이 작품은 신경-바이오 회사에 의해 투자 되었다 우리는 그들의 의견 및 조언을 원고에 대 한 박사 조반니 Ferrati와 박사 세르지오로 톤도 (신경-바이오) 감사 하 고 싶습니다.

모든 동물 연구 승인된 프로토콜에서 수행 되었습니다.
참고:이 섹션에서는 실험 절차 동안 수행의 주요 단계 순서와 제안된 시간 간격 (그림 1)를 제공 됩니다. 또한, 프로토콜에 대 한 단계별 설명 (그림 2) 잠복기 후 조직 균질 뇌 제거에서까지 중요 한 작업을 보여주는 설명 패널에 의해 보충 된다. 재료 및 기구 및 WB 분석에 대 한 후속 단계 지침에 관한 내용은 앞에서 설명한22있습니다.
1. 수술 도구, Vibratome 설정 및 치료 준비
참고: 실험 절차를 시작 하기 전에 다음 단계를 실행:
<ol><li>두 다른 인공 뇌 척추 액체 (aCSFs), 뇌 조각화에 대 한 사용을 준비 하 고 인큐베이션 단계에 대 한 다른 이전29설명. 짧게, 두 aCSFs의 (mmol)에서 작업 농도 "슬라이스" 실제는: 120 NaCl, 5 KCl, 20 NaHCO3, 2.4 CaCl2, 2 MgSO4, 1.2 KH2포4및 10 포도 당; 6.7 HEPES 소금과 3.3 HEPES 산; pH: 7.1. "녹음" 실제 대: 124 NaCl, 3.7 KCl, 26 NaHCO3, 2 CaCl2, 1.3 MgSO4, 1.3 KH2포4및 10 포도 당; pH: 7.1.</li>
	<li>솔루션을 잘 섞어 다음 얼음에 넣어 하 고 두뇌와 후속 단면을 제거 하는 동안 감기를 가지기 위해 조각화 실제 산소. 녹음 실제를 실 온 (RT)와 공급 산소에서 유지.</li>
	<li>잘린 및 뇌 제거, 즉, 단두대, 수술 해 부 키트 (가 위, 집게, 블레이드), 및 주걱 절 개 후드 악기를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>슬라이스 두께 (이 준비에서 300 µ m)와 7에 주파수와 6 속도 선택 하 여 vibratome 매개 변수를 설정 합니다. Vibratome 챔버의 적절 한 공간에 삽입 하 고 그것을 포위 하는 얼음.</li>
	<li>"조각화" (실제) 뇌 단면 중 산소 carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) 밸브를 엽니다. 최소 유량 2 mL/min의 주위를 선택 합니다.</li>
	<li>테스트 조건을 준비 하 두 15 mL 튜브를 가져가 라. "녹음" 실제의 10 mL T30 2 µ M (대우 그룹)의 농도에 농축 한 튜브는 "기록" 실제 혼자 (제어 그룹) 10 mL와 다른,를 추가 합니다. 와 동 모두 튜브와 설치 준비 단계 (제 3)에서 사용까지 얼음에 그들을 유지.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 마 취, 뇌 추출 및 슬라이스
참고:이 연구에서 9 야생 타입 P14 남성 Wistar 쥐 사용 되었다. 뇌 추출 및 후속 슬라이스 이후 그들은 신속 하 게 수행 해야 (10 분) 이내 방지 하거나 적어도 조직 변성 과정 감속 프로토콜의 중요 한 부분을 구성 합니다.
<ol><li>유도 챔버로 면 레이어에 isoflurane의 100 %w / w 1.5 mL을 추가, 내부, 동물 놓고 뚜껑을 닫습니다. 동물 깊이 취 페달 반사의 부재를 확인 될 때까지 기다립니다 고 단두대를 사용 하 여 동물을 목을 벨.</li>
	<li>계속 차가운 남 비를 포함 하는 내에서 동물의 머리 두뇌 제거 단계 동안 실제 조각화 (그림 2A -C).</li>
	<li>외과 블레이드, 두개골을 통해 피부를 incise 다음 후부 부분에서 중간, 다음가 위를 사용 하 여 두개골을 잘라 고 anteriorly OBs (그림 2A) 위에 뼈를 도달할 때까지.</li>
	<li>옆 뇌 (그림 2B)에 액세스할 수 있습니다 한 쌍의 집게를 사용 하 여 두개골의 두 측면을 당겨. 뇌에 ventrally 주걱을 삽입, 그것을 밖으로, 그리고 그것은 약 5 분 (그림 2C)에 대 한 차가운 "슬라이스" 실제에 충분 한지 체크 해 계속 부드럽게 푸.</li>
	<li>필터 종이에 두뇌를 처분 하 고 (그림 2D) 블레이드를 사용 하 여 소 뇌를 잘라. Vibratome 디스크에 세로로 두뇌 접착제 및 단면 챔버 내부 삽입, 차가운 "슬라이스" 실제 그것을 채울 제공 되며 산소 (그림 2E).</li>
	<li>절단 간격을 조정 하 고 뇌 단면 (그림 2F)와 함께 진행. 앞에서 설명한22로 중간 심장 (MS), Broca (DBB), 그리고 substantia innominata (SI)의 대각선 밴드 등 관심 영역을 포함 하는 섹션을 수집 합니다. 위에서 아래, 3 조각 rostral (R), 중급 (I), 그리고 BF (그림 2G)의 꼬리 (C) 부분을 포함합니다.</li>
	<li>작은 위, 각 섹션 중간 선 따라 분할 취득 두 반사 hemislices (그림 2 H), 개별적으로 제어와 같은 해 부 비행기에서 대우 조건 사용.</li>
	<li>5-10 분, vibratome 챔버에는 hemisections를 계속 한 다음 녹음 실제를 포함 하는 버블링 냄비에 유리 피 펫과 그들을 전송. 복구를 약 30 분 동안 RT에서 유지.</li>
	<li>한편, 혼자 녹음 실제의 3 mL (이전 단계 컨트롤 그룹에 대 한 1.6에서에서 준비)와 함께 3 개의 유리 튜브와 실제 T30 (이전 단계 1.6에서에서 준비) 대우 그룹에 대 한 강화의 3 mL와 함께 3 개의 튜브 작성.</li>
