著者はクリスティアーネ ・ Pahrmann の彼女の技術的な援助をありがちましょう。
社殿は、最大 Kade 財団によって支えられました。両手を使った受信助成他 Kröner 財団 (2012_EKES.04) とドイツ研究振興協会 (DE2133/2-1 _。S. s. は、ドイツ研究振興協会 (DFG; から研究助成を受けてください。SCHR992/3-1、SCHR992/4-1)。

動物実験動物の原則のためのガイドに準拠した人道的なケアを受けて、実験動物資源の研究所でを準備、健康の国民の協会によって公開されました。動物のすべてのプロトコルは、(「Amt こだわり健康を祝して und Verbraucherschutz、ハンザ (健康および消費者保護のためのオフィス)」) 責任がある地方自治体によって承認されました。
1. カテーテルの準備
注: はカテーテルについては材料の表を参照してください。
<ol><li>カテーテルをカテーテル ホルダーから取る。</li>
	<li>うち遠位ポートを通して内腔からガイドワイヤーを引き上げます。</li>
	<li>カテーテルの遠位端にシアノアクリ レート系接着剤のドロップを置きます。 注意: は、ラテックスやニトリル手袋を着用します。</li>
	<li>カテーテルの RX ポートにガイドワイヤを置き、遠位のポートに内腔進みます。その後、ガイドワイヤ少し引き終わりに 〜 5 mm のスペースを残して。</li>
	<li>乾燥して接着剤を許可する 5 分を待ちます。</li>
	<li>ガイドワイヤを移動、それは修正される必要があります。まだ携帯電話の場合は、手順 1.3-1.6 を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>1.5 mL 0.9% 生理食塩水 3 mL シリンジを入力し、バルーン膨張ポートに接続します。</li>
	<li>バルーンの膨張をテストするシリンジのプランジャーを押してください。0.6 mL のシリンジに生理食塩水を残します。</li>
</ol>2. マウス作製
<ol><li>重さ約 30 g 14 週齢で雄マウスを取得します。 注意: 動物実験動物研究所からの取得を使用しています。我々 はここで c57bl/6 j を使用しました。</li>
	<li>Anaesthetize 2.0 2.5 %isofurane (500 mL/分の酸素流量) とマウスに誘導室を使用します。</li>
	<li>加熱パッドの上にマウスを置くし、マウスの鼻と口を覆うマスクで麻酔を維持します。後部のフィートと反射の不在を確認する尻尾をつまんで麻酔の十分な深さを確認します。</li>
	<li>髪トリマーを使用して腹部の毛を削除します。</li>
	<li>後肢の足を広げ、テープを使用して自分の位置を修正します。</li>
	<li>続いて 80% エタノール、ポビドン ヨードを使用して腹部領域を消毒します。この手順をさらに 2 回繰り返します。</li>
	<li>手術部位は汚染を取得されないように手術用ドレープを使用します。に沿って皮膚や筋肉層を開く、リネア アルバシザー (またはメス) 腹部の臓器を公開します。</li>
	<li>0.9% 生理食塩水うるおい手袋で腸を置くし、湿潤を保つためにラップします。</li>
	<li>腹部大動脈上脂肪組織を除去するのに 2 つの微細鉗子を使用します。</li>
	<li>インスリン注射器 (30 G) を使用して、下大静脈 (IVC) にヘパリン溶液 (50 U/mL) の 250 μ L を注入し、全身の分布の 3 分を待ちます。ヘパリンが止血を抑制し、手術中に不要な凝固を防ぐ。</li>
	<li>2 つの鉗子を使用すると、その分岐とその発信の分岐血管まで高齢者大動脈を解剖します。</li>
	<li>高温師と固定の領域に配置すると予想される側血管を縛る。</li>
	<li>腎動脈のすぐ下に上行大動脈のクランプによって血流を停止します。</li>
	<li>遠位大動脈分岐のすぐ上に 2 番目のクランプを配置します。</li>
	<li>小さな水平切開血管に沿ってクランプの間の中間点にはさみを使用してを実行します。 注: 切開の大きさは船のまわりの 3 分の 1 に相当する必要があります。</li>
	<li>切開 (30 G) 針と注射器を挿入し、250 μ L ヘパリン溶液 (50 U/mL) と大動脈をフラッシュします。</li>
	<li>10-0 縫合糸を使用して、切開の各側に 1 つの単一の結び目を配置します。</li>
	<li>大動脈を切開に容器ガイドワイヤーを挿入して広げるし、容器を少し広げます。2 ~ 3 回拡張を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>0.9% 生理食塩水をカテーテルに潤いを与えます。</li>
	<li>大動脈に平面的なバルーンカテーテルを挿入し、大動脈に近位のクランプの方それを進めます。</li>
	<li>近位部のクランプに達し、慎重に近位のクランプを開き、~0.6 mL の生理食塩水を注入することで血液の漏出を防ぐためにバルーンを膨らませます。 注: 血管にバルーンを膨らませての比は 1.5: 1 です。</li>
	<li>約 2 cm の逆行性のカテーテルを進めます。</li>
	<li>注射器を外して少しバルーンをしぼませるながら戻って、拡張カテーテルを引き出します。</li>
	<li>カテーテル大動脈切開に達するとは、近位部のクランプを接続し直します。完全にバルーンを収縮し、それを削除します。</li>
