NIH グラント SBC COBRE 1P20GM121310-01 によってサポートされています。

ここで説明するすべての方法は、制度的動物ケアおよび使用委員会 (IACUC) ワイオミング大学のによって承認されています。電気生理学的記録を含めたすべての処理は、部屋の温度、およそ 23 ° c. で実施されてここで説明したすべてのメソッドは、発達段階 42 と 49 (Neiuwkoop、フェイバーの15によると上演) 間オタマジャクシからの視蓋ニューロンを記録するために最適化されています。
1体内の準備。
<ol><li>タドポールを麻酔します。<ol>
<li>0.01% スタインバーグのソリューションを含む小さなシャーレにタドポール MS-222 約 5 分。 注: MS-222 別名"Tricaine"は一般的な魚と両生類の麻酔です。オタマジャクシは mM でスタインバーグのソリューションで発生します: 0.067 倍 4.9 HEPES 5.8 NaCl、KCl、0.034 Ca (3)2•4H2O, 0.083 MgSO4•7H2O。</li>
		<li>タドポールは手順 2 に進む前に、深くハイパーカプニア (応答がない、もはや水泳) を確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>解剖記録/料理の床に冠水したシリコーン ブロック麻酔下のオタマジャクシを保護します。<ol>
<li>使い捨て可能な移動のピペットを使用して外部録音ソリューションを含んでいる解剖/記録皿にハイパーカプニアのオタマジャクシを移動 (115 mM nacl、KCl の 2 mM CaCl2の 3 mM、MgCl2の 3 mM、5 mM HEPES、ブドウ糖; の 1 mM の pH 調整 7.25 を使用するには10 N naoh、浸透圧 255 mOsm)。<ol>
<li>自発的な筋肉を最小限に抑えるためのけいれん、アセチルコリン受容体拮抗薬、ツボクラリン (100 μ M) 外部のソリューションに追加します。(通常、これは、外部溶液 10 mL に 10 mM ツボクラリン株式の 100 μ L を追加する 200 μ L ピペットを使用して)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>おたまじゃくし、背側、シリコーン ・ エラストマーの湛水ブロックに固定昆虫ピンを使用する (Sylgard 184 など詳細については表を参照してください、) を解剖皿床に接着されています。 注意: ピンの配置は重要です: 目からそのプロジェクト脳、RGC の求心性軸索を刺しを避けるために十分に尾の両側にそれらを配置し、ちょうど前方視蓋 (図 1A) 脳を入力してください。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>牛フィレ肉の正中線に沿って脳。<ol>
<li>脳のクリアな視界、滅菌 25 G 針を使用して正中線に沿って表面的な切開することによって脳を覆う皮膚を削除します。</li>
		<li>神経管に針を挿入して (背側) チューブの背の部分 (切断) の床の板がそのまま (図 1B) を残しながらカットがきれいにそのような物を引いてそっと上向きに同じ正中線軸に沿って脳を切り身。 注: 求心性感覚フロア プレートを介して蓋を入力するので、神経管の底板がそのまま残ってことが重要です。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>蓋ニューロンを覆う透明な心室膜を削除します。<ol>
<li>電気生理学のリグに記録皿を移動し、壊れたガラスのピペット チップを使用して蓋ニューロンの細胞体を覆う心室膜を削除します。軽く繊細なタスク ワイパーの間でドラッグすることで先端を破る。</li>
		<li>ピペット ホルダーにピペットをネジし、マニピュレーターを介して視蓋にそれを下げます。</li>
