著者のテクニカル サポート パオラ ・ ロペス Pieraldi を感謝したいです。A.H.M. は助成金 8G12MD007600 と U54 NS083924 このパブリケーションをサポートに感謝しています。NIH NIMHD-G12 MD007583 助成施設支援に感謝いたします。D.E.R.A. は、NIHNIGMS R25GM110513 によって提供される交わりに感謝しています。共通の計測領域の使用のため感謝しております、博士プリシラ サナブリアの RCMI プログラムでの光イメージング施設の使用のための援助を与える G12MD007583。さらに、私たちは撮影・編集視覚的プロトコルの彼の顕著な役割のホセパディーヤを感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
	<li>Goldstein, L. B., Bertels, C., Davis, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrater+reliability+of+the+NIH+stroke+scale.">Interrater reliability of the NIH stroke scale.</a> Arch Neurol. 46 (6), 660-662 (1989).</li><li>Hinkle, J. L., Guanci, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+ischemic+stroke+review.">Acute ischemic stroke review.</a> J Neurosci Nurs. 39 (5), 285-293 (2007).</li><li>Kassner, A., Merali, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Disruption+in+Stroke.">Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Stroke.</a> Stroke. 46 (11), 3310-3315 (2015).</li><li>Moskowitz, M. A., Lo, E. H., Iadecola, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+science+of+stroke:+mechanisms+in+search+of+treatments.">The science of stroke: mechanisms in search of treatments.</a> Neuron. 67 (2), 181-198 (2010).</li><li>Ben Haim, L., Carrillo-de Sauvage, M. A., Ceyzeriat, K., Escartin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elusive+roles+for+reactive+astrocytes+in+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Elusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, 278 (2015).</li><li>Broderick, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+Management+of+Spontaneous+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage+in+Adults+2007+Update:+A+Guideline+From+the+American+Heart+Association/American+Stroke+Association+Stroke+Council,+High+Blood+Pressure+Research+Council,+and+the+Quality+of+Care+and+Outcomes+in+Research+Interdisciplinary+Working+Group:+The+American+Academy+of+Neurology+affirms+the+value+of+this+guideline+as+an+educational+tool+for+neurologists.">Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists.</a> Stroke. 38 (6), 2001-2023 (2007).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-glucose+deprivation+induced+glial+scar-like+change+in+astrocytes.">Oxygen-glucose deprivation induced glial scar-like change in astrocytes.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e37574 (2012).</li><li>Sofroniew, M. 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HB-EGF+affects+astrocyte+morphology,+proliferation,+differentiation,+and+the+expression+of+intermediate+filament+proteins.">HB-EGF affects astrocyte morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of intermediate filament proteins.</a> J Neurochem. 128 (6), 878-889 (2014).</li><li>Robinson, C., Apgar, C., Shapiro, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocyte+Hypertrophy+Contributes+to+Aberrant+Neurogenesis+after+Traumatic+Brain+Injury.">Astrocyte Hypertrophy Contributes to Aberrant Neurogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury.</a> Neural Plast. , 1347987 (2016).</li><li>Brekke, E., Berger, H. R., Wideroe, M., Sonnewald, U., Morken, T. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

このプロトコルでは、ラット皮質アストロ サイトの分離について説明します。このメソッドは、線維芽細胞、オリゴデンドロ サイト、ミクログリアなど他の細胞の種類と汚染を減らすために重要です。ミクログリアの数を減らすためには、いくつかの手順を取ることができる: メディア、揺れ、軌道と化学治療を変更します。選択的細胞マーカーを用いた蛍光抗体法によって、最も顕著な細...

