저자는 mRNA의 추출 및 PCR과의 도움 폴 박사 알면서하는 씨와 제네 비브 선생을 인정하고자 및 지원에 대한 가넷 패스포트와 로드니 윌리엄스 기념 재단.

윤리 진술 : 아래에 설명 된 모든 절차는 시드니 동물 윤리위원회의 대학에 의해 승인되었다. 1. 동물 주 : 1 8~9개월 된 마우스 (C57 / BL6)는 동물 자원 센터 (퍼스, 호주)에서 얻었다. 마우스는 시드니 대학의 보쉬 설치류 시설에 수용되었다. <ol><li> 물과식이에 액세스 할 수있는 12/12 시간 빛 / 어둠주기에 표준 마우스 케이지 하우스 마우스. </li><li> 근적외선에 각 연령 그룹에서 나누기 마​​우스 (NIR) 처리, 또는 가짜 비교를 위해 (제어) 그룹을 처리 하였다. </li></ol> 2. 근적외선 (NIR) 조사 및 위장 치료 <ol><li> 처리 체제의 완료 전에 모발의 빠른 재성장을 막기 위해 가능한 한 가깝게 전기 면도기와 마우스 두경부에 털을 면도. 마우스의 무균 상태를 유지하기 위해, 70 % 에탄올을 사용하여면도 동물과 별도의 케이지에서 동물 사이의 F10 수의학 살균제 사이에 악기를 청소합니다. 동물 오버 처리되지 않도록 치료의 시작 3 일전 -이 2 마십시오. </li><li> 꼬리의 근위 끝을 잡고 마우스를 제지 및 false 결과로 이어질 수있는 스트레스를 최소화하기 위해이 한 손 또는 벤치 탑의 손바닥에서 휴식을 취할 수 있습니다. </li><li> LED NIR (670 ㎚) (발광 다이오드) 1 장치 잡고 - 2 ㎝ 떨어져 노출 (음모) 지역에서을 90 초 (그림 1A)의 장치에 전환합니다. 참고 : 90 초 노출의 결과로서 온도 변화를 물 100ml에 0.2 ° C &lt;로서 측정 하였다. </li><li> 동물의 가짜 치료 그룹에 대해 2.3하지만 장치가 꺼져 (그림 1B)를 떠나 - 반복 2.2 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 동물의 근적외선 차단 치료 그룹의 2.3하지만 알루미늄 호일로 장치를 커버 - 반복 2.2 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> approximat 매일 2.5 - 반복 2.2 단계5 일 연속 전자 24 시간 간격. </li><li> 다섯째 날 후 처리에 모두 귀에서 전정 감각 상피 (3의 cristae 1 utricular의 황반)을 추출 (아래 3 항 참조). </li></ol> 3. 조직 추출 (20) <ol><li> (26)의 NaHCO3, 11 포도당, 250 글리세롤, 2.5의 KCl, 1.2의 NaH 2 PO 4, 1.2의 MgCl 2, 2.5 염화칼슘 2 : (mm 단위)로 구성된 글리세롤 기반 인공 뇌척수액 (ACSF) 300 ml의를 준비합니다. CaCl2를 첨가하기 전에, 7.4의 pH를 확립 칼슘 침전 (흐림)를 피하기 위해 carbogen (95 % O 2 및 5 % CO 2)와 용액을 기체. 얼음 슬러리가 형성되도록 45 분 동안 -80 ℃ 냉동고에서 용액을 냉각. </li><li> 표시된 나사 상단 모세관의 RNA 분리 용해 버퍼를 준비하는 것은 (뚜껑 터지는를 중지 할 때 동결 및 액체 질소에 해동 사이의 튜브 압력 변화)에 따라제조업체 또는 일반적인 실험실 관행의 지시에. 알루미늄 듀어 플라스크에 액체 질소를 준비합니다. 참고 : 액체 질소를 처리 할 때 보호 복 및 보호 eyeware을 사용합니다. 그 가스 형태의 볼륨이 약의 액체 형태의 700 배이며, 질식의 원인이 될 수 있습니다 액체 질소는 환기가 잘되는 방에서 사용되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 깊이 복강 내 주사를 통해 케타민 (400 ㎎ / ㎏)와 쥐를 마취시키다. 뒷다리 반사가 완전히 마우스가 완전히 마취되어 있는지 표시로 가라 앉을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 날카로운 스테인레스 스틸 가위로 마우스를 목을 벨과 면도날을 사용하여 두개골의 시상 피부를 따라 절개를 (# 22 반올림). 이 시점에서과를 통해 3.5 단계 - 3.9, 조직을 통해 얼음처럼 차가운 ACSF의 일반 응용 프로그램에서 가능한 한 멋진 두개골 금고, 뇌 및 기본 전정 장치를 유지합니다. </li><li> 에 작은을 표준 패턴 가위의 뾰족한 팔을 사용하여리터 람다의 두개골 절개 및 시상 봉합을 따라 잘라. </li><li> 부드럽게 뇌를 끌어없이 뼈의 하부 표면에 가능한 한 가깝게 블레이드를 유지 정수리 뼈 아래에 얕은 rongeurs의 한 팔을 밀어 넣습니다. 안전하고 뇌가 노출 될 때까지 후방 측면 정수리 뼈와 후두골을 당깁니다. </li><li> 작은 스테인레스 스틸 주걱을 사용하고 vestibulocochlear 신경 (CN VIII)을 노출 멀리 전방 및 중간 두개골 포사에서 뇌를 들어 올립니다. 직접 전정 모발 세포에 분포 일차 구 심성 축색에 불필요한 장력 않도록 신경을 횡단면. </li><li> CN VIII의 절개 후 토토의 뇌를 제거합니다. </li><li> 달팽이관 중간 두개골 포사의 주변 전정 기관을 포함하는 뼈 미로를 관찰합니다. 각각의 뼈 미로 옆에 두 개의 작은 절개를 확인하고 앞쪽에 반원형 운하를 누른 후 잡아 당겨 전체 구조를 절제동맹. </li><li> 즉시 지속적으로 carbogen와 관류 동안 (3.1 단계에 설명 된대로) 얼음처럼 차가운 ACSF 솔루션을 포함하는 해부 접시에 절제된 미로를 체험. </li><li> 실체 현미경에서 달팽이관으로 미로를 누른 상태에서 집게로 접시의 바닥에 고정합니다. <ol><li> 전방 반원의 운하 (SSC) 팽대부 위의 뼈에 작은 구멍을 긁어 직선 미세 집게를 사용합니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 즉시 뼈 아래에 도달 바깥쪽으로 멀리 팽대부에서 쓸어 넘겨이 개방을 확대. 구멍에 집게를 밀어 아래 깨지기 쉬운 막성 미로를 손상하지 않도록 여기에주의하십시오. 난형 낭, 전방 및 측면 ampullae 모든 노출 될 때까지 이런 식으로 계속합니다. 가능하면 또한 후방 팽대부를 제거합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 미세 집게를 사용하여 부드럽게 난형 낭을 들어 올려가 완전히 분리 될 때까지 뼈 미로에서 멀리 ampullae. 가능하면 그들을 붙잡아관련 반원의 운하에 의해 감각 상피의 손상을 방지합니다. 어떤 경우에는, 반원형 멤브레인 덕트의 기단 부분은 뼈 ampullae를 해제 홍채 가위로 절단 할 필요가있다. </li><li> 안전하게 단계 3.2에서 이전에 제조 된 용해 버퍼에 포셉의 팁과 장소 사이의 전정 기관을 파악. 부드럽게 전정 기관이 집게에서 분리 한 보장하기 위해 버퍼에 주위에 집게를 소용돌이 친다. 이 실체 현미경 집게를 가져 와서 경우가 확인합니다. <ol><li> 미세 소관 뚜껑에 나사 즉시 액체 질소에 샘플을 동결. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. RNA 추출 및 RT-PCR <ol><li> 제조업체의 지침 또는 선호하는 실험실 프로토콜에 따라 메신저 RNA (mRNA의) 추출의 표준 방법을 따르십시오. 참고 : mRNA의 작은 수율을 분리 할 수​​ 있도록 캐리어의 RNA를 활용 한 상용 키트이 사용되었다프로토콜입니다. 낮은 용출 볼륨은 mRNA의 최종 농도를 증가시키기 위해 사용될 수있다. 참고 : 음 &quot;아니오 효소&quot;컨트롤 (NECs)와 &quot;아니오 DNA 템플릿&quot;컨트롤 (NTCS)도 관찰 효과의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 완료해야합니다. </li><li> 표적 유전자 21-23 보완 DNA (cDNA를) 증폭에 mRNA를 역전사의 표준 방법을 적용합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Agrawal, Y., Carey, J. P., Della Santina, ., C, C., Schubert, M. C., Minor, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disorders+of+balance+and+vestibular+function+in+US+adults:+data+from+the+National+Health+and+Nutrition+Examination+Survey,+2001-2004.">Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2004.</a> Archives of internal medicine. 169, 938-944 (2009).</li><li>Bessho, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+subthreshold+infrared+laser+treatment+for+drusen+regression+on+macular+autofluorescence+in+patients+with+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Effect of subthreshold infrared laser treatment for drusen regression on macular autofluorescence in patients with age-related macular degeneration.</a> Retina. 25, 981-988 (2005).</li><li>Olk, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+benefits+of+infrared+(810-nm)+diode+laser+macular+grid+photocoagulation+in+prophylactic+treatment+of+nonexudative+age-related+macular+degeneration:+two-year+results+of+a+randomized+pilot+study.">Therapeutic benefits of infrared (810-nm) diode laser macular grid photocoagulation in prophylactic treatment of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of a randomized pilot study.