</ol>3. 설치 준비
<ol><li>제어 그룹 (녹색 프레임, 그림 2J) 3 연속 hemislices (rostral, 중간, 및 꼬리 BF 지역 포함) 순서는 hemisections 그들의 해당 유리 튜브 (그림 2I)로 전송 하 고 그들의 대우 그룹 (레드 프레임, 그림 2J)에 대 한 대응을 일치.</li>
	<li>조건 사이 어떤 오염 든 지 방지 하기 위해 제어 hemislices 및 다른 처리 대응에 대 한 두 개의 다른 붓과 뇌 조직의 전송.</li>
	<li>각 유리 유리병 oxygenating 바늘 (21 G) (그림 2J) 제시 해당 뚜껑을 봉인. Carbogen 소스 (그림 2 K) 기구의 주요 튜브를 연결 합니다. 실험 기간 동안 뇌 조직과 기계적 손상의 어떤 움직임을 피하기 위하여 2 mL/min의 최소 유량과 인큐베이션 기간 동안 hemislices에 산소를 제공 합니다. 5 h 부 화를 시작 합니다. 5 분 이내 3.1-3.3 단계를 실행 합니다. 참고: 체크 자주 (매 15-20 분) 모든 튜브에 산소 제공 여부와 흐름 아래에서 조직을 이동 하지 않습니다.</li>
</ol>4. 샘플 균질
<ol><li>부 화 후 산소 흐름을 중지 하 고 튜브에서 모든 뚜껑을 제거 합니다. Hemislices, 얼음 (그림 2 L)에 튜브를 유지 세포의 용 해 버퍼의 250 µ L을 포함 하는 1.5 mL 튜브에 적절 한 브러쉬를 사용 하 여 전송 합니다. 세포의 용 해 버퍼, PBS 1 인산 가수분해 효소와 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일 x 모두에서 1: 100, 희석와 조직 샘플 중 오염을 방지 하기 위해 다른 pestles와 균질. 10-15 분 내에서 이러한 작업을 완료 합니다.</li>
	<li>4 ° c.에서 5 분 동안 1000 x g에서 lysate 뇌 원심 새로운 튜브에는 상쾌한을 전송 하 고 샘플-80 ° c.에 유지</li>
</ol>5. 단백질 농도 및 서쪽 오 점 분석의 읽기
<ol><li>각 샘플의 단백질 농도 확인 하 고 이후에 aliquots 앞에서 설명한22로 서쪽 오 점 분석을 위한 준비.</li>
	<li>단백질 표정에 치료의 효과 평가 하기 위해 통계 분석을 수행 합니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+slices+as+models+for+neurodegenerative+disease+and+screening+platforms+to+identify+novel+therapeutics.">Brain slices as models for neurodegenerative disease and screening platforms to identify novel therapeutics.</a> Current neuropharmacology. 5 (1), 19-33 (2007).</li><li>Humpel, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+brain+slice+cultures:+A+review.">Organotypic brain slice cultures: A review.</a> Neuroscience. 305, 86-98 (2015).</li><li>Sakmann, B., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+for+studying+ionic+channels+in+excitable+membranes.">Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes.</a> Annual review of physiology. 46, 455-472 (1984).</li><li>Jensen, M. 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S., John, E., Susan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+spatio-temporal+bioactivity+of+a+novel+peptide+revealed+by+optical+imaging+in+rat+orbitofrontal+cortex+in+vitro:+Possible+implications+for+neurodegenerative+diseases.">High-resolution spatio-temporal bioactivity of a novel peptide revealed by optical imaging in rat orbitofrontal cortex in vitro: Possible implications for neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Neuropharmacology. 73, 10-18 (2013).</li><li>Greenfield, S. A., Badin, A. S., Ferrati, G., Devonshire, I. 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저자는 경쟁 금융 관심사를 선언합니다. 수잔 A. 그린 필드는 설립자 이자 신경-바이오 제한, 개인 소유의 회사, 및 보유 주식 회사의 사장. 에마누엘레 땋 고 Antonella Cogoni는 신경-바이오 회사의 직원