ストロークは、「、急性神経障害血管由来の症状と脳の焦点区域の関与に対応する徴候の突然または急速な開発と」1,2として定義されます。ストロークの 2 つの種類があります: 出血性および虚血性。動脈瘤や、動脈の破裂の後弱体化を伴う動静脈の故障により血管機能不全が引き起こされるときほとんどの場合、死につながる3出血性脳卒中と呼びます。血栓または塞栓は、血流を妨げ、脳の領域に酸素とグルコースの一時剥奪の原因と呼びます虚血性脳卒中4。影響を受ける地域や恒常性、代謝の不均衡、エネルギッシュな不全、神経細胞死および炎症5患者6生涯障害を誘発することができますに虚血性の芯線の周りの細胞に栄養を与えるに失敗しました。
虚血性脳卒中は多因子性傷害を含むいくつかの種類の細胞が反応し、異なる時点でその効果を発揮します。多くの相互作用は、個々 の細胞の挙動を調べるための困難な環境を作成します。だから、どのようにこのような複雑な環境下で特定のセルタイプの寄与を調べたか?虚血の認められた体外モデルは、平地の環境に、細胞の修復に続く一定の期間酸素とグルコースの剥奪 (OGD) へ細胞を公開するための構成されます。このシステムは、脳虚血再潅流をシミュレートします。この方法では細胞や組織が削除されるは特殊な低酸素室を用いた酸素環境のブドウ糖自由な媒体に公開されます。最大 24 h で、テストしたい仮説によって数分から OGD インキュベーション時間は異なります。研究が示している OGD 回数に応じて、平地環境、ストローク (すなわち、急性または亜慢性) の特定の表現型が実現できます。平地の条件に後部修復 OGD にさらされる主の孤立したアストロ サイトは、ストローク体外7を模倣するよく研究細胞モデルです。OGD を使用してストロークのような環境下での隔離されたセルの独立した分子メカニズムを明らかにすることができます。
アストロ生物学の知識が増えると、彼らがシナプスを維持し、神経の修復、開発、および可塑性8を維持するために重要なことは明白になりました。通常の条件下でアストロ サイトは解放し、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、成長因子、gliotransmitters、新陳代謝のバランスとシナプス5,9内の恒常性を維持に対応します。虚血性脳卒中などの急性 neuroinflammation でこれらの細胞が反応になって、長期的な過剰発現のグリア線維性酸性タンパク質 (GFAP) を示し肥大の形態5,10,11,12. 虚血性梗塞が発展すると、アストロ サイトによって提供される恒常性、通常グルタミン酸取り込み、エネルギー代謝、活性と抗酸化活性13の交換に関する影響になります。
再アクティブ化されたアストロ サイトは、白血球の破壊領域14に向けて移行中周囲の梗塞組織増殖します。アストロ サイトの増殖は、増殖細胞核抗原 (PCNA)、キ67、ブロモデオキシウリジン (BrdU)15などのマーカーを使用して測定できます。この増殖応答が時間依存的に生成されます、それグリア瘢痕、外傷9後破損したサイトの実質に沿って不可逆的反応性アストロ サイトの配列を形成できます。この傷跡の初期の機能の 1 つはこの区域から免疫細胞漏出を制限します。しかし、研究では、傷跡が拡張、軸索の成長を阻害する分子をリリースおよび軸索が16患部の周りを拡張することを防ぐ物理的な障壁を作成する軸索の物理的な障害になることを示しています。それにもかかわらず、脊髄損傷後完全にグリア瘢痕の形成を防止するが17軸索の再生を損なうことができるを示す科学的な証拠があります。したがって、傷害の検討の枠組みに、測定する特定のアストロ サイトの応答コンテキストを考慮されなければなりません。
酸素無グルコース後アストロ サイトの個別の機能の研究に提示された方法論を適用できるし、調査官が答えたい質問に応じて変更することができます。たとえば、形態変化、OGD 時期を表明したマーカーのほか OGD にさらされているアストロ サイトから清さらに分析できる可溶性因子これらの細胞によって解放または評価するために調節されたメディアとして使用を識別するために、他の脳細胞に影響します。このアプローチにより、支配すると虚血性脳卒中のシナリオでその応答を調節する因子の解明につながる可能性がアストロ サイトの反応性に関する研究です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Instruments for Surgery - Step 1&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating scissor 5.5&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Roboz Company</td><td>RS-6812</td><td>Tools used to decapitate the rats.</td></tr><tr><td>Curved forceps 7&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roboz Company</td><td>RS-5271</td><td>Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-dissecting scissors 4&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roboz Company</td><td>RS-5882</td><td>Cuts both the skin and skull of the rat.</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-dissecting forceps 4&amp;rdquo; angled, fine sharp&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roboz Company</td><td>RS-5095</td><td>Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-dissecting forceps 4&amp;rdquo; slightly curved 0.8</td><td>Roboz Company</td><td>RS-5135</td><td>Tool used to separate cortices.</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-dissecting tweezers</td><td>Roboz Company</td><td>RS-4972</td><td>Peels brain meninges.</td></tr><tr><td>Dissection microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX16</td><td>Important for removing the meninge from the cortices.</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;DMEM Preparation - step 2&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Eagle&amp;rsquo;s Medium (DMEM)</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>11995-065</td><td>Supports the growth of cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>S7277</td><td>Supplement for the cell culture media.</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>10437-010</td><td>Serum-supplement for the cell culture.</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>15140-148</td><td>Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.</td></tr><tr><td>Filter System 1L with 0.22um pore</td><td>Corning</td><td>431098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Astrocyte culture - step 3&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serological pipets 5mL</td><td>VWR</td><td>89130-896</td><td>To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Serological pipets 10mL</td><td>VWR</td><td>89130-898</td><td>To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Serological pipets 25mL</td><td>VWR</td><td>89130-900</td><td>To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge conical tube 15mL</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-200250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Safe-lock tube 1.5mL</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>022363204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Barrier Tips 200 uL</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-201725</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Barrier Tips 1 mL</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-201727</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biohazard Orange Bag 14 x 19&quot;</td><td>VWR</td><td>14220-048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60mm petri dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile gauze pads</td><td>Honeywell Safety</td><td>89133-086</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stomacher 80 Biomaster</td><td>Sewar Lab System</td><td>030010019</td><td>Triturate the brain tissue.</td></tr><tr><td>Stomacher 80 Blender Sterile Bags</td><td>Sewar Lab System</td><td>BA6040</td><td>Sterile bag for the stomacher cell homogenizer.