This work was supported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) M&#252;nster (SEED 03/12, SB), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TR128, TP B6 to S.G.M. ME3283/2-1 to S.G.M.) and by Innovative Medizinische Forschung, M&#252;nster (I-BI111316, SB and SGM).

생쥐를 사용하는 모든 실험은 각 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회의 지침에 따라 수행되어야한다. 마우스 실험 1. 일반 댓글 <ol><li> 무균 상태에서 마우스를 유지하고 그들에게 음식과 물을 임의로에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 면역 학적 패턴은 나이와 성별에 따라 달라질 수 있기 때문에 실험 그룹의 나이와 성별 일치 마우스를 사용하는 것이 중요합니다. </li></ol> (2)의 제조 및 활성화 OVA 특이 CD8 + T 세포 (OT-I) <ol><li> 뇌 조각을 준비하기 전에 오일 후술 OT-I T 세포의 자극을 수행한다. 주 : 5 × 5 활성화 효과기 CD8 + OT-I T 세포 (CD8 + T 세포 MHC-I 분자의 컨텍스트에서 유일한 OVA 257-264 펩티드를 인식하는 트랜스 제닉 마우스)를 슬라이스마다 필요한 농도 5 × 10 5 실험을 선택했다세포가 동시에 슬라이스로 이주 시동 한번 좋은 세포 - 세포 상호 작용을 선호하는 최적 하나로 우방 세포의 양이 하나의 셀 (8, 18)를 계산하는 허용 과잉 반응을 유도하기 위해 너무 높지 않다. </li><li> OT-I T 세포를 배양 매체를 준비합니다. 5 % 소 태아 혈청 (FCS), 10 mM의 HEPES, 2 mM L- 글루타민 50 μM 2- 머 캅토 에탄올, 1 % 비 필수 아미노산 및 25 ㎍ / ml의 겐타 마이신을 500 ㎖의 DMEM을 보완. 사용할 때까지 4 ° C에서 매체를 저장합니다. </li><li> 참조 (16)에 따라 OT-I 형질 전환 마우스의 비장을 제거합니다. 준비된 매체로 전송합니다. </li><li> 5 분, 4 ° C 300 XG에 70 μm의 여과기 및 원심 분리기 서스펜션을 통해 비장를 매쉬업하여 단일 세포 현탁액을 생성합니다. </li><li> 적혈구를 용해시키기 위해 5 분 동안 5 ㎖ 암모늄, 염화 칼륨 (ACK) 완충액 (150 mM의 CL NH 4, 10 mM의 KHCO 3, 0.1 mM의 EDTA, pH를 7.3)와 세포 현탁액을 배양한다. </li><li> incubati 중지다시 10 ml의 배지를 원심 분리기에 함께 전술 한 바와 같이. </li><li> 매체에 세포 현탁액을 희석 수를 계산합니다. 판 3 × 10 7 세포의 밀도로 세포 / 웰에서 12 웰 플레이트 프라임 그들을 배양하여 OVA 257 - 264 (SIINFEKL 1 ㎚) 및 인터루킨 -2 (IL-2) (500 IU / ml)에 대한 오일. </li><li> 사일 후, 500 IU의 농도 / ㎖를 다시 IL-2를 추가한다. </li><li> 자극에이어서, 제조업 자의 지시에 따라 음성 선별 계 마우스 CD8 + T 세포 단리 키트를 사용하여 세포 현탁액으로부터 OT-I-T 세포를 정제. 정제는 CD4, CD11b를, 중 CD11c, CD19, CD45R (B220), CD49b (DX5), CD105, MHC 클래스 II, 테르-119 및 TCRγ에 대한 항체의 칵테일을 사용하여 모든 비 CD8가 + 세포의 고갈을 기반으로 / δ 후 정제 된 CD8 + T 세포의 용출 자석 열을 사용하여 폐기되는. 