</a> Ophthalmology. 106, 2082-2090 (1999).</li><li>Rodanant, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictors+of+drusen+reduction+after+subthreshold+infrared+(810+nm)+diode+laser+macular+grid+photocoagulation+for+nonexudative+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Predictors of drusen reduction after subthreshold infrared (810 nm) diode laser macular grid photocoagulation for nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.</a> American journal of ophthalmology. 134, 577-585 (2002).</li><li>De Taboada, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+laser+therapy+attenuates+amyloid-beta+peptide+neuropathology+in+amyloid-beta+protein+precursor+transgenic+mice.">Transcranial laser therapy attenuates amyloid-beta peptide neuropathology in amyloid-beta protein precursor transgenic mice.</a> Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 23, 521-535 (2011).</li><li>Grillo, S. L., Duggett, N. A., Ennaceur, A., Chazot, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+infra-red+therapy+(1072+nm)+reduces+beta-amyloid+protein+levels+in+the+brain+of+an+Alzheimer's+disease+mouse+model.">Non-invasive infra-red therapy (1072 nm) reduces beta-amyloid protein levels in the brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.</a> TASTPM. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology. 123, 13-22 (2013).</li><li>Purushothuman, S., Johnstone, D. M., Nandasena, C., Mitrofanis, J., Stone, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+with+near+infrared+light+mitigates+Alzheimer's+disease-related+pathology+in+cerebral+cortex+-+evidence+from+two+transgenic+mouse+models.">Photobiomodulation with near infrared light mitigates Alzheimer's disease-related pathology in cerebral cortex - evidence from two transgenic mouse models.</a> Alzheimer's researc., &amp; therapy. 6, 2 (2014).</li><li>Sommer, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=670+nm+laser+light+and+EGCG+complementarily+reduce+amyloid-beta+aggregates+in+human+neuroblastoma+cells:+basis+for+treatment+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">670 nm laser light and EGCG complementarily reduce amyloid-beta aggregates in human neuroblastoma cells: basis for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Photomedicine and laser surgery. 30, 54-60 (2012).</li><li>Moro, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+preserves+behaviour+and+midbrain+dopaminergic+cells+from+MPTP+toxicity:+evidence+from+two+mouse+strains.">Photobiomodulation preserves behaviour and midbrain dopaminergic cells from MPTP toxicity: evidence from two mouse strains.</a> BMC neuroscience. 14, 40 (2013).</li><li>Peoples, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+enhances+nigral+dopaminergic+cell+survival+in+a+chronic+MPTP+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Photobiomodulation enhances nigral dopaminergic cell survival in a chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Parkinsonis., &amp; related. 18, 469-476 (2012).</li><li>Shaw, V. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotection+of+midbrain+dopaminergic+cells+in+MPTP-treated+mice+after+near-infrared+light+treatment.">Neuroprotection of midbrain dopaminergic cells in MPTP-treated mice after near-infrared light treatment.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 518, 25-40 (2010).</li><li>Ying, R., Liang, H. L., Whelan, H. T., Eells, J. T., Wong-Riley, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+with+near-infrared+light+via+light-emitting+diode+provides+added+benefit+against+rotenone-+and+MPP+-induced+neurotoxicity.">Pretreatment with near-infrared light via light-emitting diode provides added benefit against rotenone- and MPP+-induced neurotoxicity.</a> Brain research. 1243, 167-173 (2008).</li><li>Rajguru, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+photostimulation+of+the+crista+ampullaris.">Infrared photostimulation of the crista ampullaris.</a> The Journal of physiology. 589, 1283-1294 (2011).</li><li>Chung, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuts+and+bolts+of+low-level+laser+(light)+therapy.">The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy.</a> Annals of biomedical engineering. 40, 516-533 (2012).</li><li>Desmet, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+experimental+applications+of+NIR-LED+photobiomodulation.">Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation.</a> Photomedicine and laser surgery. 24, 121-128 (2006).</li><li>Huang, Y. Y., Chen, A. C., Carroll, J. D., Hamblin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biphasic+dose+response+in+low+level+light+therapy.">Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy.</a> Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society. 7, 358-383 (2009).</li><li>Rojas, J. C., Gonzalez-Lima, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-level+light+therapy+of+the+eye+and+brain.">Low-level light therapy of the eye and brain.