	<li>30 G の注射器を使用して 250 μ L ヘパリン溶液 (50 U/mL) と大動脈をすすいでください。</li>
	<li>10-0 縫合糸を用いた大動脈切開を閉じる。場所は、腹側に 1 つか 2 つのステッチに続いて、各側面にステッチを中断しました。</li>
	<li>遠位クランプを開きます。出血の場合、クランプを閉じて、追加ステッチを配置します。</li>
	<li>慎重に近位のクランプを開きます。</li>
	<li>それをサポートし、任意の出血を止める縫合に 2 つ綿棒を配置します。</li>
	<li>それを維持するために縫合を吸収性止血剤を配置します。 注: 大動脈脈が切開部から遠位表示されます。</li>
	<li>腹部に腸を配置します。</li>
	<li>あらかじめ 37 ° C に加温されている滅菌生理食塩水 0.9%、腹腔内を洗浄します。</li>
	<li>6-0 実行縫合糸を使用して腹部の筋肉層を閉じます。</li>
	<li>5-0 実行縫合糸で皮膚を閉じます。</li>
	<li>目を覚ますには、マウスを許可する前にカルプロフェンの 4-5 mg/kg を皮下注入します。それは意識を得ていますまで、動物を監視、胸骨の横臥を維持します。完全な復旧までケージの中だけで動物をしてください。</li>
	<li>3 日間の鎮痛薬として飲用水 (50 mg/100 mL) に Metamizole を追加し、毎日動物を監視します。通常甘いようなマウスは metamizole の味し、手術後すぐに飲み始めます。優先、徐放性注射剤は metamizole の代わりに使用できます。 注: このモデルの観察期間は 28 日です。</li>
</ol>3. 病理組織学的
<ol><li>2.2 に 2.9 の手順で説明するように、マウスを準備することによって、28 日後バルーン損傷大動脈を収穫します。</li>
	<li>はさみを使用してバルーン損傷大動脈 (間分岐と腎血管上 0.3 mm) を削除し、その心を切り出してマウスを安楽死させます。</li>
	<li>0.9% と血管の内腔を洗い流す塩化ナトリウム。</li>
	<li>一晩 4% パラホルムアルデヒド (PFA) で収穫された容器を修正し、5 時間の 2 時間、2 時間、1 時間の 80% エタノール、95% エタノール 70% エタノールで始まるエタノールそして 100% のエタノール濃度の増加で脱水します。その後、孵化させなさいキシレンのサンプル 2 時間 3 回、サンプルはパラフィンを浸透させる前に。 注: 0.9% の収穫の容器をフラッシング代わりに、塩化ナトリウム 4% とフラッシュすることが PFA。 注意: PFA とキシレン有毒である、特別な注意して処理する必要があります。</li>
	<li>パラフィン サンプルを埋め込み、ミクロトームを用いた 5 μ m 厚のスライスに切る。</li>
	<li>5 分間 3 回キシレンとスライドを deparaffinize します。</li>
	<li>エタノールの減少シリーズを使用して組織スライドを水分補給します。100% のエタノール 2 回の 95%、80%、70% のエタノールの 3 分後、5 分で開始します。</li>
	<li>説明18としてマッソンのヒアリン染色でスライドを染色します。</li>
	<li>2 回 10 分ずつの 100% エタノールで汚されたスライドを脱水します。2 回 10 分ずつのキシレンでクリアし、メディアをマウントでマウントします。</li>
	<li>明視野顕微鏡でスライドを表示します。概要図や詳細な観察のための 0.35 の開口と 20 x 倍率とレンズの 5 倍の倍率と 0.12 の開口レンズを使用します。</li>
</ol>4. 蛍光顕微鏡
<ol><li>エタノールの減少シリーズを使用して組織スライドを水分補給します。100% のエタノール 2 回の 95%、80%、70% のエタノールの 3 分後、5 分で開始します。</li>
	<li>20 分間蒸し器で抗原検索ソリューション内のスライドを加熱することによって抗原検索を実行します。</li>
	<li>室温までスライドを冷ます。</li>
	<li>スライドをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) で 3 回洗浄した後に、30 分のセクションにブロッキング液の抗原を適用します。</li>
	<li>3 回 PBS で 5 分用のスライドを洗います。</li>
	<li>一次抗体の希釈剤で希釈した一次抗体とのセクションを孵化させなさい。 注: 右の濃度と潜伏期間は、各抗体で別々 に選択する必要があります。</li>
	<li>3 回自由な抗体を削除する PBS で 5 分用のスライドを洗います。</li>
	<li>二次抗体の希釈剤で希釈済み共役二次抗体とセクションを孵化させなさい。 注: 右の濃度と潜伏期間は、各抗体で別々 に選択する必要があります。</li>
	<li>5 分用のスライドを 3 回洗浄することにより非連結抗体を削除します。</li>
	<li>4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) 15 分; を使用して細胞核を counterstain します。最終的な DAPI 濃度が 350 をする必要があります nM。</li>
	<li>蛍光抗体法対応ソリューションを装着でのスライドをマウントします。 注: は間違って実装ソリューションを使用して蛍光信号が見えなくなります。</li>
	<li>蛍光顕微鏡でスライドを表示します。1.3 の開口で 40 倍の倍率を使用します。</li>
</ol>