잘 설립 비보 전 뇌 기술에 따라,이 프로토콜의 주요 측면 동기적으로 특정의 신청 후에 그들의 응답을 모니터링 같은 해 부 비행기에서 얻은 두 개의 반사 hemislices 테스트를 수합니다 조건 제어 (치료를); 이 따라서 최대한으로 엄격 하 게 제어 하는 실험 패러다임을 제공 합니다. 시간-, 복용량-및 특정 방식으로 서로 다른 neurochemicals 신경 장애에 관련 된 신경 이벤트22, 동...

광고는 점진적 신경 장애 entorhinal 외피 (EC), BF, 해 마 (HC), 및 후 각 전구 등의 서로 다른 뇌 영역에 영향을 미치는 만성 병 리 특징 (OB)1,2,3, 4,5. 광고 개발의 후반 단계에서 만드는이 질병 약 모든 경우6의 70%를 차지, 치 매의 가장 일반적인 형태는 진보적인 인식 쇠퇴에 리드. 광고에 발생 하는 초기 단계를 이해 하 광범위 한 시도도 불구 하 고 되지 않습니다 현재 그들 elucidating 정의 실험 표시. 또한, 가장 인기 있는 이론-"녹말 체 가설은"-점점 문제 시 된다 광고 pathobiology도 효과적인7,8 입증 제약 대상 설명에 완전 한 단면도 제공 하지 않기 때문 ,9.
증가 주목 받고 있는 대체 이론 neurodegeneration 중 발생 하는 초기 메커니즘 광고3,,1011 에 주로 감염 신경 클러스터에 관련 된 제안 , 12 , 13 , 14. EC, HC, 및 산부인과15,16등 여러 영역에 BF, midbrain, 및 brainstem, 프로젝트 내에서 포함 하 고이 다른 유형의 세포 허브. 신경 형태학 및 신경 전달 물질 합성에 그것의 다양성에도 불구 하 고 셀의이 핵심 표현 하는 통증 또한 비 효소 기능17,18을 가질 수 있는 일반적인 기능을 공유 합니다. 신호 분자 중재 Ca2 + 복용량, 가용성, 그리고 신경 나이17,18 에 관하여 영양 또는 독성 이벤트를 받을 수 있는 신경 세포로 칼슘 (캘리포니아2 +) 흐름 소설이 아닌 클래식 역할 , 19.
Neurodegeneration, 동안 관찰된 셀룰러 손실 수 있습니다 따라서 연결 될이 비 효소 기능17,,1820는 이다 30mer 펩타이드 (T30) 통증 C-말단은 에서 죽 습에 기인 20. 세포 배양 및 광학 이미징18,21 에 이전 결과 따라 우리 시연, ex vivo 쥐 뇌 조각 T30 유도 하는 BF 구조를 포함에 따라 새로운 접근 방식을 통해 광고 같은 프로필22. 특히,이 새로운 방법론까지 해부학에서 회로 보존, 이기는 하지만 시간의 시간 창 그대로 직물의 특성의 많은 유지 이후 세포 배양 보다 더 생리 적인 시나리오를 제공 합니다. 우리는 T30 응용 프로그램에 심각한 응답을 모니터링 neurodegeneration의 초기 단계에서 일어나는 이벤트를 탐험이 프로토콜을 적용 했다.
뇌를 사용 하 여 문학의 큰 신체에도 불구 하 고 분자 경로 조사 하는 조각 신경 손상에 대 한 묵시적인 또는 신생23,24이 프로토콜 보다 즉각적인 처음으로 제공 하 고 밖으로 읽기에 민감한 비교 organotypic 조각의 일반적인 사용 하. 그러나, 사건으로 organotypic에 대 한 뇌 섹션,이 심각한 슬라이스 절차 또한 채택 될 수 특정 프로세스에서 발생 하는 주요 분자 변화의 발견 신경 또는 신경 분자의 평가 등 여러 가지 목적 immunohistochemical 분석, 및 중앙 신경 조직에 대 한 약리학 적인 분석 실험 병 리 관련.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4 (7H2O))</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>63138</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>H7006</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dehydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>223506</td>
			<td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T30 peptide</td>
			<td>Genosphere Biotechnologies, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AChE-derived peptide tested</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical dissecting kit</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, USA</td>
			<td>Item #: MOUSEKIT</td>
			<td>Brain removal step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blades</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton, UK</td>
