 분 동안 2,500 XG에 원심 분리기 및 상층 액을 제거한다. </li><li> 40 침대 볼륨 (~ 1 ml)을 PBS로 두 번 세척 할 것. </li><li> 30 μl의 4 배 LDS 로딩 버퍼 (141 mM 트리스베이스, 2 % LDS, 10 % 글리세롤, 0.51 mM의 EDTA, 0.22 mM의의 Serva 블루 G, 빨간 0.175 mM의 페놀, 산도 8.5), 20 μL DIH 2 O, 1 μL의 추가 일정량 허용 0.5 M 트리스 (2- 카르복시 에틸) 포스 핀 (TCEP)는 비드 2340. </li><li> 10 분 동안 95 ° C에서 열 및 얼음에 멋진. </li><li> 스핀 5 분 4 ° C에서&gt; 10,000 XG. </li><li> 상층 액을 수집합니다. </li><li> 적절한 항체를 참고하여 웨스턴 블롯을 수행 그는다시, 안티 PKN1 차 항체가 사용됩니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

병원성 박테리아로부터 분비 이펙터 숙주 세포 환경 내에서 작동하도록 진화하고, 따라서 호스트 내에서 (in situ)을 연구하기 위해 유용하다. 숙주 세포에 특정 관심 이펙터의 도입은 관련 병원체 호스트 상호 작용이 다른 세균 단백질의 간섭없이 독립적으로 연구 할 수 있습니다. 목표는 형질 감염 또는 형질 도입시켜과 관련된 몇 가지 문제를 피하고, 진핵 생물 숙주 세포 내로 박테리아 ?...