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この記事は、myointimal 過形成の開発を研究するマウスモデルを示し、根本的な病理学的プロセスの探査と新しい薬や治療法のテストをことができます。
このプロトコルでは最も重要なステップは、大動脈の剥離です。特別な注意は、過剰な侵食が動脈瘤の形成とモデルが失敗につながる、このステップの間にお支払いください。その一方で、侵食が十分に実行された場合...

冠動脈および末梢動脈における動脈狭窄患者1の死亡率と罹患率に大きな影響があります。1 つの根本的な病理メカニズムは myointima 過形成 (MH)、増加増殖、移行、および血管平滑筋細胞 (SMC)2からの細胞外マトリックス蛋白質の合成によって特徴付けられる。SMC は容器のメディア層にあり、内腔の表面への刺激に移行します。刺激信号は成長因子、サイトカイン、細胞間連絡、脂質、細胞外マトリックス成分、機械的せん断をストレッチ力3,4,5,6あります。病理学的または医原性、血管壁の損傷血管内皮細胞と平滑筋細胞の損傷を引き起こすと炎症反応を刺激し、MH7につながります。
異なる動物モデルが現在利用できる myointima 増殖症動脈損傷を研究です。豚のような大型の動物や犬共有同様の動脈と冠動脈解剖学人間の利点を持っているし、特に血管形成技術、手順、およびデバイス8を調査し研究に適しています。ただし、豚モデルは、犬のみが軽度の血管傷害11レスポンス高い血栓9,10の欠点を持っています。さらに、特別な住宅、機器、およびスタッフは、高コストで接続されているし、常に、教育機関で利用されていないすべての大型動物モデルが必要です。実験動物は、ラットやマウスに含まれます。ラットと比較して、マウスは、低コストの利点とさまざまなモデルをノックアウトの存在があります。このビデオで説明されているモデルは、アポ-/-マウス西部飼料動脈硬化血管12血管形成術の臨床設定を忠実に再現すると併用できます。以前のモデルは、ワイヤー傷害13、流体乾燥14、春15、またはカフ傷害16を介して血管損傷を誘発しました。開発と MH の憲法にけがの性質に大きく影響するので臨床場面を模倣する最良の方法は、バルーン カテーテルを使用して血管損傷を誘発します。
この記事ではマウスのバルーンカテーテルと MH を誘導する手法について述べる.RX ポート (図 1 a) バルーンカテーテル (1.2 mm × 6 mm) の使用する内膜層のと同時に、船の overdistension の誘導にこする。これらの要因の両方が MH の開発のための重要なトリガーです。このモデルの観測時間は 28 日17歳です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>10-0 Ethilon suture</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>2814G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 mL Syringe</td><td>BD Medical</td><td>309658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37% HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H1758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-0 prolene suture</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>EH7229H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-0 prolene suture</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8706H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acid Fuchsin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F8129-25G</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Antigen retrieval solution</td><td>Dako</td><td>S1699</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Azophloxin</td><td>Waldeck</td><td>1B-103</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Bepanthen Eye and Nose ointment</td><td>Bayer</td><td>1578675</td><td>Eye ointment</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine Solution</td><td>Betadine Purdue Pharma</td><td>NDC:67618-152</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6J</td><td>Charles River</td><td>Stock number 000664</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clamp applicator</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18056-14</td><td>JAW DIMS: 4 x 0.75 mm
LENGTH: 13 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Collagen 3</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab7778</td><td>Antibody</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donkey anti-Goat IgG AF555</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21432</td><td>Secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG AF488</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21206</td><td>Secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG AF488</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A11055</td><td>Secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG AF555</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A31572</td><td>Secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 70%</td><td>Th. Geyer</td><td>2270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 96%</td><td>Th. Geyer</td><td>2295</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol absolute</td><td>Th. Geyer</td><td>2246</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FAP</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab28246</td><td>Antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps fine</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps standard</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11023-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glacial Acetic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>537020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hair