			<td>BS 2982</td>
			<td>Brain removal step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>11566873</td>
			<td>Brain preparation for slicing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Brain preparation for slicing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td>VT1000 S</td>
			<td>Slicing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brushes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tissue handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen canister</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sectioning and incubation phase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>BP2438-4</td>
			<td>Homogenization step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatase inhibitors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>1284-1650</td>
			<td>Homogenization step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitors</td>
			<td>Roche complete PIC, USA</td>
			<td>4693116001</td>
			<td>Homogenization step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pestles</td>
			<td>Starlab, UK</td>
			<td>I1415-5390</td>
			<td>Homogenization step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce 660 nm Protein Assay</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>22660</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an alternative approach to study primary events in neurodegeneration using ex vivo rat brain slices

기본 neurodegeneration을 처리 하는 기본을 반영 하는 신뢰할 수 있는 동물 모델 개발을 시도 하는 수많은 연구에도 불구 하 고 거의 널리 허용 되었습니다. 여기, 우리는 유명한 비보 전 뇌 조각 기술는 가까이 vivo에서제공에서 적응 하는 새로운 절차 제안- 생체 외에서 준비로 세포 변성을 트리거링 초기 이벤트 조사에 대 한 보다 시나리오 처럼 Alzheimer의 질병 (광고)에서 관찰 됩니다. 선택 된 두뇌 지구 및 생리 적인 환경에서의 로컬 기능 해 부 cytoarchitecture의 보존을 가능 하 게 간단 하 고 쉽게 재현 가능한 단계,이 변이 의하여 이루어져 있다. 다른 해 부 지역 사이트-, 복용량-및 시간에 따른 방식으로 문제의 치료와 여러 실험을 수행할 수 있는 기회를 제공 하는 동일한 뇌에서 얻을 수 있습니다. 이 방법론에 관련 된 결과 영향을 미칠 수 있는 잠재적인 제한 조직, 즉, 자국과 인큐베이션 단계와 섹션 두께 동안 해부학의 무결성의 유지 관리의 보존에 관련 된 어떤 생화학 및 immunohistochemical 분석을 좌우할 수 있다. 이 방법은 생리 적 또는 병 적인 조건, 마약 검사, 또는 복용량 응답 분석 실험에 참여 하는 분자 메커니즘을 탐구 하는 등 다른 용도로 사용할 수 있습니다. 마지막으로,이 프로토콜 또한 동물 행동 연구에서의 수를 줄일 수 있습니다. 여기에서 보고 된 응용 프로그램은 최근 설명 되었고 슬라이스에 비보 전 쥐 뇌 기저 개 (BF)는 광고에 주로 영향을 대뇌 영역 중 하나를 포함 하는 처음으로 테스트. 특히, 그것은 입증 되었습니다 acetylcholinesterase (통증)의 C-말단에서 파생 된 독성 펩 티 드의 트리거링, BF의 antero 후부 축 차동 식의 광고와 같은 프로 파일을 프롬프트 수 있습니다. 단백질 alpha7 nicotinic 수용 체 (nAChR α7), 등의 광고에서 변경 phosphorylated (p-타우), 타우 및 아 밀 로이드 베타 (Aβ).