		<li>壊れたピペットを使用して、蓋から心室膜を剥離します。 注: 全体の蓋; から膜を削除する必要はありません。小さなウィンドウは十分で、ニューロンの多くへのアクセスを提供します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>パッチ ・ クランプ記録セル全体を取得します。 注意: このポイント前方からのアプローチ Segevらに従ってマウス脳切片からセル全体パッチ クランプ録音実施と同様です。16(図 1C)。</li>
	<li>蓋ニューロン全体フィールド フラッシュ光を網膜上に投影のレスポンスを記録します。<ol>
<li>網膜上に光のフィールド全体のフラッシュに、幼生の目に隣接する光ファイバーを配置します。光ファイバーのもう一方の端を制御できる光の輝度は、可変抵抗器に沿った LED です。アンプのデジタル出力で LED をトリガーします。この方法では、光の強度変化の点滅がすることができます全体のフィールドは、(図 4A) を記録しました。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 全脳の準備
<ol><li>1.1 から 1.3 の手順に従います。 注: この準備のための外部のソリューションでツボクラリンの必要はありません。</li>
	<li>脳を分離します。<ol>
<li>後脳 (図 2A) を断つに 25 G 針を使用します。</li>
		<li>タドポールから全脳を分離、そっと尾側吻側方向すべての側面と腹側の結合組織と神経線維を断つことで、脳の下に針を実行します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>シリコーン ・ エラストマーのブロックには、脳を保護します。<ol>
<li>一度完全に解放された, 嗅球のいずれかを 1 つピンと後脳 (図 2B) を別のピンを配置することによってシリコーン ・ エラストマーのブロックには、脳を保護します。これの視蓋ニューロンから記録に最適な構成です。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>電気生理学のリグに切り裂くスコープから固定された全脳の準備を含んでいる皿を移動します。1.4 の手順で説明するように壊れたガラス ピペットを使用して心室膜を削除します。</li>
	<li>双極刺激電極に配置視交叉 (中脳でそれぞれの眼から軸索路断面どこ) RGC 軸索を直接アクティブにします。<ol>
<li>吻側、および大きい中間心室にほぼ隣接する双極刺激電極を配置します。視交叉は大きい中間室 (図 2B) にすぐに吻側に位置しています。<ol>
<li>優しく下の刺激電極視交叉の上に小さなへこみが組織で形成されるように。バイポーラの電極は、正確に制御するために刺激の強度を可能にするパルス刺激によって駆動されます。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Segev et al.による記述で全細胞パッチク ランプ記録 (図 2C) を実行します。16
</li>
</ol>3. 水平脳スライス標本
<ol><li>2.1 から 2.3 の手順に従います。</li>
	<li>消費税 1 つこまの 1 つの側面の最も外側 4 番目 (どの生体内で最も背側の 4 番目に対応) にかみそりの刃を使用します。図 3Aに示すように吻側尾側平面に平行に作られるこのカット。</li>
	<li>再、スライスとシリコーン ・ エラストマーの側に脳をピン側 (つまり、突起や神経は、記録のため直接アクセスできます) 上向きとシリコーンのエラストマー ブロック (図 3 から離れて直面して脳の心室の表面B) (つまり、バイポーラ電極は、視交叉に配置できます)。</li>
	<li>Segev et al.による記述で全細胞パッチク ランプまたはローカルの下に潜在的な記録 (図 3C) を実行します。16
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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著者が明らかに何もありません。