clipper</td><td>WAHL</td><td>8786-451A ARCO SE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin</td><td>Rotexmedica</td><td>PZN 3862340</td><td>25.000 I.E./mL</td></tr><tr><td>High temperature cautery kit</td><td>Bovie</td><td>18010-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image-iT FX Signal Enhancer</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>I36933</td><td>Blocking solution</td></tr><tr><td>Light Green SF</td><td>Waldeck</td><td>1B-211</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Microsurgical clamp</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18055-04</td><td>Micro-Serrefine - 4mm</td></tr><tr><td>MINI TREK Coronary Dilatation Catheter 1.20 mm x 6 mm / Rapid-Exchange</td><td>Abbott</td><td>1012268-06U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molybdatophosphoric acid hydrate</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.00532.0100</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0,9%</td><td>B.Braun</td><td>PZN 06063042 Art. Nr.: 3570160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12075-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Novaminsulfon</td><td>Ratiopharm</td><td>PZN 03530402</td><td>Metamizole</td></tr><tr><td>Orange G</td><td>Waldeck</td><td>1B-221</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin</td><td>Leica biosystems</td><td>REF 39602004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS pH 7,4</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10010023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PFA 4%</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>#157135S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ponceau S solution</td><td>Serva Electrophoresis</td><td>33427</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Primary antibody diluent</td><td>Dako</td><td>S3022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prolong Gold Mounting solution</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>P36930</td><td>Mounting solution for immunofluorescence stained slides</td></tr><tr><td>Replaceable Fine Tip</td><td>Bovie</td><td>H101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Resorcin-Fuchsin Weigert</td><td>Waldeck</td><td>2E-30</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Rimadyl</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>400684.00.00</td><td>Carprofen</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14028-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors Vannas-style</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15000-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibody diluent</td><td>Dako</td><td>S0809</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast acting Adhesive MINIS 3x1g</td><td>UHU</td><td>45370</td><td>Cyanoacrylate</td></tr><tr><td>Slide Rack</td><td>Ted Pella</td><td>21057</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SM22</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab10135</td><td>Antibody</td></tr><tr><td>SMA</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab21027</td><td>Antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Staining dish</td><td>Ted Pella</td><td>21075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>M651</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tabotamp fibrillar</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>431962</td><td>Absorbable hemostat</td></tr><tr><td>Transpore Surgical Tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1527-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U-100 Insulin syringe</td><td>BD Medical</td><td>324825</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel Dilator</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18603-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vitro-Clud</td><td>Langenbrinck</td><td>04-0001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weigerts iron hematoxylin Kit</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.15973.0002</td><td>Trichrome staining</td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Th. Geyer</td><td>3410</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