</a> Eye and brain. 3, 49-67 (2011).</li><li>Vranceanu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Striated+organelle,+a+cytoskeletal+structure+positioned+to+modulate+hair-cell+transduction.">Striated organelle, a cytoskeletal structure positioned to modulate hair-cell transduction.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109, 4473-4478 (2012).</li><li>Johnson, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separate+and+combined+effects+of+Sod1+and+Cdh23+mutations+on+age-related+hearing+loss+and+cochlear+pathology+in+C57BL/6J+mice.">Separate and combined effects of Sod1 and Cdh23 mutations on age-related hearing loss and cochlear pathology in C57BL/6J mice.</a> Hearing research. 268, 85-92 (2010).</li><li>Tung, V. W., Di Marco, S., Lim, R., Brichta, A. M., Camp, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isolated+semi-intact+preparation+of+the+mouse+vestibular+sensory+epithelium+for+electrophysiology+and+high-resolution+two-photon+microscopy.">An isolated semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium for electrophysiology and high-resolution two-photon microscopy.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , e50471 (2013).</li><li>Kirby, J., Menzies, F. M., Cookson, M. R., Bushby, K., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+gene+expression+in+a+cell+culture+model+of+SOD1-related+familial+motor+neurone+disease.">Differential gene expression in a cell culture model of SOD1-related familial motor neurone disease.</a> Human molecular genetics. 11, 2061-2075 (2002).</li><li>Parry, S. N., Ellis, N., Li, Z., Maitz, P., Witting, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myoglobin+induces+oxidative+stress+and+decreases+endocytosis+and+monolayer+permissiveness+in+cultured+kidney+epithelial+cells+without+affecting+viability.">Myoglobin induces oxidative stress and decreases endocytosis and monolayer permissiveness in cultured kidney epithelial cells without affecting viability.</a> Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 31, 16-28 (2008).</li><li>Saee-Rad, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+superoxide+dismutase+1,+dual-specificity+phosphatase+1,+and+transforming+growth+factor,+beta+1+genes+expression+in+keratoconic+and+non-keratoconic+corneas.">Analysis of superoxide dismutase 1, dual-specificity phosphatase 1, and transforming growth factor, beta 1 genes expression in keratoconic and non-keratoconic corneas.</a> Molecular vision. 19, 2501-2507 (2013).</li><li>Albert, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRPV4+channels+mediate+the+infrared+laser-evoked+response+in+sensory+neurons.">TRPV4 channels mediate the infrared laser-evoked response in sensory neurons.</a> Journal of neurophysiology. 107, 3227-3234 (2012).</li><li>Moro, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+inside+the+brain:+a+novel+method+of+applying+near-infrared+light+intracranially+and+its+impact+on+dopaminergic+cell+survival+in+MPTP-treated+mice.">Photobiomodulation inside the brain: a novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice.</a> Journal of neuroscience. 120, 670-683 (2014).</li><li>Moreno, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+neural+stimulation:+beam+path+in+the+guinea+pig+cochlea.">Infrared neural stimulation: beam path in the guinea pig cochlea.</a> Hearing research. 282, 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Curthoys, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+red+thread+as+a+guide+in+the+vestibular+labyrinth.">A red thread as a guide in the vestibular labyrinth.</a> The Journal of physiology. 589, 1241-1241 (2011).</li><li>Chakrabarti, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+Dysfunction+during+Brain+Aging:+Role+of+Oxidative+Stress+and+Modulation+by+Antioxidant+Supplementation.">Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Brain Aging: Role of Oxidative Stress and Modulation by Antioxidant Supplementation.</a> Aging and disease. 2, 242-256 (2011).</li><li>Petrosillo, G., De Benedictis, V., Ruggiero, F. M., Paradies, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decline+in+cytochrome+c+oxidase+activity+in+rat-brain+mitochondria+with+aging.+Role+of+peroxidized+cardiolipin+and+beneficial+effect+of+melatonin.">Decline in cytochrome c oxidase activity in rat-brain mitochondria with aging. Role of peroxidized cardiolipin and beneficial effect of melatonin.</a> Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes. 45, 431-440 (2013).</li><li>Zhu, H., Sun, A., Zou, Y., Ge, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+metabolic+adaptation+promotes+mesenchymal+stem+cell+therapy+for+ischemia:+a+hypoxia-induced+and+glycogen-based+energy+prestorage+strategy.">Inducible metabolic adaptation promotes mesenchymal stem cell therapy for ischemia: a hypoxia-induced and glycogen-based energy prestorage strategy.</a> Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 34, 870-876 (2014).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이해가없는 선언합니다.