참고 :이 procedu에서 중요한 단계재를 제조하고 의해 표시된다 : 그것은 덩어리의 존재가 용출 단계 동안 열을 차단할 수 있기 때문에, 반응은 단 하나의 셀을 포함하는 것이 중요하다; Byotin 칵테일을 추가하기 전에 셀의 계산은 시료의 청정도에 중요하고 절차는 비특이적 항체 바인딩을 최소화하기 위해 얼음을 수행하여야한다. </li></ol> OT-I T 세포 급성 뇌 조각 및 공동 문화의 3. 준비 <ol><li> 급성 뇌의 제조에 앞서 19, 200 mM의 수크로오스로부터 20㎜ PIPES, 2.5mM의 KCL, 1.25 mM의의 NaH 2 PO 4, 10mM의 황산, 0.5 CaCl2를 10 mM의 덱 스트로스를 사용 placedine 차가운 생리 식염수 용액을 조제을 슬라이스 화 인공 뇌척수액 (ACSF), 125 mM의 염화나트륨, 2.5의 KCl을 사용하여 1.25의 NaH 2 PO 4, 24 mM의 NaHCO3을, 2 mM의 황산, 10 mM의 포도당 2 mM의 CaCl2를. 저기서으로 7.35에 각 솔루션의 산도를 조정g의 NaOH. ACSF의 pH를 조정하기 전에, 용액은 95 % O 2 및 5 % CO 2의 혼합물로 버블 링되어야한다. </li><li> 솔루션을 사전 냉각. </li><li> 8 마취 - (10 주 된 쥐를 예를 들면, C57BL 5.0 %의 이소 플루 란, 5.0 %의 할로 탄 또는 대기 IP를 통해 100 ㎎ / kg 케타민과 10 mg / kg 체중의 자일 라진 (xylazine)을 주사를 사용하여 제어 또는 흡입과 형질 전환 ODC-OVA 마우스 (17) / 6 마취. 마취의 수준을 평가하고, 한 번에 목을 벨 수있는 발가락 핀치를 사용하고 제도적 동물 보호에 따라 쥐를 안락사와 안락사에 대한위원회의 기준을 사용합니다. </li><li> 복부 위치에 마우스를 넣습니다. 소독 및 sagittally 두피를 잘라. , sagitally 두개골 뼈를 열고 국자의 도움으로 신속하게 뇌를 제거하고 접착제를 사용하여에 vibratome의 판에 끼 웁니다. </li><li> 준비된 placedine 얼음처럼 차가운 생리 식염수와 함께 접시를 채 웁니다. </li><li> 에 vibratome 300 μm의 관상 조각을 잘라. 참고 :이 절차는 알고있다n은 적어도 8 시간의 19 ~ 21 시간 내에 세포의 기능적 연구에 적합한 실행 가능한 그대로 티슈 시편을 얻었다. 사실, 이미 6 시간 후에 시작이 기간 후에, 준비는 품질 저하, 활동 전위 생성 및 전파 같은 기본적인 기능적인 특성, 즉 변화를 보여준다. </li><li> 절편 한 후, ACSF 가득 12 웰 플레이트의 각 웰에 즉시 한 조각을 전송합니다. </li><li> 조각 당 신중 5 × 10 5 OT-I T 세포를 추가합니다. </li><li> 인큐베이터에서 최대 8 시간 (37 ° C, 5 % CO 2)에 대한 슬라이스를 품어. </li><li> 잠복기, 수확 조각과 후의 OCT 화합물 조직-TEK를 사용하여 그것들을 포함하고 액체 질소에서 그들을 동결. 평가, 예를 들면에 더 조직 학적 연구를위한 -20 ° C에서 신경 세포의 구조 (예를 들어, 사용 방지 MAPII 또는 방지 synaptophysin에 항체) 또는 세포 사멸을 (를 저장 예를 들어, 안티 카스파-3 항체 및 안티 NeuN 안티를 사용하여시체) 표준 절차에 따라. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

다양한 동물 모델은 MS와 같은 염증성 탈수 초성 질환의 병리학 적 특징을 해결하기 위해 지난 수십 년에 걸쳐 설명되었다. 비보 마우스 및 래트 모델은 광범위 질환의 병태 생리 학적 특징을 모방하는 데 사용된다, 즉, 탈수 초화 및 재유 수화 처리의 결과 분석 염증 및 신경 퇴행의 섞일 에피소드. 그럼에도 불구하고, 단지 생체 방법은 정확한 기본 메커니즘을 해부 할 수 있습니다. <...