balloon-based injury to induce myointimal hyperplasia in the mouse abdominal aorta

動物モデルの使用は、MH、動脈狭窄症の主要な原因の 1 つのより良い理解のために不可欠です。この記事では、大動物で確立された容器損傷モデルに匹敵するマウス バルーン侵食モデルを示しています。バルーン カテーテルを大動脈侵食モデルは臨床設定を模倣し、匹敵する病態と生理学的な変化に 。簡潔に、実行後水平切開腹部大動脈で、バルーンカテーテル、血管に挿入、水増し、逆行性導入します。バルーンのインフレは内膜傷害と容器の overdistension に します。カテーテルを抜去後、大動脈切開は単一 stiches を閉鎖します。この資料に示すモデルは再生可能で、行うには、簡単、迅速かつ確実に確立することができます。特に経済的な方法で適用することができます高価な実験的治療剤の評価に適しています。別のノックアウト マウス系統を用いた MH 開発の別の遺伝子の影響を評価できます。

バルーン侵食は、マウスで MH の開発研究に適したモデルです。動物手術から回復を示し、優れた物理的な条件術後。このモデルは、50 マウス外科的処置のための 3% の死亡率よりも少ないに設立しました。図 1 b-Cは、主な手術手順を表示します。に沿って皮膚切開後、 linea alba、腹部大動脈を識別します。顕微鏡視下ク?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta at JoVE.com

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

この記事は、大動脈バルーン傷害の後 myointimal 過形成 (MH) の開発を研究するマウスモデルを示します。

マウスの腹部大動脈 Myointimal 過形成を誘導するために気球を利用した傷害

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

balloon-based-injury-to-induce-myointimal-hyperplasia-mouse-abdominal

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.5K ビュー.  University Heart Center. この記事は、大動脈バルーン傷害の後 myointimal 過形成 (MH) の開発を研究するマウスモデルを示します。

ビデオ: Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

Inducing Myointimal Hyperplasia Versus Atherosclerosis in Mice: An Introduction of Two Valid Models

Various in vivo laboratory rodent models for the induction of artery stenosis have been established to mimic diseases that include arterial plaque formation and stenosis, as observed for example in ischemic heart disease. Two highly reproducible mouse models&#160;&#8211;&#160;both resulting in artery stenosis but each underlying a different pathway of development&#160;&#8211; are introduced here. The models represent the two most common causes of artery stenosis; namely one mouse model for each myointimal hyperplasia, and atherosclerosis are shown. To induce myointimal hyperplasia, a balloon catheter injury of the abdominal aorta is performed. For the development of atherosclerotic plaque, the ApoE -/- mouse model in combination with western fatty diet is used. Different model-adapted options for the measurement and evaluation of the results are named and described in this manuscript. The introduction and comparison of these two models provides information for scientists to choose the appropriate artery stenosis model in accordance to the scientific question asked.