</td></tr><tr><td>Beaker 400mL</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #60&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>S1020</td><td>To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>S3895</td><td>To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.</td></tr><tr><td>Invert phase microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Eclypse Ti-S</td><td>Verify cells for contamination or abnormal cell growth.</td></tr><tr><td>75cm2 sterile flasks</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multi-well plate</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro cover glasses (coverslips), 18mm, round</td><td>VWR</td><td>48380-046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bright-Line hemacytometer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>Z359629</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-678-20D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>E7023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride 98% (LME)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>L1002</td><td>Promotes the elimination of microglia cells in the primary cortical astrocyte cultutre.</td></tr><tr><td>Cytosine &amp;beta;-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>C1768</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-Lysine Hydrobromide, mol wt 70,000-150,000</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>P0899</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin/EDTA</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>15400-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>T8154</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>524650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Water</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>W3500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;OGD Medium Preparation - step 5&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL</td><td>VWR</td><td>89039-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s modified Eagle&amp;rsquo;s medium-free glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>D5030</td><td>Supports the growth of cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>S7277</td><td>Supplement for the cell culture media.</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>15140-148</td><td>Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.</td></tr><tr><td>200mM&amp;nbsp; L-glutamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>25030-081</td><td>Amino acid that supplements the growth of cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Phospahet buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>524650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter System 50mL with 0.22um pore</td><td>Corning</td><td>430320</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL</td><td>VWR</td><td>89039-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single Flow Meter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Billups-Rothenberg</td><td>SMF3001</td><td>Measure gas flow in oxygen purge.</td></tr><tr><td>Hypoxia Incubator Chamber&amp;nbsp;</td><td>StemCell</td><td>27310</td><td>Generates a hypoxic environment for the cell culture.</td></tr><tr><td>Traceable Dissolved Oxygen Meter</td><td>VWR</td><td>21800-022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>95% N2/ 5% CO2 Gas Mixture</td><td>Linde</td><td></td><td>Purges the environment of oxygen.</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;primary astrocyte immunofluorescence - step 6&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>524650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaline Solution Neutral Buffer 10%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>HT501128</td><td>Solution used to fix cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A4544</td><td>Solution used to fix cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T8787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>GibCo. Company</td><td>10437-010</td><td>Serum-supplement for the cell culture.</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-NeuN</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>24307</td><td>Detects mature neurons, serves to validate the astrocytic culture.</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-PCNA</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>2586</td><td>Detects proliferating cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Propidium Iodide (PI)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>P4170</td><td>Apoptosis staining.</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Olig1</td><td>Abcam</td><td>AB68105</td><td>Detects mature oligodendrocytes.</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Iba1+</td><td>Wako</td><td>016-20001</td><td>Detects microglial cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-GFAP Conjugated with Cy3&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>C9205</td><td>Detects reactive astrocytes in the treated cells.</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488</td><td>Molecular Probe Life Technology</td><td>A1101</td><td>Anti-Mouse Secondary Antibody.</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 555</td><td>Molecular Probe Life Technology</td><td>A21428</td><td>Anti-Rabbit Secondary Antibody.</td></tr><tr><td>4&amp;rsquo;,6&amp;rsquo;-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td><td>D9542</td><td>Nuclear staining.</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