여기에 설명 된 대표 결과 근적외선 간략한 두개 납품 (오일을 90 초 / 일) 가성 처리 한 마우스와 비교했을 때 이전 마우스에서 항산화 제의 발현 수준을 인상하기에 충분한 것으로 나타났다. NIR에 의해 방출되는 열을 우리의 측정 장치가 &lt;0.2 ° C 초 90이었다 LED와 같은을 일으킬 가능성이 - 방출되는 열이 미토콘드리아 및 / 또는 신경 활성화의 소스를 나타낼 수 있지만, 쥐의 전정에 대한보고는 <...

밸런스 성능을 떨어지는 이후의 폭포는 일반적인, 자연 노화 하나의 불행하게도 종종 정의하는 기능을 제공합니다. 이 감소의 영향은 신체적, 사회적인, 그리고 크게 노인을위한 삶의 질을 줄일 수 있습니다. 응답에서, 물리적 치료와 재활 폭포에 연구의 초점이되어왔다하지만 반복 폭포의 유병률 일관된 감소와 연관되지 않았다. 동시에, 작업은 말초 또는 중추 전정 시스템 (균형을 유지할 책임이있는 시스템) 부족, 및 이러한 시스템을 대상으로 잠재적 인 치료 전략의 변경 및 한정 불균형의 근본 원인을 조사. 연령 관련 황반 변성 2-4, 알츠하이머 병 모델 5-8, 파킨슨 병 9-12 포함하여 연령 관련 퇴행성 신경 질환에 대한 최근 연구는시의 신경 보호 효과를 보여 주었다근적외선 (NIR) 빛의 mple 비 침습적 응용 프로그램입니다. 또한, 전정 시스템에서, NIR 시험관 13 전정 일차 구 심성 뉴런의 활성을 증가시키는 데 사용되어왔다. 근적외선의 메카니즘은 잘 이해되지 않지만, 근적외선을 사용하여 대부분의 연구는 근적외선 세포 대사를 촉진하는 미토콘드리아 복잡한 IV (사이토 크롬 c 산화 효소) 14-17을 자극한다고 제안했다. 전정 감각 상피에서 I 형 머리 세포의 표피 하 판은 미토콘드리아 (18)의 조밀과 같은 치료 근적외선 치료를위한 행동의 사이트를 나타낼 수있다. 여기서, transcranially의 간단한, 비 침습성 치료 체제는 세포 대사를 측정하는데 사용될 수있다 (그리고 암시 미토콘드리아 기능에 의해) 마우스 전정 감각 상피 설명 NIR을 적용했다. 또한 논의 전정 감각 상피 제제이며 근적외선 ubiquito의 발현을 증가 시킨다는 것을 나타낸다우리는 항산화 감각 상피 (슈퍼 옥사이드 디스 뮤 타제 1) - 이전에 와우 헤어 세포 생존 (19)에 대한 중요한 것으로 나타났다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Quantum WARP 10</td><td>Quantum Devices</td><td>2070N030-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screw top microtubules</td><td>Quality Scientific Plastics</td><td>520-GRD-Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Parnell, Alexandria Australia</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard pattern scissors</td><td>FST</td><td>14001-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon steel surgical blades #22</td><td>Livingstone</td><td>SBLDCL 22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Friedman-Pearson rongeurs</td><td>FST</td><td>16221-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscope</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td>A60S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 SF forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>11252-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isolate II RNA Micro Kit</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-52075</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