여기에 제시 된 프로토콜 나타냅니다 독성 펩 티 드, T30, 관리 사이트-종속 방식에서 p α7 nAChR의 표현을 변조-타우, 그리고 Aβ BF-포함 된 섹션 (그림 3A). Nicotinic 수용 체의 제어 대응에 비해 rostral 처리 hemislice에서는 크게 증가 (슬라이스 1, p = 0.0310) (그림 3B), 동안 중간 슬라이스 두 가지 조건 (사이 어떤 변화를 공개 하지 ?...

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An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

선물이 추가 neurodegeneration 기본 초기 이벤트에 대 한 통찰력을 제공할 수 설립된 전 비보 두뇌 기술에 기반 한 메서드가 vivo에서 그리고 생체 외에서 실험의 장점이 결합. 또한, 같은 해 부 비행기에서 치료 및 치료 그룹의 직접 비교를 위한 독특한 기회를 나타냅니다.

Neurodegeneration Ex Vivo 쥐 두뇌 분할 영역을 사용 하 여 기본 이벤트를 공부 하는 양자 택일 접근

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

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An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

6.8K 조회수.  Culham Science Centre. 선물이 추가 neurodegeneration 기본 초기 이벤트에 대 한 통찰력을 제공할 수 설립된 전 비보 두뇌 기술에 기반 한 메서드가 vivo에서 그리고 생체 외에서 실험의 장점이 결합. 또한, 같은 해 부 비행기에서 치료 및 치료 그룹의 직접 비교를 위한 독특한 기회를 나타냅니다.

비디오: An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron is damaged by injury or disease, it may regenerate. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the ability of a neuron to regenerate and restore function. Recently, the nematode C. elegans has emerged as an excellent model organism to identify genes and signaling pathways that influence the regeneration of neurons1-6. The main way to initiate neuronal regeneration in C. elegans is laser-mediated cutting, or axotomy. During axotomy, a fluorescently-labeled neuronal process is severed using high-energy pulses. Initially, neuronal regeneration in C. elegans was examined using an amplified femtosecond laser5. However, subsequent regeneration studies have shown that a conventional pulsed laser can be used to accurately sever neurons in vivo and elicit a similar regenerative response1,3,7.
We present a protocol for performing in vivo laser axotomy in the worm using a MicroPoint pulsed laser, a turnkey system that is readily available and that has been widely used for targeted cell ablation. We describe aligning the laser, mounting the worms, cutting specific neurons, and assessing subsequent regeneration. The system provides the ability to cut large numbers of neurons in multiple worms during one experiment. Thus, laser axotomy as described herein is an efficient system for initiating and analyzing the process of regeneration.

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

A protocol to cut neurons in C. elegans with a MicroPoint pulsed laser is presented. We describe setting up the system, immobilizing worms, and severing labeled neurons. Advantages include a relatively low-cost system and the ability to sever neuronal processes or ablate cells in vivo.