This video shows two models of intimal plaque development in murine arteries and emphasizes the differences in myointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis.

マウスにおけるアテローム性動脈硬化症に対する筋内膜過形成を誘発する。つの有効なモデルの導入

Various in vivo laboratory rodent models for the induction of artery stenosis have been established to mimic diseases that include arterial plaque ...

医学

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in vascular smooth muscle dedifferentiation, neointima formation and vascular remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are the most frequently employed animals for this model. Female rats are not preferred as female hormones are protective against vascular diseases and thus introduce a variation into this procedure. The left carotid is typically injured with the right carotid serving as a negative control. Left carotid injury is caused by the inflated balloon that denudes the endothelium and distends the vessel wall. Following injury, potential therapeutic strategies such as the use of pharmacological compounds and either gene or shRNA transfer can be evaluated. Typically for gene or shRNA transfer, the injured section of the vessel lumen is locally transduced for 30 min with viral particles encoding either a protein or shRNA for delivery and expression in the injured vessel wall. Neointimal thickening representing proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells usually peaks at 2 weeks after injury. Vessels are mostly harvested at this time point for cellular and molecular analysis of cell signaling pathways as well as gene and protein expression. Vessels can also be harvested at earlier time points to determine the onset of expression and/or activation of a specific protein or pathway, depending on the experimental aims intended. Vessels can be characterized and evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, protein/mRNA assays, and activity assays. The intact right carotid artery from the same animal is an ideal internal control. Injury-induced changes in molecular and cellular parameters can be evaluated by comparing the injured artery to the internal right control artery. Likewise, therapeutic modalities can be evaluated by comparing the injured and treated artery to the control injured only artery.

This protocol uses a balloon catheter to cause an intraluminal injury on the rat carotid artery and henceforth elicit neointimal hyperplasia. This is a well-established model for studying the mechanisms of vascular remodeling in response to injury. It is also widely used to determine the validity of potential therapeutic approaches.

ラット頸動脈における血管バルーン傷害と管腔内投与

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

動脈再狭窄のマウスモデル：大腿ワイヤー傷害の技術的な側面

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

マウスにおける加速アテローム性動脈硬化症の誘導:ワイヤー傷害モデル

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.

マウスモデルにおける下腹部大動脈クランプすることにより、再現性動脈侵食に起因けが

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These ...

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.

Animal models of atherosclerosis are essential to understand the mechanism and to investigate newer approaches to prevent plaque development or rupture, a leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This protocol uses a combination of balloon injury and cholesterol rich diet to induce atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac artery.

加速動脈硬化家兎モデル: 内腸骨動脈バルーン傷害の方法論的視点

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

A Rat Carotid Artery Pressure-Controlled Segmental Balloon Injury with Periadventitial Therapeutic Application

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the luminal surface area in arteries thereby reducing adequate blood flow to organs and distal tissues. Clinically, revascularization procedures such as balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement aim to restore blood flow. Although these procedures reestablish blood flow by reducing plaque burden, they damage the vessel wall, which initiates the arterial healing response. The prolonged healing response causes arterial restenosis, or re-narrowing, ultimately limiting the long-term success of these revascularization procedures. Therefore, preclinical animal models are integral for analyzing the pathophysiological mechanisms driving restenosis, and provide the opportunity to test novel therapeutic strategies. Murine models are cheaper and easier to operate on than large animal models. Balloon or wire injury are the two commonly accepted injury modalities used in murine models. Balloon injury models in particular mimic the clinical angioplasty procedure and cause adequate damage to the artery for the development of restenosis. Herein we describe the surgical details for performing and histologically analyzing the modified, pressure-controlled rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Additionally, this protocol highlights how local periadventitial application of therapeutics can be used to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Lastly, we present light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a novel approach for imaging and visualizing the arterial injury in three-dimensions.

The rat carotid artery balloon injury mimics the clinical angioplasty procedure performed to restore blood flow in atherosclerotic vessels. This model induces the arterial injury response by distending the arterial wall, and denuding the intimal layer of endothelial cells, ultimately causing remodeling and an intimal hyperplastic response.