monitoring astrocyte reactivity and proliferation in vitro under ischemic-like conditions

虚血性脳卒中は血栓や塞栓脳の部分への血流を妨害によって引き起こされる複雑な脳損傷です。これは、酸素とブドウ糖のエネルギー不全や神経細胞死を引き起こすの剥奪に します。虚血性脳卒中の侮辱後、アストロ サイトは反応になるし、それが発展するにつれ、損傷部位の周囲増殖します。このシナリオの下では、虚血にさらされている脳の領域にアストロ サイトの特定の貢献を研究することは困難です。したがって、プライマリ アストロ サイトの反応と酸素無グルコース (OGD) と呼ばれる虚血のような環境の生体外モデルの下で増殖を検討する方法を紹介します。アストロ サイトは 1-4 日から分離された-古い新生児ラットと非特異的アストロ サイト細胞の数は、アストロ サイト選択的マーカー グリア線維性酸性蛋白質 (GFAP) と染色性が核を使用して評価されました。公開されている酸素の割合のと同様、OGD 条件に服従するアストロ サイトの期間をカスタマイズできます。この柔軟性により、細胞の試験管内のさまざまなグループの虚血のような条件の期間を特徴付けるための科学者です。この資料では、反応性アストロ サイト、肥大形態と増殖細胞核抗原 (PCNA) を用いた蛍光抗体法によって測定される増殖を誘発する OGD の時間枠について説明します。増殖、ほかアストロ サイトはエネルギーと酸化ストレスを受けるし、細胞培地に可溶性因子を放出し OGD に対応します。このメディアを収集し、分子細胞間相互作用のない初代神経細胞培養アストロ サイトによるリリースの影響を分析するために使用することができます。要約すると、傷害に孤立したアストロ サイトの役割を理解するこの一次電池文化モデルを効率的に使用できます。

培養アストロ サイトの主な懸念の 1 つは、ニューロン、オリゴデンドロ サイト、線維芽細胞、ミクログリアなど他の細胞の存在です。図 1、ラット皮質から隔離されたセルごとに 3 日間メディアの変更があったし、か未処理または処理追加 LME 1, 24 時間後の細胞 GFAP の immunostained, DAPI で counterstained。未処理の細胞は、LME 処理細胞を示した 8% 陽?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions at JoVE.com

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

虚血性脳卒中、酸素無グルコース (OGD) に影響を受ける脳の領域にアストロ サイトの特定の貢献がさらされて複雑なイベントは調査しにくい。孤立したアストロ サイトを取得し、反応性、OGD 条件下での増殖を研究する手法を紹介します。

反応性アストロ サイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視

Ischemic stroke is a complex brain injury caused by a thrombus or embolus obstructing blood flow to parts of the brain. This leads to deprivation of ...

monitoring-astrocyte-reactivity-proliferation-vitro-under-ischemic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

9.8K ビュー.  Universidad Central del Caribe. 虚血性脳卒中、酸素無グルコース (OGD) に影響を受ける脳の領域にアストロ サイトの特定の貢献がさらされて複雑なイベントは調査しにくい。孤立したアストロ サイトを取得し、反応性、OGD 条件下での増殖を研究する手法を紹介します。

ビデオ: Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

神経毒性の高いコンテンツ分析のための神経とアストロサイト共培養アッセイ

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

生物学

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Astrocytes are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In vitro astrocyte cell culture systems can be used to study the biological functions of these glial cells in detail. This video protocol shows how to obtain pure astrocytes by isolation and culture of mixed cortical cells of mouse pups. The method is based on the absence of viable neurons and the separation of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, the three main glial cell populations of the central nervous system, in culture. Representative images during the first days of culture demonstrate the presence of a mixed cell population and indicate the timepoint, when astrocytes become confluent and should be separated from microglia and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrate purity and astrocytic morphology of cultured astrocytes using immunocytochemical stainings for well established and newly described astrocyte markers. This culture system can be easily used to obtain pure mouse astrocytes and astrocyte-conditioned medium for studying various aspects of astrocyte biology.

Astrocytes have been recognized to be versatile cells participating in fundamental biological processes that are essential for normal brain development and function, and central nervous system repair. Here we present a rapid procedure to obtain pure mouse astrocyte cultures to study the biology of this major class of central nervous system cells.

マウス大脳皮質アストロサイトの単離および培養

Astrocytes  are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be  learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In ...

神経科学

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of &#60;350 &#181;m, spontaneously self-aligned and contracted to produce long fiber-like cables consisting of dense bundles of astrocyte processes and collagen fibrils measuring &#60;150 &#181;m in diameter yet extending several cm in length. These engineered living scaffolds exhibited &#62;97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34; in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.