많은 그람 음성균 직접 숙주 세포를 1-5로 (이펙터라고 함) 병원성 관련 단백질을 주입하도록 전문화 분비 시스템을 사용한다. 숙주의 면역 억제, 세포 골격 변화, 세포 내 신호 전달 및 매매, 전사 변화 수정 및 호스트 테아 변경 6-9 : 이러한 이펙터 포함한 생물학적 기능의 넓은 범위를 갖는다. 일부 이펙터 기능하지만 호스트 대상 외 다수의 생화학 적 조치 (들)이 결정될 수 남아 알려져있다. 야생형 및 재조합 박테리아 감염을 비교하는 세포 독성 이펙터 메커니즘을 연구하는 유효한 방법이지만, 상기 숙주 세포에 도입 개별 이펙터 종종 유리하다. 따라서, 숙주 세포의 컨텍스트에서 세균 효과기 단백질을 도입하고 특성화 간단한 방법이 매우 바람직하다. 실험 분석 위스콘신 단순화하나의 이펙터가 중요 번째 다른 이펙터는 반대 또는 중복 기능을 가질 수 있기 때문이다. 이 단순화를 달성하기 위해, 연구진은 이전에 긁어은 12, 13로드, 바이러스 성 전달 (10), 미세 주입법 (11) 등 다양한 방법에 의해 세포로 거대 분자를 도입, 화학적으로 유도 미세 주입 (14), 독점 단백질 &quot;형질 전환&quot;시약 (15), 인산 칼슘 침전와 세포 융합 (16), 및 전기 17-20. 도입 된 분자는 세포 내 표적 (21, 22)에 대한 단백질, 세포 투과성 염료 및 항체 DNA, RNA, RNAi의 종을 포함하여 핵산 이르기까지 다양합니다. 일부 방법은 도입 될 수있는 고분자의 종류를 포함한 한계가 있고, 특히 하류 분석 높아 세포 독성 작용의 손상 기전, 효능이 낮고 또는 도입 효율이 제한 될 수있다. 형질, ofte또한 대 식세포 및 일차 전지와 같은 몇 가지 중요한 숙주 세포 유형, 형질 향해 특히 내성을 겪고 제한, 포유 동물 세포에서 세균의 유전자를 발현하는 방법을 위해 사용되는 N. 이 외에도, 또한 외래 DNA의 도입시 생성 된 박테리아 단백질의 수준을 조절하는 것이 곤란하다. 많은 작품은 일반적인 실험실 기술로 모두 세균 및 포유 동물 세포에 핵산의 전기를 설립했다; 그러나, 생리 학적 조건하에 단백질을 세포 내로 전달하기위한 최선의 방법에 대한 지속적인 연구가있다. 단백질 형질 전환에 보고서는 유망하지만, 고가의 시약 및 최적화를 필요로한다. 최소한의 비용으로 셀 대상의 다양한에 잠재적으로 독성 세균 이펙터를 소개하는 욕망은 생체 내에서 단백질을 연구하는 방법으로 전기를 고려하는 우리를 이끌었다. 단백질 전기 23-25는 만족입니다또한 전기 형질 전환 또는 전자 주입 (26)로 알려진 electropermeabilization를 통해 살아있는 세포로 단백질을 소개 HOD. 이 방법은 세포막에 구멍을 만드는 고강도 전기 펄스를 사용한다. 이 가역적 모공은 일반적으로 세포 내 공간에서 제외됩니다 거대 분자가 세포를 입력 할 수 있습니다. 외부 전계를 제거하여, 상기 멤브레인은 셀이 통과 구멍 (27, 28)의 분자를 보유 할 수 있도록, 다시 봉인 할 수있다. 표준 electroporator 일관 마우스 대 식세포 유사 세포 및 인간 상피 세포에 모두 세균 이펙터를 도입이 연구에 사용 하였다. 이 방법은 세포 생존 능력의 뚜렷한 감소와 신속하고 효율적이며 저렴하다. 도입 된 단백질은 면역 형광 현미경을 통해 시각 또는 기능 분석에 사용할 수 있습니다. 이뿐만 아니라, 비 독성 표준으로 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP)을 사용하여 입증되었다두 살모넬라 이펙터 단백질과 SspH1 GtgE. 우리는 진핵 숙주 세포에서 세균 독성 단백질의 기능 연구의 레퍼토리에 추가 도구로 단백질 전기를 제안한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA Solution</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>25-050-Cl</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.4 cm Gap-disposable electroporation cuvettes</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>165-2088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% Methanol</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Flammable, Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A4919</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Counting Apparatus - Hemocytometer or Coulter Counter</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Model Z1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Incubator</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Humidified 95% air/5% CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;atmosphere at 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Plastic</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Cell culture flasks/plates, pipets, tubes, rubber policeman</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modification of Eagle&amp;rsquo;s Medium (DMEM)</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>10-013</td><td>Warm to 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Electroporator</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>E. coli Pulser</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>35-016-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent confocal microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ziess</td><td>Model&amp;nbsp; LSM 710&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Bottom Dishes for Microscopy</td><td>Wilco Wells</td><td>HBSt-3522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HALT Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td><td>Pierce</td><td>78430</td><td>Corrosive, Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>HeLa Cell Line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC CCL-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LDS 4X Loading Buffer</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>NP0007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minimal Essential Medium (MEM)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>10-010</td><td>Warm to 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Other fluorescent stains (WGA, DAPI) in conjunction with anti-fade reagent</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>30-002-Cl</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RAW 264.7 Cell line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>TIB-71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primary Antibody Against Target of Interest</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary Antibody Conjugated to Fluorophore</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Chill to 4 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Warm to 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin Agarose Resin Suspension&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pierce</td><td>20353</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table Top Centrifuge Capable of Accepting Conical Tubes (swinging bucket preferred)</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCEP</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>646547</td><td>Corrosive, Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T8585</td><td>Irritant, Toxic</td></tr></tbody></table>