Death of oligodendrocytes and destruction of the myelin sheath accompanied by loss of neurons and axons are typical pathological findings in grey matter lesions in individuals suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS)1,2. Cortical lesions can be divided so far in three different subtypes2: subpial, intracortical and leukocortical lesions. In comparison to white matter plaques, infiltrates are characterized by a predominance of CD8+ T-cells, suggesting their possible decisive role in grey matter inflammation3. Furthermore, oligoclonal expansions in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and within inflammatory lesions can be found for CD8+ T-cells themselves4-6. 
In line with this, it is assumed that CD8+ T-cells may be specific for different myelin proteins7,8. Indeed, CD8+ T-cells are found near oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths9,10 that show MHC I expression11 and might therefore be responsible for the loss of the myelin sheath. This process is often seen together with extensive &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal and axonal damage within the central nervous system (CNS) grey matter1,2. In fact, direct and indirect death of oligodendrocytes and neurons is induced by CD8+ T-cells via two different mechanism: (i) cell membrane swelling and rupture due to the formation of cytotoxic granules following the release of perforins and granzymes and (ii) ligation to the Fas receptors or exposition of FasL on their surface8,12,13.
Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanism of the mentioned processes. In this respect, primed CD8+ T-cells specific for autoantigens with induced expression in CNS glial cells, like oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, can be adoptively transferred to analyse &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal and axonal death in grey matter subsequently14,15. To perform such in vivo experiments is a big help to mimic some pathophysiological aspects of MS, however, this approach is not suited to resolve the underlying mechanism and kinetics of axonal damage and neuronal apoptosis.
To overcome these restrictions, an ex vivo approach was established to study the mechanisms and time course of neuronal cell death following a oligondendrocytes-directed CD8+ T-cell attack. Since only oligodendrocytes and therefore myelin sheath production should be targeted by immune cells, MHC class-I-restricted, ovalbumin (OVA)-reactive OT-I Tcells are used16. These cells are subsequently transferred into brain slices obtained from mice selectively expressing OVA in oligodendrocytes (ODC-OVA mice)17.

<table><tbody><tr><td>12-Well plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>3513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31350-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Methylbutan</td><td>Roth</td><td>3927.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70 &amp;micro;m strainer</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.02382.0500</td><td>calcium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-isolation kit</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-090-859</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D(+)-glucose</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.08337.1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31966-021</td><td>warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E5134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FCS</td><td>PAA Laboratories</td><td>A15-151</td><td>fetal calve serum</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES 1 M</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IL-2</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>212-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isofluran</td><td>Abbott</td><td>05260-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.04933.0500</td><td>potassium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>KHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9144</td><td>potassium hydrogen carbonate</td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Gibco</td><td>35050-038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.05886.0500</td><td>magnesium sulfate</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>31434</td><td>sodium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; * H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.06346.0500</td><td>sodium hydrogen phosphate</td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.06329.0500</td><td>sodium hydrogen carbonate</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.09137.1000</td><td>sodium hydroxide</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>213330</td><td>ammonium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>Non essential amino acid</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11140-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OVA (257-264)</td><td>Genscript</td><td>RP10611</td><td>ovalbumin</td></tr><tr><td>PIPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.07687.1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek OCT</td><td>Sakura</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an ex vivo model of an oligodendrocyte-directed t-cell attack in acute brain slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter lesions in inflammatory demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). In these disorders, mainly CD8+ T-cells of putative specificity for myelin- and oligodendrocyte-related antigens are found, so that neuronal apoptosis in grey matter lesions may be a collateral effect of these cells. Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanisms of the mentioned pathophysiological processes. However, although they mimic some aspects of MS, it is impossible to dissect the exact mechanism and time course of &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal cell death. To address this course, here we show a protocol to study the mechanisms and time response of neuronal damage following an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8+ T cell attack. To target only the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocytes, in vitro activated oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells are transferred into acutely isolated brain slices. After a defined incubation period, myelin and neuronal damage can be analysed in different regions of interest. Potential applications and limitations of this model will be discussed.