near infrared (nir) light increases expression of a marker of mitochondrial function in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium

연령이 증가함에 따라 밸런스 기능에 감소를 감쇠위한 전략 밸런스 작업과 운동을 포함하여 물리 치료에 주로 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 그러나 이러한 접근 방법은 균형 하락의 근본 원인을 해결하지 않습니다. 마우스를 사용하여, 전정 감각 상피 세포의 대사에 근적 외광의 영향 (NIR)을 평가 하였다. 수집 된 데이터는이 간단하고 안전 개입이 자연 노화의 해로운 영향으로부터이 취약한 세포를 보호 할 수 있음을 보여줍니다. 의 mRNA는 격리 된 주변 전정 감각 상피 (크리스타의 ampullaris 및 utricular의 황반)에서 추출 이후 cDNA 라이브러리로 전사했다. 이 라이브러리는 다음 유비쿼터스 항산화 제 (SOD-1)의 발현을 조사해서되었다. 항산화 유전자 발현 후 세포 대사를 정량화하는 데 사용되었다. 젊은에서 NIR의 두개 배달 (4 주) 이상 사용 - 5 D (8 9 개월) 마우스 및 간단한 치료 정권 (90 초 / 일AYS),이 작품은 전정 감각 상피 세포에서 미토콘드리아의 기능을 개선하기에 충분할 수있다 혼자 NIR을 제안한다. 전정 모발 세포 기능을 개선하기위한 치료의 사용 가능한 저렴한, 비 침습적 방법은 없기 때문에, 외부 근적외선의 애플리케이션은 전정 감각 상피 기계가 세포 대사에 노화의 영향을 상쇄 할 가능성 전략을 제공한다.