electroporation of functional bacterial effectors into mammalian cells

살아있는 세포의 맥락에서 단백질 상호 작용의 연구는 현지화, 역학, 그리고 상호 작용 파트너에 대한 중요한 정보를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 이 정보는 호스트 병원체 상호 작용의 컨텍스트에서 특히 유용하다. 많은 병원체 단백질은 세포 내 환경 내에서 숙주의 면역 시스템 및 생존의 회피를 가능 같은 방법의 다양한 숙주 세포 내에서 기능한다. 이러한 병원체 단백질 호스트 세포 상호 작용을 연구하기 위해, 여러 가지 접근 방법이 일반적으로 포함하여, 사용됩니다 생체 내 감염에 형질 전환 또는 형질 도입을 통해 태그 또는 돌연변이 단백질 또는 병원체 유전자의 도입을 발현하는 균주. 이러한 방식은 각각 이점과 단점을 갖는다. 우리는 직접 세포에 외래 단백질을 소개 할 수있는 방법을 모색하고 있습니다. 일반적으로 일렉트로 세포 내로 핵산을 도입하기 위해 사용되지만, 생물 리 학적 근거가 정확히 동일하지만 드물게 단백질에 적용되지 않았다.표준 electroporator는 포유 동물 세포에 친 화성 태그가 세균 이펙터를 소개하는 데 사용되었다. 상피 및 마우스 대식 세포는 전통적인 분리 방법에 의해 배양하고, 관심 외인성 세균 병원체의 단백질 (예를 들어 살모넬라 Typhimurium의 GtgE) 0.4 cm 갭 전기 천공 큐벳에 넣었다. 전기 (0.3 kV의) 짧은 (4 시간) 회복 기간 후, 세포 내 단백질은 형광 친 화성 태그를 통해 단백질을 라벨 및 공 초점 현미경으로 공간과 시간 분포를 조사하여 확인 하였다. 일렉트로 단백질은 세포 내부의 세포 내 작용 및 올바른 거래 및 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용을 할 수있는 것으로 나타났다. 외래 단백질이 세포의 표면 상에 축적되는 경향이 있지만, 일렉트로 샘플 단독 배양 세포 내 이펙터 농도에 대하여 크게 증가했다. 이 프로토콜은 AP에서 할 수 간단하고 빠른만큼타겟팅 및 병원성 세포 내 단백질의 기능을 포함하는 숙주 세포에서 단백질의 병원체 높은 처리량 특성을 허용 arallel 패션.

개념의 초기 증거로서, 정제 된 녹색 형광 단백질을 이용하여 성공적으로 전기 포유 동물 세포에 도입 하였다. GFP, 대략 27 kD의 분자량 단백질은 일반적으로 세포 독성이없는 중요한 분자 생물학 도구로 (일반적으로 플라스미드 DNA로부터 발현) 포유 동물 세포 내로 도입된다. 헬라 세포 (그림 1A)를 배양 또는 형광 GFP 신호를 확인하기 위해 면역 형광 공 초점 현미경을 25 ㎍ / ㎖의 GFP와 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation was used to insert purified bacterial virulence effector proteins directly into living eukaryotic cells. Protein localization was monitored by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. This method allows for studies on trafficking, function, and protein-protein interactions using active exogenous proteins, avoiding the need for heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells.

포유 동물 세포에 기능 세균 이펙터의 전기

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. ...

electroporation-of-functional-bacterial-effectors-into-mammalian-cells

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.0K 조회수.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Electroporation was used to insert purified bacterial virulence effector proteins directly into living eukaryotic cells. Protein localization was monitored by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. This method allows for studies on trafficking, function, and protein-protein interactions using active exogenous proteins, avoiding the need for heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells. 

비디오: Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall, but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly-related species such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In spite of these obstacles, mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and DNA transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described. The most successful method for introducing DNA into mycobacteria is electroporation. Many parameters contribute to successful transformation; these include the species/strain, the nature of the transforming DNA, the selectable marker used, the growth medium, and the  conditions for the electroporation pulse. Optimized methods for the transformation of both slow- and fast-grower are detailed here. Transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported.

Mycobacterial pathogenic strategies remain poorly understood. The slow growth rate of most species, the impenetrable nature of the cell-wall, and the hazards of working with pathogens make mycobacteria difficult to study and are largely responsible for our poor understanding of these organisms. In this video we will demonstrate the technique of electroporation, which involves subjecting cells to a brief high electrical impulse to allow the entry of DNA. It is the most widely used method for introducing DNA into mycobacterial cells.

Mycobacteria의 Electroporation

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly ...