희소 돌기 아교 세포 지시 CD8 + T 세포와 뇌 조각의 배양 후, 희소 돌기 아교 세포뿐만 아니라 신경 세포 사멸 (도 2a 및도 1C, 각각을) 받다. 아폽토시스 학적 징후 (예, 카스파 제 -3, Tunel에)은 초기 배양은 3 시간 후에 검출 될 수있다. 부화 기간은 준비하고 재현 가능한 결과의 좋은 품질을 보장​​하기 위해 더 이상 8 시간 이하 여야한다. 사멸 세포는 모든 유수 지역에서...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices at JoVE.com

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 급성 뇌 조각의 희소 돌기 아교 세포 지시 T 세포 공격의 모델

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

6.9K 조회수.  University of Münster. To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

비디오: An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

같은 뇌 Microslices의 흥분 독성 자극<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 스트로크의 모델

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

연구

의학

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion channel, and transporter cell surface presentation on a minutes time scale.&#160;There is a broad diversity of mechanisms that control endocytic trafficking of individual proteins. Studies investigating the molecular underpinnings of trafficking have primarily relied upon surface biotinylation to quantitatively measure changes in membrane protein surface expression in response to exogenous stimuli and gene manipulation.&#160;However, this approach has been mainly limited to cultured cells, which may not faithfully reflect the physiologically relevant mechanisms at play in adult neurons.&#160;Moreover, cultured cell approaches may underestimate region-specific differences in trafficking mechanisms.&#160;Here, we describe an approach that extends cell surface biotinylation to the acute brain slice preparation.&#160;We demonstrate that this method provides a high-fidelity approach to measure rapid changes in membrane protein surface levels in adult neurons.&#160;This approach is likely to have broad utility in the field of neuronal endocytic trafficking.

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Neuronal membrane trafficking dynamically controls plasma membrane protein availability and significantly impacts neurotransmission.&#160;To date, it has been challenging to measure neuronal endocytic trafficking in adult neurons.&#160;Here, we describe a highly effective, quantitative method to measure rapid changes in surface protein expression ex vivo in acute brain slices.

뇌 슬라이스 바이오 티 닐화 :<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em성인 뉴런에서 지역 고유의 플라즈마 막 단백질 인신 매매를 측정하는&gt; 접근

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

신경과학

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Organotypic 슬라이스는 문화 희소 돌기 아교 세포 역학 및 수초화을 공부하기

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Organotypic Hippocampal 슬라이스 문화 연구 Neuroprotection 및 종양 세포의 침입을 모델로

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and Confocal Microscopy

Neurons rely on the electric insulation and trophic support of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite the importance of oligodendrocytes, the advanced tools currently used to study neurons, have only partly been taken on by oligodendrocyte researchers. Cell type-specific staining by viral transduction is a useful approach to study live organelle dynamics. This paper describes a protocol for visualizing oligodendrocyte mitochondria in organotypic brain slices by transduction with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying genes for mitochondrial targeted fluorescent proteins under the transcriptional control of the myelin basic protein promoter. It includes the protocol for making organotypic coronal mouse brain slices. A procedure for time-lapse imaging of mitochondria then follows. These methods can be transferred to other organelles and may be particularly useful for studying organelles in the myelin sheath. Finally, we describe a readily available technique for visualization of unstained myelin in living slices by Confocal Reflectance microscopy (CoRe). CoRe requires no extra equipment and can be useful to identify the myelin sheath during live imaging.