젊은에서 NIR 처리의 영향 (4 주) 이상 비교하기 - 쥐 (8 9 개월) 우리는 (N = 20) (N = 16) 젊은에서 항산화 슈퍼 옥사이드 디스 뮤 타제 1 (SOD-1)의 발현을 측정 이상 가짜 처리, NIR 처리, 또는 근적외선 차단했다 쥐.이 그림은 젊은 가짜 처리 된 동물에 비해 NIR 처리 어린 동물에서 2 개 이상의 배의 β - 굴지 정규화 SOD-1의 발현이 크게 증가를 보여줍니다 (P &lt;0.01) 및 젊은 근적외선 차단 동물 (P...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium at JoVE.com

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

미토콘드리아 기능 장애는 세포 노화의 특징이다. 이 논문은 노화 마우스 전정 감각 상피의 미토콘드리아 기능을 개선하기 위해 비 침습적 근적외선 (NIR) 치료를 사용합니다.

근적외선 (NIR) 빛은 마우스 전정 감각 상피 세포에서 미토콘드리아 기능의 마커의 발현을 증가

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and ...

near-infrared-nir-light-increases-expression-marker-mitochondrial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

9.9K 조회수.  University of Sydney.  미토콘드리아 기능 장애는 세포 노화의 특징이다. 이 논문은 노화 마우스 전정 감각 상피의 미토콘드리아 기능을 개선하기 위해 비 침습적 근적외선 (NIR) 치료를 사용합니다. 

비디오: Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured neurons for extended durations1-3. This is now possible through the use of vital dyes and fluorescent proteins with which cytoskeletal components, organelles, and other structures in living cells can be labeled and then visualized via dynamic fluorescence microscopy. For example, in embryonic chicken sympathetic neurons, mitochondrial movement was characterized using the vital dye rhodamine 1234. In another study, mitochondria were visualized in rat forebrain neurons by transfection of mitochondrially targeted eYFP5. However, imaging of primary neurons over minutes, hours, or even days presents a number of issues. Foremost among these are: 1) maintenance of culture conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pH during long imaging sessions; 2) a strong, stable fluorescent signal to assure both the quality of acquired images and accurate measurement of signal intensity during image analysis; and 3) limiting exposure times during image acquisition to minimize photobleaching and avoid phototoxicity.
Here, we describe a protocol that permits the observation, visualization, and analysis of mitochondrial movement in cultured hippocampal neurons with high temporal resolution and under optimal life support conditions. We have constructed an affordable stage-top incubator that provides good temperature regulation and atmospheric gas flow, and also limits the degree of media evaporation, assuring stable pH and osmolarity. This incubator is connected, via inlet and outlet hoses, to a standard tissue culture incubator, which provides constant humidity levels and an atmosphere of 5-10% CO2/air. This design offers a cost-effective alternative to significantly more expensive microscope incubators that don't necessarily assure the viability of cells over many hours or even days. To visualize mitochondria, we infect cells with a lentivirus encoding a red fluorescent protein that is targeted to the mitochondrion. This assures a strong and persistent signal, which, in conjunction with the use of a stable xenon light source, allows us to limit exposure times during image acquisition and all but precludes photobleaching and phototoxicity. Two injection ports on the top of the stage-top incubator allow the acute administration of neurotransmitters and other reagents intended to modulate mitochondrial movement. In sum, lentivirus-mediated expression of an organelle-targeted red fluorescent protein and the combination of our stage-top incubator, a conventional inverted fluorescence microscope, CCD camera, and xenon light source allow us to acquire time-lapse images of mitochondrial transport in living neurons over longer durations than those possible in studies deploying conventional vital dyes and off-the-shelf life support systems.

We describe a protocol that allows imaging of mitochondria in living neurons via fluorescence microscopy over long durations. Imaging over extended periods is accomplished through lentivirus-mediated expression of a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein and use of an inexpensive stage-top incubator that was designed and built in our laboratory.

Neuromodulation 및 Mitochondrial 교통 : 긴 기간이 이상 Hippocampal 뉴런의 라이브 영상

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured ...