過期治療アプリケーションを用いてラット頸動脈圧制御区分バルーン損傷

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the ...

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Common murine models study small vessels such as the carotid and femoral arteries. Herein we describe an in vivo system in which both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function can be simultaneously assessed in a large vessel. We studied the infrarenal aortic response to injury in C57BL/6 mice. The aorta was injured from the left renal vein to the aortic bifurcation by 30 transmural crushes of 5-seconds duration with a cotton-tipped applicator. Morphological changes were assessed with conventional histology. Aorta wall thickness was measured from the luminal surface to the adventitia. EdU integration and counter staining with DAPI and alpha-actin was used to demonstrate VSMC proliferation. Activation of ERK1/2, a known moderator of intimal hyperplasia formation, was determined by Western Blot analysis. The effect of inflammation was determined by immunohistochemistry for B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages. En face sections of endothelium were visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Endothelial barrier function was determined with Evans Blue staining. Transmural injury resulted in aortic wall thickening. This injury induced VSMC proliferation, most prominently at 3 days after injury, and early activation of ERK1/2 and decreased p27kip1 expression. Injury did not result in increased B-cells, T-cells, or macrophages infiltration in the vessel wall. Injury caused partial endothelial cell denudation and loss of cell-cell contact. Injury resulted in a significant loss of endothelial barrier function, which returned to baseline after seven days. The murine transmural blunt aortic injury model provides an efficient system to simultaneously study both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function in a large vessel.

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Restenosis following cardiovascular procedures (bypass surgery, angioplasty, or stenting) is a significant problem reducing the durability of these procedures. An ideal therapy would inhibit smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation while promoting regeneration of the endothelium. We describe a model for simultaneous assessment of VSMC proliferation and endothelial function in vivo.

ネズミ大動脈挫傷：効率的<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;平滑筋細胞の増殖と内皮機​​能のモデル

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell ...

生物学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>マウス腹部大動脈瘤の分子メカニズムの解明

A Mouse Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model by Periadventitial Calcium Chloride and Elastase Infiltration

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disease associated with high mortality rates. It is characterized by the permanent dilation of the abdominal aorta with at least a 50% increase in arterial diameter. Various animal models of AAA have been introduced to mimic the pathophysiological changes and study the underlying mechanisms of AAA. Among these models, the calcium chloride (CaCl2)- and elastase-induced AAA models are commonly used in mice. However, these methods have certain limitations. Traditional intraluminal porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) perfusion is associated with high technical difficulty and a high rupture rate, while periadventitial administration of PPE yields inconsistent results. In addition, the CaCl2-induced AAA model lacks human AAA features, such as atherothrombosis and aneurysm rupture. Therefore, the combined application of CaCl2 and PPE has been proposed as an approach to enhance success rates and induce greater diameter increases in AAA animal models. This manuscript presents a comprehensive protocol for establishing a mouse AAA model through periaortic infiltration of PPE and CaCl2 in the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta. By following this protocol, we can achieve an AAA formation rate of approximately 90% with technical simplicity and reproducibility. Further ultrasound and histological experiments confirm that this model effectively replicates the morphological and pathological changes observed in human AAA.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:腹部大動脈瘤のマウスモデルの開発と特性評価

This manuscript presents a protocol for establishing a mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm model using calcium chloride and elastase, combining the advantages of previous modeling methods. This model can be utilized to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying abdominal aortic aneurysms.

アドベンチアル塩化カルシウムとエラスターゼ浸潤によるマウス腹部大動脈瘤モデル

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disease associated with high mortality rates. It is characterized by the permanent dilation of the ...

マウスの腹部大動脈 Myointimal 過形成を誘導するために気球を利用した傷害

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アドベンチアル塩化カルシウムとエラスターゼ浸潤によるマウス腹部大動脈瘤モデル

アドベンチアル塩化カルシウムとエラスターゼ浸潤によるマウス腹部大動脈瘤モデル