연구

생물학

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant variants) in order to investigate their endogenous distribution and functional relevance. An interesting approach that has been implemented to fulfill this objective in fully differentiated cells is the in vivo transfection of plasmids by various methods into specific tissues such as liver1, skeletal muscle2,3, and even the brain4. We present here a detailed description of the steps that must be followed in order to efficiently transfect genetic material into fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and interosseus (IO) muscles of adult mice using an in vivo electroporation approach. The experimental parameters have been optimized so as to maximize the number of muscle fibers transfected while minimizing tissue damages that may impair the quality and quantity of the proteins expressed in individual fibers. We have verified that the implementation of the methodology described in this paper results in a high yield of soluble proteins, i.e. EGFP and ECFP3, calpain, FKBP12, &beta;2a-DHPR, etc. ; structural proteins, i.e. minidystrophin and &alpha;-actinin; and membrane proteins, i.e. &alpha;1s-DHPR, RyR1, cardiac Na/Ca2+ exchanger , NaV1.4 Na channel, SERCA1, etc., when applied to FDB, IO and other muscles of mice and rats. The efficient expression of some of these proteins has been verified with biochemical3 and functional evidence5. However, by far the most common confirmatory approach used by us are standard fluorescent microscopy and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which permit to identify not only the overall expression, but also the detailed intracellular localization, of fluorescently tagged protein constructs. The method could be equally used to transfect plasmids encoding for the expression of proteins of physiological relevance (as shown here), or for interference RNA (siRNA) aiming to suppress the expression of normally expressed proteins (not tested by us yet). It should be noted that the transfection of FDB and IO muscle fibers is particularly relevant for the investigation of mammalian muscle physiology since fibers enzymatically dissociated from these muscles are currently one of the most suitable models to investigate basic mechanisms of excitability and excitation-contraction coupling under current or voltage clamp conditions2,6-8.

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

We describe detailed procedures for the efficient transfection of plasmid DNA into the fibers of foot muscles of live mice using electroporation and the subsequent visualization of protein expression using fluorescence microscopy.

사용 포유류 골격 근육의 유전자 Transfection VIVO에서 Electroporation

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see 1,2]. For this one can make use of the translocating ability of so-called cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also designated as protein transduction domains (PTDs). The TAT-CPP derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat (trans-activator of transcription) protein has been widely used. The positively charged TAT promotes cell permeability thereby overcoming the barriers of the cellular membrane by endocytosis or/and direct membrane penetration2. In combination with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) fusion proteins are able to enter the nucleus exhibiting functionality. Our video presentation demonstrates, as an exemplification for the engineering of cell-permeable proteins, the construction, production and application of a cell-permeable version of the DNA-modifying enzyme Cre.
Cre is a site-specific recombinase that is able to recognize and recombine 34 base pair loxP sites in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore the Cre/loxP system is widely used to conditionally induce mutations in the genome of living cells3,4. The delivery of active Cre recombinase to cells, however, represents a limitation.
We describe the pSESAME vector system, which allows a direct insertion of the gene-of-interest and provides a platform to rapidly clone different domains and tags used within the vector in a convenient and standardized manner. Rearranging of the different tags has been shown to modify the biochemical properties of the fusion proteins providing a possibility to achieve higher yield and better solubility. We demonstrate how to express and purify recombinant cell-permeant proteins in and from E. coli. The functionality of the recombinant Cre protein is finally validated in cell culture by assessing its intracellular recombinase activity.

Protein transduction enables the direct delivery of biologically active proteins into cells. In contrast to conventional methods such as DNA transfection or viral transduction this non-invasive paradigm allows highly efficient cellular manipulation in a titratable manner circumventing cellular toxicity and the risk of oncogenic transformation by permanent genetic modification.

공학 세포 투과 단백질

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see 1,2]. For this one can ...

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) extends a single axon with two branches. One branch goes to the peripheral nerve (peripheral branch), and the other branch enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root (central branch). After the neural injury, the peripheral branch regenerates robustly whereas the central branch does not regenerate. Due to the high regenerative capacity, sensory axon regeneration has been widely used as a model system to study mammalian axon regeneration in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe a previously established approach protocol to manipulate gene expression in mature sensory neurons in vivo via electroporation. Based on transfection with plasmids or small RNA oligos (siRNAs or microRNAs), the approach allows for both loss- and gain-of-function experiments to study the roles of genes-of-interests or microRNAs in regulation of axon regeneration in vivo. In addition, the manipulation of gene expression in vivo can be controlled both spatially and temporally within a relatively short time course. This model system provides a unique tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated in vivo.