この作品に記載されているすべてのメソッドは、発達段階 42 と 49 (Neiuwkoop、フェイバーの15によると上演) 間オタマジャクシからの視蓋ニューロンの記録に最適です。ステージ 42、オタマジャクシが十分に大きく、十分に発達した昆虫ピンは生体内での録音のため、全脳解剖を遂行するための脳の両側に置くことができるようにします。以前の段階、オタマジャクシが...

発達回路は、両生類の視覚系の主要なコンポーネントです。それは、どのプロジェクトの視蓋ニューロンにシナプスとシナプス結合を形成するための軸索の目、Rgc ので構成されます。アフリカツメガエル幼生発達回路は、神経回路形成と機能を研究する人気発達モデルです。強力な実験的モデル1,2,3レンダリングこの幼生の発達回路の多くの属性があります。1 つの主要な属性と、この資料の焦点はからの視蓋ニューロンの生体内や脳全体準備を使用してセル全体パッチ クランプ録音を遂行する能力。電圧と電流クランプの記録モードをサポートしているアンプが備わっています電気生理学リグ、セル全体パッチ クランプ録音が高解像度で特徴付けられるニューロンの電気生理学できます。その結果、発達回路形成の主要な段階間の視蓋ニューロンからセル全体パッチ クランプ録音が開発の詳細かつ包括的理解と本質的な4、5の可塑性を提供しています。,6,7とシナプス8,9,10,11プロパティ。セル全体パッチ クランプ蓋ニューロン録音を組み合わせ、遺伝子またはこれらのニューロンの12、および確立された視覚的回避テスト13を介して視覚的なガイド付き動作を評価する方法への関心の morpholinos を表現する能力を促進する、分子、回路機能と行動間のリンクの id。
セル全体パッチ クランプ録音から得られるデータは不可能遺伝的カルシウム インジケーター、GCaMP6 など新しいイメージング手法を用いた高解像度型カルシウム指示薬を使用することが許可されていますイメージングが重要です。カルシウムのニューロンの大規模な集団全体のダイナミクス、同時には直接またはある明白な方法は、いつつ、デルタの蛍光を測定することにより特定の電気パラメーターを取得でき、電圧に逃げ道はないクランプ測定するニューロン電流-電圧特性。明らかにこれらの 2 つの異なるアプローチ、電気生理学的記録、カルシウム イメージング、非重複の強みを持っている、異なる種類のデータを生成します。したがって、最善の方法は、対処されて特定の実験の質問に依存します。
ここでは、脳全体準備、生体内で製剤を用いたオタマジャクシの視蓋ニューロンからセル全体パッチ クランプ録音を獲得する手法について述べるし、新しい変更14 研究室で開発された脳全体準備.代表結果] セクションで、各準備と得ることができるデータの種類の実験の利点を示します。制限と異なる準備として、トラブルシューティングのためのヒントの強みは、ディスカッション セクションに含まれます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1012px;" width="1011">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Stemi Stereo 508</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">495009-0006-000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MS-222 &#34;Tricane&#34;</td>
			<td>Finquel</td>
			<td>ARF5G</td>
			<td>Amphibian general anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td>Used to prepare Stienberg&#39;s solution and external solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>Used to prepare Stienberg&#39;s solution and external solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375-1KG</td>
			<td>Used to prepare Stienberg&#39;s solution and external solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Calcium nitrate tetrahyrate (Ca(NO3)&#8226;4H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>237124-500G</td>
			<td>Used to prepare Stienberg&#39;s solution&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt Chemicals</td>
			<td>6066-04</td>
			<td>Used to prepare Steinberg&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5080-500G</td>
			<td>Used to prepare external recording solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>2444-01</td>
			<td>Used to prepare external recording solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-glucose Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt Chemicals</td>
			<td>6066-04</td>
			<td>Used to prepare external recording solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tubocurarine hydrochloride pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T2379</td>
			<td>Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Insect Pins</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td>0.1mm diameter stainless steel pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>761028</td>
			<td>Preweighed monomer and curing agent kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Polystyrene Petri Dish - 60x15mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS4052</td>
			<td>Small petri dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PrecisionGlide Needle 25Gx5/8 (.0.5mm X 16mm)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td>Syringe needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1mL Slip Tip Tuberculin Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td>Disposable, sterile syringes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Borosilicate pipette glass</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>BF150-86-10HP</td>
			<td>Pulled to desired specifications using pipette pulling machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>Fabricates micropipettes for electrophysiology recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes Kimtech wipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Delicate task lint-free wipers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Axon Instruments MultiClamp 700B Headstage CV-7B</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-CV-7B</td>
			<td>Current clamp and voltage clamp headstage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MP-285 Motorized Manipulator with Tabletop Controller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>MP-285/T</td>
			<td>Control for headstage on electrophysiology rig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fiber-Coupled LED (Green)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M530F2</td>
			<td>Fiber optic cable paired with green LED</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cluster Bipolar Electrode (25&#181;m diameter)</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>30207</td>
			<td>Bipolar stimulating electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ISO-Flex Stimulator</td>
			<td>A.M.P.I. (Israel)&#160;</td>
			<td>Contact manufacturer</td>
			<td>Flexible stimulus isolator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Axon Instruments 700B Multipatch Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>2500-0157</td>
			<td>Amplifier for voltage- and current-clamp recording&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digidata 1322A digitizer</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>2500-135</td>
			<td>Data acquisition system for electrophysiology recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Axio Examiner.A1</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>491404-0001-000&#160;</td>
			<td>Microscope for electrophysiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-g Lab Table</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td>63-533</td>
			<td>Air table for electrophysiology microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Inspiron 620 Personal Desktop Computer with Windows 7 64-bit</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>D06D001</td>
			<td>Computer running electrophysiology software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">c2400 CCD camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>70826-5</td>
			<td>Charge-coupled device camera for electrophysiology imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">7 O&#39;Clock Super Platinum Stainless Razorblades</td>
			<td>Gillette</td>
			<td>CMM01049</td>
			<td>Platinum-coated stainless razor blades</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer Pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td>Disposable Polyethylene transfer pipets</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparations and protocols for whole cell patch clamp recording of xenopus laevis tectal neurons