C로 생체내 레이저 Axotomy에서 엘레간스

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

연구

신경과학

A Rapid Approach to High-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging in Semi-Thick Brain Slices

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are characteristic to neurons in both normal and diseased brain. Towards this, a great deal of effort has been placed on building high-resolution neuroanatomical maps1-3. With the expansion of molecular genetics and advances in light microscopy has come the ability to query not only neuronal morphologies, but also the molecular and cellular makeup of individual neurons and their associated networks4. Major advances in the ability to mark and manipulate neurons through transgenic and gene targeting technologies in the rodent now allow investigators to 'program' neuronal subsets at will5-6. Arguably, one of the most influential contributions to contemporary neuroscience has been the discovery and cloning of genes encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) in marine invertebrates7-8, alongside their subsequent engineering to yield an ever-expanding toolbox of vital reporters9. Exploiting cell type-specific promoter activity to drive targeted FP expression in discrete neuronal populations now affords neuroanatomical investigation with genetic precision.
Engineering FP expression in neurons has vastly improved our understanding of brain structure and function. However, imaging individual neurons and their associated networks in deep brain tissues, or in three dimensions, has remained a challenge. Due to high lipid content, nervous tissue is rather opaque and exhibits auto fluorescence. These inherent biophysical properties make it difficult to visualize and image fluorescently labelled neurons at high resolution using standard epifluorescent or confocal microscopy beyond depths of tens of microns. To circumvent this challenge investigators often employ serial thin-section imaging and reconstruction methods10, or 2-photon laser scanning microscopy11. Current drawbacks to these approaches are the associated labor-intensive tissue preparation, or cost-prohibitive instrumentation respectively.
Here, we present a relatively rapid and simple method to visualize fluorescently labelled cells in fixed semi-thick mouse brain slices by optical clearing and imaging. In the attached protocol we describe the methods of: 1) fixing brain tissue in situ via intracardial perfusion, 2) dissection and removal of whole brain, 3) stationary brain embedding in agarose, 4) precision semi-thick slice preparation using new vibratome instrumentation, 5) clearing brain tissue through a glycerol gradient, and 6) mounting on glass slides for light microscopy and z-stack reconstruction (Figure 1).
For preparing brain slices we implemented a relatively new piece of instrumentation called the 'Compresstome' VF-200 (http://www.precisionary.com/products_vf200.html). This instrument is a semi-automated microtome equipped with a motorized advance and blade vibration system with features similar in function to other vibratomes. Unlike other vibratomes, the tissue to be sliced is mounted in an agarose plug within a stainless steel cylinder. The tissue is extruded at desired thicknesses from the cylinder, and cut by the forward advancing vibrating blade. The agarose plug/cylinder system allows for reproducible tissue mounting, alignment, and precision cutting. In our hands, the 'Compresstome' yields high quality tissue slices for electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and direct fixed-tissue mounting and imaging. Combined with optical clearing, here we demonstrate the preparation of semi-thick fixed brain slices for high-resolution fluorescent imaging.

Here we describe a rapid and simple method to image fluorescently labeled cells in semi-thick brain slices. By fixing, slicing, and optically clearing brain tissue we describe how standard epifluorescent or confocal imaging can be used to visualize individual cells and neuronal networks within intact nervous tissue.

세미 두께 뇌 조각의 고해상도 형광 이미징에 대한 빠른 접근

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are ...

GABA-activated Single-channel and Tonic Currents in Rat Brain Slices

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, respectively 4,5,6,7 The GABAA channel is a pentameric GABA-gated chloride channel. The channel subunits are grouped into 8 families (&alpha;1-6, &beta;1-3, &gamma;1-3, &delta;, &#949;, &theta;, &pi; and &rho;). Two alphas, two betas and one 3rd subunit form the functional channel 8. By combining studies of sub-type specific GABA-activated single-channel molecules with studies including all populations of GABAA channels in the neuron it becomes possible to understand the basic mechanism of neuronal inhibition and how it is modulated by pharmacological agents.
We use the patch-clamp technique 9,10 to study the functional properties of the GABAA channels in alive neurons in hippocampal brain slices and record the single-channel and whole-cell currents. We further examine how the channels are affected by different GABA concentrations, other drugs and intra and extracellular factors. For detailed theoretical and practical description of the patch-clamp method please see The Single-Channel Recordings edited by B Sakman and E Neher 10.