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an effective approach to deliver genes of interests into cells. By applying this approach in vivo on the neurons of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG), we describe a model to study axon regeneration in vivo.

성인 마우스 지 루트 신경 절의 Electroporation Vivo에서 조사 포유류 축 삭 재생:

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the ...

신경과학

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has become the method of choice for introducing DNA into prokaryotes that are not naturally competent. Electroporation is a rapid, efficient, and streamlined transformation method that, in addition to purified DNA and competent bacteria, requires commercially available gene pulse controller and cuvettes. In contrast to the pulsing step, preparation of electrocompetent cells is time consuming and labor intensive involving repeated rounds of centrifugation and washes in decreasing volumes of sterile, cold water, or non-ionic buffers of large volumes of cultures grown to mid-logarithmic phase of growth. Time and effort can be saved by purchasing electrocompetent cells from commercial sources, but the selection is limited to commonly employed E. coli laboratory strains. We are hereby disseminating a rapid and efficient method for preparing electrocompetent E. coli, which has been in use by bacteriology laboratories for some time, can be adapted to V. cholerae and other prokaryotes. While we cannot ascertain whom to credit for developing the original technique, we are hereby making it available to the scientific community.

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation is a commonly employed method for introducing DNA into bacteria in a process known as transformation. Traditional protocols for the preparation of electrocompetent cells are time consuming and labor intensive. This article describes an alternate, rapid, and efficient method for the preparation of electrocompetent cells presently employed by some laboratories.

Electrocompetent의 준비를위한 신속한 프로토콜<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt;와<em&gt; 콜레라 균</em

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has ...

Single-Cell Electroporation across Different Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Excitatory and Class-Specific Inhibitory Neurons

Electroporation has established itself as a critical method for transferring specific genes into cells to understand their function. Here, we describe a single-cell electroporation technique that maximizes the efficiency (~80%) of in vitro gene transfection in excitatory and class-specific inhibitory neurons in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice culture. Using large glass electrodes, tetrodotoxin-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid and mild electrical pulses, we delivered a gene of interest into cultured hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Moreover, electroporation could be carried out in cultured hippocampal slices up to 21 days in vitro with no reduction in transfection efficiency, allowing for the study of varying slice culture developmental stages. With interest growing in examining the molecular functions of genes across a diverse range of cell types, our method demonstrates a reliable and straightforward approach to in vitro gene transfection in mouse brain tissue that can be performed with existing electrophysiology equipment and techniques.

Presented here is a protocol for single-cell electroporation that can deliver genes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons across a range of in vitro hippocampal slice culture ages. Our approach provides precise and efficient expression of genes in individual cells, which can be used to examine cell-autonomous and intercellular functions.

마우스 해마 흥분및 직업 별 억제 신경의 다른 organotypic 슬라이스 문화에 걸쳐 단세포 전기화

Electroporation has established itself as a critical method for transferring specific genes into cells to understand their function. Here, we describe a ...

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. A variety of molecules, such as peptides or oligonucleotides can be introduced into essentially 100% of the cells in a non-traumatic manner.&#160; Here, we describe how it can be used to study intercellular, gap junctional communication. Lucifer yellow penetrates into the cells when an electric pulse, applied to the conductive surface on which they are growing, causes pores to form through the cell membrane. This is electroporation. Cells growing on the nonconductive&#160;glass surface immediately adjacent to the electroporated region do not take up Lucifer yellow by electroporation but do acquire the fluorescent dye as it is passed to them via gap junctions that link them to the electroporated cells. The results of the transfer of dye from cell to cell can be observed microscopically under fluorescence illumination. This technique allows for precise quantitation of gap junctional communication. In addition, it can be used for the introduction of peptides or other non-permeant molecules, and the transfer of small electroporated peptides via gap junctions to inhibit the signal in the adjacent, non-electroporated cells is a powerful demonstration of signal inhibition.