アフリカツメガエル幼生発達回路、形成するシナプスの視蓋ニューロンに直接眼での網膜神経節細胞 (Rgc) の構成がどのように神経回路を研究する人気モデル自己組み立てます。全体を遂行する能力パッチ クランプ録音どちらか体内の RGC 誘発の応答を記録しての視蓋ニューロンからの細胞または通常の基になるメカニズムについて高解像度データの大きいボディを生成している全脳製剤を用いた、・異常、回路形成、機能。ここで体内の準備、元全脳の準備を実行する方法について説明より最近の視蓋ニューロンからセル全体パッチ クランプ録音を求める水平脳スライス標本を開発しました。それぞれの準備には、ユニークな実験的利点があります。生体内で準備できますの視蓋ニューロンの目に投影される視覚刺激への直接反応の記録です。脳全体の準備は、高度に制御された方法でアクティブにする RGC 軸索と水平脳スライス標本蓋のすべてのレイヤーにわたってからの録音が可能します。

光誘発電位を記録するには、光のフィールド全体のフラッシュは、個々 の視蓋ニューロン (図 4A) から結果の応答を記録しながら網膜上に投影されます。この特定のプロトコルは両方 (「オン」の応答) をオン、オフに 15 光にニューロンの応答を測定するように設計「オフ応答」を測定するために後で s視蓋ニューロンは通常応答の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons at JoVE.com

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

アフリカツメガエル幼生の発達回路を勉強するセル全体パッチ ・ クランプ記録の 3 脳剤について述べる。それぞれの準備を独自の特定の利点は、神経回路機能を研究するモデルとしてアフリカツメガエルのオタマジャクシの実験的少ないに貢献します。

準備やアフリカツメガエルの視蓋ニューロンの全体セル パッチ ・ クランプ記録のためのプロトコル

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

preparations-protocols-for-whole-cell-patch-clamp-recording-xenopus

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Neuroscience

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

9.4K ビュー.  University of Wyoming. アフリカツメガエル幼生の発達回路を勉強するセル全体パッチ ・ クランプ記録の 3 脳剤について述べる。それぞれの準備を独自の特定の利点は、神経回路機能を研究するモデルとしてアフリカツメガエルのオタマジャクシの実験的少ないに貢献します。

ビデオ: Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During axon outgrowth, the growth cone must integrate multiple sources of guidance cue information to modulate its cytoskeleton in order to propel the growth cone forward and accurately navigate to find its specific targets1. How this integration occurs at the cytoskeletal level is still emerging, and examination of cytoskeletal protein and effector dynamics within the growth cone can allow the elucidation of these mechanisms. Xenopus laevis growth cones are large enough (10-30 microns in diameter) to perform high-resolution live imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g.2-4 ) and are easy to isolate and manipulate in a lab setting compared to other vertebrates. The frog is a classic model system for developmental neurobiology studies, and important early insights into growth cone microtubule dynamics were initially found using this system5-7 . In this method8, eggs are collected and fertilized in vitro, injected with RNA encoding fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal fusion proteins or other constructs to manipulate gene expression, and then allowed to develop to the neural tube stage. Neural tubes are isolated by dissection and then are cultured, and growth cones on outgrowing neurites are imaged. In this article, we describe how to perform this method, the goal of which is to culture Xenopus laevis growth cones for subsequent high-resolution image analysis. While we provide the example of +TIP fusion protein EB1-GFP, this method can be applied to any number of proteins to elucidate their behaviors within the growth cone.

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

Culturing neural explants from dissected Xenopus laevis embryos that express fluorescent fusion proteins allows for imaging of growth cone cytoskeletal dynamics.