연구

신경과학

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

전기 생리학 및 고해상도 두 광자 현미경을위한 마우스 전정 감각 상피의 격리 된 세미 그대로 준비

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and postsynaptic projections to the visual cortex. Based on its distinct anatomical structure and convenient accessibility, it has become the favored structure for studies on neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advancements in MR imaging have enabled the in vivo visualization of the retino-tectal part of this projection using manganese mediated contrast enhancement (MEMRI). Here, we present a MEMRI protocol for illustration of the visual projection in mice, by which resolutions of (200 &#181;m)3 can be achieved using common 3 Tesla scanners. We demonstrate how intravitreal injection of a single dosage of 15 nmol MnCl2 leads to a saturated enhancement of the intact projection within 24 hr. With exception of the retina, changes in signal intensity are independent of coincided visual stimulation or physiological aging. We further apply this technique to longitudinally monitor axonal degeneration in response to acute optic nerve injury, a paradigm by which Mn2+ transport completely arrests at the lesion site. Conversely, active Mn2+ transport is quantitatively proportionate to the viability, number, and electrical activity of axon fibers. For such an analysis, we exemplify Mn2+ transport kinetics along the visual path in a transgenic mouse model (NF-&#954;B p50KO) displaying spontaneous atrophy of sensory, including visual, projections. In these mice, MEMRI indicates reduced but not delayed Mn2+ transport as compared to wild type mice, thus revealing signs of structural and/or functional impairments by NF-&#954;B mutations.
In summary, MEMRI conveniently bridges in vivo assays and post mortem histology for the characterization of nerve fiber integrity and activity. It is highly useful for longitudinal studies on axonal degeneration and regeneration, and investigations of mutant mice for genuine or inducible phenotypes.

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

This video illustrates a method, using a clinical 3 T scanner, for contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the na&#239;ve mouse visual projection and for repetitive and longitudinal in vivo studies of optic nerve degeneration associated with acute optic nerve crush injury and chronic optic nerve degeneration in knock-out mice (p50KO).

마우스의 조영 증강 MRI에 의한 시신경 섬유 무결성의 생체 내 이미징

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

생체 외에서 그리고 Vivo에서 인간 세포, C. 선 충, 쥐에서 Mitophagy의 검출

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

의학

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

마우스에 Transcranial Photobiomodulation 치료에 대 한 프로토콜

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is important for neuronal viability and function. Although mitochondria contain several redox systems, the highly abundant thiol-disulfide redox buffer glutathione is considered a central player in antioxidant defenses. Therefore, measuring the mitochondrial glutathione redox potential provides useful information about mitochondrial redox status and oxidative stress. Glutaredoxin1-roGFP2 (Grx1-roGFP2) is a genetically encoded, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based ratiometric indicator of the glutathione redox potential that has two redox-state-sensitive excitation peaks at 400 nm and 490 nm with a single emission peak at 510 nm. This article describes how to perform confocal live microscopy of mitochondria-targeted Grx1-roGFP2 in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons. It describes how to assess steady-state mitochondrial glutathione redox potential (e.g., to compare disease states or long-term treatments) and how to measure redox changes upon acute treatments (using the excitotoxic drug N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) as an example). In addition, the article presents co-imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and the mitochondrial membrane potential indicator, tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE), to demonstrate how Grx1-roGPF2 can be multiplexed with additional indicators for multiparametric analyses. This protocol provides a detailed description of how to (i) optimize confocal laser scanning microscope settings, (ii) apply drugs for stimulation followed by sensor calibration with diamide and dithiothreitol, and (iii) analyze data with ImageJ/FIJI.

This article describes a protocol to determine differences in basal redox state and redox responses to acute perturbations in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons using confocal live microscopy. The protocol can be applied to other cell types and microscopes with minimal modifications.

비율 표시기를 사용하여 1 차 신경에 있는 미토콘드리아 글루타티온 Redox 상태의 살아있는 화상 진찰

Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is important for neuronal viability and function. Although mitochondria contain several redox systems, the highly abundant ...

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and experimentally tractable. It is economical and easy to culture and dispense in liquid medium which makes it well suited for medium-throughput screening. We have previously validated the use of transgenic luciferase expressing C. elegans strains to provide rapid in vivo assessment of the nematode&#8217;s ATP levels.1-3 Here we present the required materials and procedure to carry out bioassays with the bioluminescent C. elegans strains PE254 or PE255 (or any of their derivative strains). The protocol allows for in vivo detection of sublethal effects of drugs that may identify mitochondrial toxicity, as well as for in vivo detection of potential beneficial drug effects. Representative results are provided for the chemicals paraquat, rotenone, oxaloacetate and for four firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds. The methodology can be scaled up to provide a platform for screening drug libraries for compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial function. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug toxicity is often carried out on immortalized cancerous human cell lines which derive ATP mostly from glycolysis and are often tolerant of mitochondrial toxicants.4,5 In contrast, C. elegans depends on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain development into adulthood, drawing a parallel with humans and providing a unique opportunity for compound evaluation in the physiological context of a whole live multicellular organism.