This presentation demonstrates a method whereby electroporation of adherent, cultured cells is used for the study of intercellular, junctional communication, while the cells grow on a slide coated with conductive and transparent indium-tin oxide.

갭 접합부 시험에 대한 기능 분석; 인듐 - 주석 산화물에 자기편 세포의 전기 천공 법 (electroporation)

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. ...

Electroporation-Based Genetic Modification of Primary Human Pigment Epithelial Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

Our increasingly aging society leads to a growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. So far, the pathological mechanisms are inadequately understood, thus impeding the establishment of defined treatments. Cell-based additive gene therapies for the increased expression of a protective factor are considered as a promising option to medicate neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have developed a method for the stable expression of the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which is characterized as a neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic protein in the nervous system, into the genome of primary human pigment epithelial (PE) cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Primary PE cells were isolated from human donor eyes and maintained in culture. After reaching confluence, 1 x 104 cells were suspended in 11 &#181;L of resuspension buffer and combined with 2 &#181;L of a purified solution containing 30 ng of hyperactive SB (SB100X) transposase plasmid and 470 ng of PEDF transposon plasmid. Genetic modification was carried out with a capillary electroporation system using the following parameters: two pulses with a voltage of 1,100 V and a width of 20 ms. Transfected cells were transferred into culture plates containing medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum; antibiotics and antimycotics were added with the first medium exchange. Successful transfection was demonstrated in independently performed experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed the increased expression of the PEDF transgene. PEDF secretion was significantly elevated and remained stable, as evaluated by immunoblotting, and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SB100X-mediated transfer allowed for a stable PEDF gene integration into the genome of PE cells and ensured the continuous secretion of PEDF, which is critical for the development of a cell-based gene addition therapy to treat AMD or other retinal degenerative diseases. Moreover, analysis of the integration profile of the PEDF transposon into human PE cells indicated an almost random genomic distribution.

We have developed a protocol to transfect primary human pigment epithelial cells by electroporation with the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Successful transfection was demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

잠자는 숲속의 미녀 트랜스포존 시스템을 이용한 1차 인간 색소 상피 세포의 전기천공 기반 유전자 변형

Our increasingly aging society leads to a growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. So far, the pathological mechanisms are inadequately ...

의학

Electroporation of Plasmid DNA into Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Transient gene expression modulation in murine skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation is a useful tool for assessing normal and pathological physiology. Overexpression or knockdown of target genes enables investigators to manipulate individual molecular events and, thus, better understand the mechanisms that impact muscle mass, muscle metabolism, and contractility. In addition, electroporation of DNA plasmids that encode fluorescent tags allows investigators to measure changes in subcellular localization of proteins in skeletal muscle in vivo. A key functional assessment of skeletal muscle includes the measurement of muscle contractility. In this protocol, we demonstrate that whole muscle contractility studies are still possible after plasmid DNA injection, electroporation, and gene expression modulation. The goal of this instructional procedure is to demonstrate the step-by-step method of DNA plasmid electroporation into mouse skeletal muscle to facilitate uptake and expression in the myofibers of the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles, as well as to demonstrate that skeletal muscle contractility is not compromised by injection and electroporation.

Electroporation of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle is a viable method to modulate gene expression without compromising muscle contractility in mice.

플라스미드 DNA를 마우스 골격근으로 전기천공

Transient gene expression modulation in murine skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation is a useful tool for assessing normal and pathological ...

Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA. In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria. In molecular biology, however, transformation is artificially induced through the creation of pores in the bacterial cell walls. Bacterial cells that are able to take up DNA from the environment are called competent cells. Electrocompetent cells can be produced in the laboratory and transformation of these cells can be achieve via the application of an electrical field that creates pores in the cell wall through which DNA can pass.
The video explains the equipment used in electroporation such as an electroporator and electroporation cuvette. The video also goes through a step-by-step procedure about how to create electrocompetent cells and electroporate cells of interest. 
Prediction of the success of a transformation of an experiment, by observing the time constant, as well as the importance of removing salt from the solutions when electroporating, are also mentioned.

박테리아 형질변환: 전기 천공법

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...