We use the patch-clamp technique to measure GABA-activated single-channel currents (GABAA channels, GABAA receptors) and the synaptic and tonic currents they generate in neurons. Activation of the channels decreases neuronal excitability in health and disease 1,2,3,4.

랫 뇌 조각의 GABA 활성화된 단일 채널 및 토닉 해류

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, ...

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex directs higher cognitive functions. This six layered structure is generated in an inside-first, outside-last manner, in which the first born neurons remain closer to the ventricle while the last born neurons migrate past the first born neurons towards the surface of the brain1. In addition to neuronal migration2, a key process for normal cortical function is the regulation of neuronal morphogenesis3. While neuronal morphogenesis can be studied in vitro in primary cultures, there is much to be learned from how these processes are regulated in tissue environments.
We describe techniques to analyze neuronal migration and/or morphogenesis in organotypic slices of the cerebral cortex4,6. A pSilencer modified vector is used which contains both a U6 promoter that drives the double stranded hairpin RNA and a separate expression cassette that encodes GFP protein driven by a CMV promoter7-9. Our approach allows for the rapid assessment of defects in neurite outgrowth upon specific knockdown of candidate genes and has been successfully used in a screen for regulators of neurite outgrowth8. Because only a subset of cells will express the RNAi constructs, the organotypic slices allow for a mosaic analysis of the potential phenotypes. Moreover, because this analysis is done in a near approximation of the in vivo environment, it provides a low cost and rapid alternative to the generation of transgenic or knockout animals for genes of unknown cortical function. Finally, in comparison with in vivo electroporation technology, the success of ex vivo electroporation experiments is not dependant upon proficient surgery skill development and can be performed with a shorter training time and skill.

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

To conduct a rapid assessment of the function of genes in the development of cerebral cortex, we describe methods involving the ex vivo electroporation of plasmids co-expressing inhibitory RNA (RNAi) and GFP in murine embryonic cortex. This protocol is amenable to the study of various aspects of neurodevelopment such as neurogenesis, neuronal migration and neuronal morphogenesis including dendrite and axon outgrowth.

의 연결을 Morphogenesis의 연구를위한 방법 :<em&gt; 예 생체내</em배아 Murine 대뇌 피질에서&gt; RNAi의 Electroporation

The cerebral cortex directs higher cognitive functions. This six layered structure is generated in an inside-first, outside-last manner, in which the ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

초음파 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 파괴 및 망간 향상된 MRI를 사용하여 기능성 Neuroimaging

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion channel, and transporter cell surface presentation on a minutes time scale.&#160;There is a broad diversity of mechanisms that control endocytic trafficking of individual proteins. Studies investigating the molecular underpinnings of trafficking have primarily relied upon surface biotinylation to quantitatively measure changes in membrane protein surface expression in response to exogenous stimuli and gene manipulation.&#160;However, this approach has been mainly limited to cultured cells, which may not faithfully reflect the physiologically relevant mechanisms at play in adult neurons.&#160;Moreover, cultured cell approaches may underestimate region-specific differences in trafficking mechanisms.&#160;Here, we describe an approach that extends cell surface biotinylation to the acute brain slice preparation.&#160;We demonstrate that this method provides a high-fidelity approach to measure rapid changes in membrane protein surface levels in adult neurons.&#160;This approach is likely to have broad utility in the field of neuronal endocytic trafficking.

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Neuronal membrane trafficking dynamically controls plasma membrane protein availability and significantly impacts neurotransmission.&#160;To date, it has been challenging to measure neuronal endocytic trafficking in adult neurons.&#160;Here, we describe a highly effective, quantitative method to measure rapid changes in surface protein expression ex vivo in acute brain slices.