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

A protocol is described for in vivo detection of effects of mitochondrial inhibitors in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and for identification of potential enhancing compounds. This protocol can be used to screen drug libraries for compounds modulating mitochondrial function.

Screenable<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 형질 전환 발광 생물을 사용 미토콘드리아 변조기에 대한 분석<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and ...

생물학

Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential In Vivo using a Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator

Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is critical for mitochondrial functions, including ATP synthesis, ion transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the import of proteins encoded by the nucleus. Existing methods for measuring &#916;&#936;m typically use lipophilic cation dyes, such as Rhodamine 800 and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), but these are limited by low specificity and are not well-suited for in vivo applications. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel protocol utilizing genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), which generate fluorescent signals in response to membrane potential changes, have demonstrated significant potential for monitoring plasma membrane and neuronal potentials. However, their application to mitochondrial membranes remains unexplored. Here, we developed protein-based mitochondrial-targeted GEVIs capable of detecting &#916;&#936;m fluctuations in cells and the motor cortex of living animals. The mitochondrial potential indicator (MPI)offers a non-invasive approach to study &#916;&#936;m dynamics in real-time, providing a method to investigate mitochondrial function under both normal and pathological conditions.

This protocol describes the application of mitochondria-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). These GEVIs offer a significant advantage over traditional mitochondrial membrane potential dyes by enabling specific, in vivo, and real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential.

유전적으로 인코딩된 전압 표시기를 사용한 생체 내 미토콘드리아 막 전위 측정

Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is critical for mitochondrial functions, including ATP synthesis, ion transport, reactive oxygen ...

mtHyper7을 사용한 살아있는 효모 세포의 미토콘드리아 과산화물 이미징

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, and normal aging. Here, an approach is described to assess mitochondrial function in living yeast cells at cellular and subcellular resolutions using a genetically encoded, minimally invasive, ratiometric biosensor. The biosensor, mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), detects hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mitochondria. It consists of a mitochondrial signal sequence fused to a circularly permuted fluorescent protein and the H2O2-responsive domain of a bacterial OxyR protein. The biosensor is generated and integrated into the yeast genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 marker-free system, for&#160;more consistent expression compared to plasmid-borne constructs.
mtHyPer7 is quantitatively targeted to mitochondria, has no detectable effect on yeast growth rate or mitochondrial morphology, and provides a quantitative readout for mitochondrial H2O2 under normal growth conditions and upon exposure to oxidative stress. This protocol explains how to optimize imaging conditions using a spinning-disk confocal microscope system and perform quantitative analysis using freely available software. These tools make it possible to collect rich spatiotemporal information on mitochondria both within cells and among cells in a population. Moreover, the workflow described here can be used to validate other biosensors.

저자 스포트라이트: 미토콘드리아 연구의 발전 - 세포 내 분석을 위한 mtHyper7 바이오센서 

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is both a source of oxidative damage and a signaling molecule. This protocol describes how to measure mitochondrial H2O2 using mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), a genetically encoded ratiometric biosensor, in living yeast. It details how to optimize imaging conditions and perform quantitative cellular and subcellular analysis using freely available software.

살아있는 효모 세포에서 미토콘드리아 과산화물을 위한 비율계량 바이오센서인 mtHyPer7의 이미징

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, ...

근적외선 (NIR) 빛은 마우스 전정 감각 상피 세포에서 미토콘드리아 기능의 마커의 발현을 증가

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

Neuromodulation 및 Mitochondrial 교통 : 긴 기간이 이상 Hippocampal 뉴런의 라이브 영상

전기 생리학 및 고해상도 두 광자 현미경을위한 마우스 전정 감각 상피의 격리 된 세미 그대로 준비

마우스의 조영 증강 MRI에 의한 시신경 섬유 무결성의 생체 내 이미징

생체 외에서 그리고 Vivo에서 인간 세포, C. 선 충, 쥐에서 Mitophagy의 검출

마우스에 Transcranial Photobiomodulation 치료에 대 한 프로토콜

비율 표시기를 사용하여 1 차 신경에 있는 미토콘드리아 글루타티온 Redox 상태의 살아있는 화상 진찰

Screenable

유전적으로 인코딩된 전압 표시기를 사용한 생체 내 미토콘드리아 막 전위 측정

살아있는 효모 세포에서 미토콘드리아 과산화물을 위한 비율계량 바이오센서인 mtHyPer7의 이미징

살아있는 효모 세포에서 미토콘드리아 과산화물을 위한 비율계량 바이오센서인 mtHyPer7의 이미징