Myelinating oligodendrocytes promote rapid action potential propagation and neuronal survival. Described here is a protocol for oligodendrocyte-specific expression of fluorescent proteins in organotypic brain slices with subsequent time-lapse imaging. Further, a simple procedure for visualizing unstained myelin is presented.

시각화 및 Adeno 관련 바이러스 및 Confocal 현미경 검사 법을 사용 하 여 Organotypic 뇌 조각에서 Oligodendrocyte 세포의 라이브 영상

Neurons rely on the electric insulation and trophic support of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite the importance of oligodendrocytes, the advanced ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, very few have been widely accepted. Here, we propose&#160;a new procedure&#160;adapted from the well-known ex vivo brain slice technique, which offers a closer in vivo-like scenario than in vitro preparations, for investigating the early events triggering cell degeneration, as observed in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). This variation consists of simple and easily reproducible steps, which enable preservation of the anatomical cytoarchitecture of the selected brain region and its local functionality in a physiological milieu. Different anatomical areas can be obtained from the same brain, providing the opportunity to perform multiple experiments with the treatments in question in a site-, dose-, and time-dependent manner. Potential limitations&#160;which could affect the outcomes related to this methodology are related to the conservation of the tissue, i.e., the maintenance of its anatomical integrity during the slicing and incubation steps and the section thickness, which can influence the biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. This approach can be employed for different purposes, such as exploring molecular mechanisms involved in physiological or pathological conditions, drug screening, or dose-response assays. Finally, this protocol could also reduce the number of animals employed in behavioral studies. The application reported here has been recently described and tested for the first time on ex vivo rat brain slices containing the basal forebrain (BF), which is one of the cerebral regions primarily affected in AD. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the administration of a toxic peptide derived from the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could prompt an AD-like profile, triggering, along the antero-posterior axis of the BF, a differential expression of proteins altered in AD, such as the alpha7 nicotinic receptor (&#945;7-nAChR), phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), and amyloid beta (A&#946;).

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

We present a method which can&#160;provide further insights into the early events underlying neurodegeneration and based on the established ex-vivo brain technique, combining the advantages of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Moreover, it represents a unique opportunity for direct comparison of treated and untreated group in the same anatomical plane.

Neurodegeneration Ex Vivo 쥐 두뇌 분할 영역을 사용 하 여 기본 이벤트를 공부 하는 양자 택일 접근

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices

Microglial cells are resident innate immune cells of the brain that constantly scan their environment with their long processes and, upon disruption of homeostasis, undergo rapid morphological changes. For example, a laser lesion induces in a few minutes an oriented growth of microglial processes, also called &#34;directional motility&#34;, toward the site of injury. A similar effect can be obtained by delivering locally ATP or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]). In this article, we describe a protocol to induce a directional growth of microglial processes toward a local application of ATP or 5-HT in acute brain slices of young and adult mice and to image this attraction over time by multiphoton microscopy. A simple method of quantification with free and open-source image analysis software is proposed. A challenge that still characterizes acute brain slices is the limited time, decreasing with age, during which the cells remain in a physiological state. This protocol, thus, highlights some technical improvements (medium, air-liquid interface chamber, imaging chamber with a double perfusion) aimed at optimizing the viability of microglial cells over several hours, especially in slices from adult mice.

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond quickly with morphological changes to modifications of their environment. This protocol describes how to use two-photon microscopy to study the attraction of microglial processes toward serotonin or ATP in acute brain slices of mice.

Microglial 프로세스 매력 ATP 또는 급성 뇌 조각에 세로토닌의 2 광자 영상

Microglial cells are resident innate immune cells of the brain that constantly scan their environment with their long processes and, upon disruption of ...