뇌 슬라이스 바이오 티 닐화 :<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em성인 뉴런에서 지역 고유의 플라즈마 막 단백질 인신 매매를 측정하는&gt; 접근

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Embryonic neurons are born in the ventricular zone of the brain, but subsequently migrate to new destinations to reach appropriate targets. Deciphering the molecular signals that cooperatively guide neuronal migration in the embryonic brain is therefore important to understand how the complex neural networks form which later support postnatal life. Facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons in the mouse embryo hindbrain migrate from rhombomere (r) 4 caudally to form the paired facial nuclei in the r6-derived region of the hindbrain. Here we provide a detailed protocol for wholemount ex vivo culture of mouse embryo hindbrains suitable to investigate the signaling pathways that regulate FBM migration. In this method, hindbrains of E11.5 mouse embryos are dissected and cultured in an open book preparation on cell culture inserts for 24 hr. During this time, FBM neurons migrate caudally towards r6 and can be exposed to function-blocking antibodies and small molecules in the culture media or heparin beads loaded with recombinant proteins to examine roles for signaling pathways implicated in guiding neuronal migration.

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Embryonic neurons are born in the ventricular zone of the neural tube, but migrate to reach appropriate targets. Facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons are a useful model to study neuronal migration. This protocol describes the wholemount ex vivo culture of mouse embryo hindbrains to investigate mechanisms that regulate FBM migration.

마우스 후뇌<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 문화 얼굴 Branchiomotor 신경 세포의 마이 그 레이션을 연구하는

Embryonic neurons are born in the ventricular zone of the brain, but subsequently migrate to new destinations to reach appropriate targets. Deciphering ...

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal degeneration. Lack of growth cone formation, regeneration, and loss of additional myelinated axonal projections within the spinal cord greatly limits neurological recovery following injury. To assess how central myelinated axons of the spinal cord respond to injury, we developed an ex vivo living spinal cord model utilizing transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein in axons and a focal and highly reproducible laser-induced spinal cord injury to document the fate of axons and myelin (lipophilic fluorescent dye Nile Red) over time using two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy. Dynamic processes such as acute axonal injury, axonal retraction, and myelin degeneration are best studied in real-time. However, the non-focal nature of contusion-based injuries and movement artifacts encountered during in vivo spinal cord imaging make differentiating primary and secondary axonal injury responses using high resolution microscopy challenging. The ex vivo spinal cord model described here mimics several aspects of clinically relevant contusion/compression-induced axonal pathologies including axonal swelling, spheroid formation, axonal transection, and peri-axonal swelling providing a useful model to study these dynamic processes in real-time. Major advantages of this model are excellent spatiotemporal resolution that allows differentiation between the primary insult that directly injures axons and secondary injury mechanisms; controlled infusion of reagents directly to the perfusate bathing the cord; precise alterations of the environmental milieu (e.g., calcium, sodium ions, known contributors to axonal injury, but near impossible to manipulate in vivo); and murine models also offer an advantage as they provide an opportunity to visualize and manipulate genetically identified cell populations and subcellular structures. Here, we describe how to isolate and image the living spinal cord from mice to capture dynamics of acute axonal injury.

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

We present a protocol utilizing two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy to simultaneously visualize the dynamics of axon and myelin injuries in real time. This proposed protocol permits studies of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors which can influence central myelinated axon fate after injury and contribute to permanent clinical disability.

<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 레이저에 의한 척수 손상 모델은 실시간으로 축삭 변성의 메커니즘을 평가하기 위해

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

뇌 조각의 공포 회로의 예 생체 Optogenetic 해부

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

발광 생물 칼슘 표시 GFP - 쿼린을 기반으로 생체 기능성 뇌 영상의 접근 방식

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Neurodegeneration Ex Vivo 쥐 두뇌 분할 영역을 사용 하 여 기본 이벤트를 공부 하는 양자 택일 접근

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

C로 생체내 레이저 Axotomy에서 엘레간스

세미 두께 뇌 조각의 고해상도 형광 이미징에 대한 빠른 접근

랫 뇌 조각의 GABA 활성화된 단일 채널 및 토닉 해류

의 연결을 Morphogenesis의 연구를위한 방법 :

초음파 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 파괴 및 망간 향상된 MRI를 사용하여 기능성 Neuroimaging

뇌 슬라이스 바이오 티 닐화 :

마우스 후뇌

뇌 조각의 공포 회로의 예 생체 Optogenetic 해부

발광 생물 칼슘 표시 GFP - 쿼린을 기반으로 생체 기능성 뇌 영상의 접근 방식