からの神経外植文化<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During ...

神経科学

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

The process by which the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina continues to be a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In addition to the obvious medical relevance for understanding and treating retinal disease, the development of the vertebrate retina continues to serve as an important and elegant model system for understanding neuronal cell type determination and differentiation1-16. The neural retina consists of six discrete cell types (ganglion, amacrine, horizontal, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and M&uuml;ller glial cells) arranged in stereotypical layers, a pattern that is largely conserved among all vertebrates 12,14-18.
While studying the retina in the intact developing embryo is clearly required for understanding how this complex organ develops from a protrusion of the forebrain into a layered structure, there are many questions that benefit from employing approaches using primary cell culture of presumptive retinal cells 7,19-23. For example, analyzing cells from tissues removed and dissociated at different stages allows one to discern the state of specification of individual cells at different developmental stages, that is, the fate of the cells in the absence of interactions with neighboring tissues 8,19-22,24-33. Primary cell culture also allows the investigator to treat the culture with specific reagents and analyze the results on a single cell level 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39. Xenopus laevis, a classic model system for the study of early neural development 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, serves as a particularly suitable system for retinal primary cell culture 10,38,43-45.
Presumptive retinal tissue is accessible from the earliest stages of development, immediately following neural induction 25,38,43. In addition, given that each cell in the embryo contains a supply of yolk, retinal cells can be cultured in a very simple defined media consisting of a buffered salt solution, thus removing the confounding effects of incubation or other sera-based products 10,24,44-45.
However, the isolation of the retinal tissue from surrounding tissues and the subsequent processing is challenging. Here, we present a method for the dissection and dissociation of retinal cells in Xenopus laevis that will be used to prepare primary cell cultures that will, in turn, be analyzed for calcium activity and gene expression at the resolution of single cells. While the topic presented in this paper is the analysis of spontaneous calcium transients, the technique is broadly applicable to a wide array of research questions and approaches (Figure 1).

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Xenopus laevis provides an ideal model system for studying cell fate specification and physiological function of individual retinal cells in primary cell culture. Here we present a technique for dissecting retinal tissues and generating primary cell cultures that are imaged for calcium activity and analyzed by in situ hybridization.

の解離、文化、および分析<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;胚性網膜組織

The process by which  the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina  continues to be a major focus of both clinical and ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

の感覚ニューロンの分離<em&gt;アメフラシカリフォルニ</em&gt;グルタミン酸作動電流のパッチクランプ記録のために

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

パッチクランプ技術を用いたダーク適応、マウス網膜スライス標本におけるニューロンにおける記録光誘発シナプス後応答

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

脳スライスにおける全細胞パッチクランプ記録

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

の嗅球にカルシウム変化をモニタリングを通じて温度によって誘発される神経活動を記録<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.

準備やアフリカツメガエルの視蓋ニューロンの全体セルパッチ・クランプ記録のためのプロトコル

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からの神経外植文化

の解離、文化、および分析

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

の感覚ニューロンの分離

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

パッチクランプ技術を用いたダーク適応、マウス網膜スライス標本におけるニューロンにおける記録光誘発シナプス後応答

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

脳スライスにおける全細胞パッチクランプ記録

の嗅球にカルシウム変化をモニタリングを通じて温度によって誘発される神経活動を記録

チャンネルロドプシンにおけるイオン選択性の電気生理学的測定のための全細胞パッチクランプ記録

準備やアフリカツメガエルの視蓋ニューロンの全体セル パッチ ・ クランプ記録のためのプロトコル

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からの神経外植文化

の解離、文化、および分析

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

の感覚ニューロンの分離

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

パッチクランプ技術を用いたダーク適応、マウス網膜スライス標本におけるニューロンにおける記録光誘発シナプス後応答

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

脳スライスにおける全細胞パッチクランプ記録

の嗅球にカルシウム変化をモニタリングを通じて温度によって誘発される神経活動を記録

チャンネルロドプシンにおけるイオン選択性の電気生理学的測定のための全細胞パッチクランプ記録

準備やアフリカツメガエルの視蓋ニューロンの全体セルパッチ・クランプ記録のためのプロトコル