Ex Vivo Myelination and Remyelination in Cerebellar Slice Cultures as a Quantitative Model for Developmental and Disease-Relevant Manipulations

Studying myelination&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo poses numerous challenges. The differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)&#160;in vitro, although scalable,&#160;does not recapitulate axonal myelination. OPC-neuron cocultures and OPC-fiber cultures allow for the examination of in vitro myelination, but they lack additional cell types that are present in vivo, such as astrocytes and microglia. In vivo&#160;mouse models, however, are less amenable to chemical, environmental, and genetic manipulation and are much more labor intensive. Here, we describe&#160;an&#160;ex vivo mouse cerebellar slice culture (CSC) quantitative system that is useful for: 1) studying developmental myelination, 2) modeling demyelination and remyelination, and 3) conducting translational research. Sagittal sections of the cerebellum and hindbrain are isolated from postnatal day (P) 0&#8211;2 mice, after which they myelinate&#160;ex vivo&#160;for 12 days. During this period, slices can be manipulated in various ways, including the addition of compounds to test for an effect on developmental myelination. In addition, tissue can be fixed for electron microscopy to assess myelin ultrastructure and compaction. To model disease, CSC can be subjected to acute hypoxia to induce hypomyelination. Demyelination in these explants can also be induced by lysolecithin, which allows for the identification of factors that promote remyelination. Aside from chemical and environmental modifications, CSC can be isolated from transgenic mice and are responsive to genetic manipulation induced with Ad-Cre adenoviruses and tamoxifen. Thus, cerebellar slice cultures are a fast, reproducible, and quantifiable model for recapitulating myelination.

Presented is a protocol for an ex vivo quantitative model of demyelination and remyelination using mouse cerebellar slice cultures. This method closely recapitulates an in vivo model with its full complement of CNS cell types in intact tissue, while maintaining the chemical, genetic, and environmental amenability of an in vitro system.

Studying myelination&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo poses numerous challenges. The differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)&#160;in ...

A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures

Organotypic slice cultures have been widely used to model brain disorders and are considered excellent platforms for evaluating a drug&#8217;s neuroprotective and therapeutic potential. Organotypic slices are prepared from explanted tissue and represent a complex multicellular ex vivo environment. They preserve the three-dimensional cytoarchitecture and local environment of brain cells, maintain the neuronal connectivity and the neuron-glia reciprocal interaction. Hippocampal organotypic slices are considered suitable to explore the basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis, but clinical research and animal models of epilepsy have suggested that the rhinal cortex, composed of perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, play a relevant role in seizure generation.
Here, we describe the preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slices. Recordings of spontaneous activity from the CA3 area under perfusion with complete growth medium, at physiological temperature and in the absence of pharmacological manipulations, showed that these slices depict evolving epileptic-like events throughout time in culture. Increased cell death, through propidium iodide uptake assay, and gliosis, assessed with fluorescence-coupled immunohistochemistry, was also observed. The experimental approach presented highlights the value of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slice cultures as a platform to study the dynamics and progression of epileptogenesis and to screen potential therapeutic targets for this brain pathology.

Here, we describe the preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slices. Under a gradual and controlled deprivation of serum, these slices depict evolving epileptic-like events and can be considered an ex vivo model of epileptogenesis. This system represents an excellent tool for monitoring the dynamics of spontaneous activity, as well as for assessing the progression of neuroinflammatory features throughout the course of epileptogenesis.

라인 피질-해마 오르가노티픽 슬라이스 배양에서 간질 발생의 모델

Organotypic slice cultures have been widely used to model brain disorders and are considered excellent platforms for evaluating a drug&#8217;s ...

Confocal Imaging of Mitochondrial Movement within Oligodendrocytes in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures

<a href='https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/56237/visualization-live-imaging-oligodendrocyte-organelles-organotypic'>Source: Kennedy, L. H., et. al. Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and Confocal Microscopy. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)</a>This video demonstrates the imaging of oligodendrocyte mitochondria in organotypic mouse brain slices. The slice is placed inside a bath chamber with continuous fluid circulation and controlled temperature. After setting up various parameters of the confocal microscope, time-lapse images of mitochondria with red fluorescence are captured, followed by Z-stack images of the oligodendrocyte with green fluorescence.

Source: Kennedy, L. H., et. al. Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and ...

요약

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이 비디오의 챕터

같은 뇌 Microslices의 흥분 독성 자극

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