We showcase the development of self-assembled, three-dimensional bundles of longitudinally aligned astrocytic somata and processes within a novel biomaterial encasement. These engineered &#34;living scaffolds&#34;, exhibiting micron-scale diameter yet extending centimeters in length, may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding.

三次元組織配置に発達メカニズムを要約し、神経系の再生を容易にするアストロ サイト ネットワーク

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to ...

生物工学

Protocol for Three-dimensional Confocal Morphometric Analysis of Astrocytes

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify their functional and structural properties, a condition called reactive astrogliosis. Here, a protocol for assessment of the morphological properties of astrocytes is presented. This protocol includes quantification of 12 different parameters i.e. the surface area and volume of the tissue covered by an astrocyte (astrocyte territory), the entire astrocyte including branches, cell body, and nucleus, as well as total length and number of branches, the intensity of fluorescence immunoreactivity of antibodies used for astrocyte detection, and astrocyte density (number/1,000 &#181;m2). For this purpose three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopic images were created, and 3D image analysis software such as Volocity 6.3 was used for measurements. Rat brain tissue exposed to amyloid beta1-40 (A&#946;1-40) with or without a therapeutic&#160;intervention was used to present the method. This protocol can also be used for 3D morphometric analysis of other cells from either in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Astrocytes in the CNS change their functional and structural properties in response to harmful stimuli. This report presents a protocol for assessment of three-dimensional astrocyte morphology in diseased conditions or after therapeutic interventions.

アストロサイトの三次元共焦点形態学的分析のためのプロトコル

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify ...

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Astrogliosis following hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-related brain injury plays a role in increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. Recent clinical studies indicate that the severity of brain injury appear to be sex dependent, and that the male neonates are more susceptible to the effects of HI-related brain injury, resulting in more severe neurological outcomes as compared to females with comparable brain injuries. The development of reliable methods to isolate and maintain highly enriched populations of sexed hippocampal astrocytes is essential to understand the cellular basis of sex differences in the pathological consequences of neonatal HI. In this study, we describe a method for creating sex specific hippocampal astrocyte cultures that are subjected to a model of in-vitro ischemia, oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by reoxygenation. Subsequent reactive astrogliosis was examined by immunostaining for the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and S100B. This method provides a useful tool to study the role of male and female hippocampal astrocytes following neonatal HI, separately.

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Astrocytes are one of the most important key players in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we are reporting a practical method of sexed hippocampal astrocyte culture protocol in order to study the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte function in male and female neonate pups after in-vitro ischemia.

マウス海馬アストロサイトにおける性差後<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;虚血

Astrogliosis following hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-related brain injury plays a role in increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. Recent clinical studies ...

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like mouse and rat astrocyte monocultures: Brain cells can be isolated from different brain regions, and after a week of cell culture, non-astrocytic cells are shaken off by placing the culture dishes on a shaker for 6 h in the incubator. The remaining astrocytes are then passaged into new plates with an astrocyte-specific medium (termed NB+H). NB+H contains low concentrations of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), which is used in place of serum in medium. After growing in NB+H, AWESAM astrocytes have a stellate morphology and feature fine processes. Moreover, these astrocytes have more in vivo-like gene expression than astrocytes generated by previously published methods. Ca2+ imaging, vesicle dynamics, and other events close to the membrane can thus be studied in the fine astrocytic processes in vitro, e.g., using live cell confocal or TIRF microscopy. Notably, AWESAM astrocytes also exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ signaling similar to astrocytes in vivo.

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

The AWESAM protocol described here is optimal for culturing murine astrocytes in isolation from other brain cells in a fast, simple, and inexpensive manner. AWESAM astrocytes exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ signaling, morphology, and gene expression profiles similar to astrocytes in vivo.

生体内培養-高速、シンプルで、安価な AWESAM プロトコルを使用してマウスのアストロ サイトのように

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like ...

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by astrocytes, pericytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs). Here, we detail methods to assess BBB coverage using single cultures of immortalized human BECs, single cultures of primary mouse BECs, and a humanized triple culture model (BECs, astrocytes and pericytes) of the BBB. To highlight the applicability of the assays to disease states, we describe the effect of oligomeric amyloid-&#946; (oA&#946;), which is an important contributor to Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression, on BBB coverage. Further, we utilize the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to illuminate the drug screening potential of the techniques. Our results show that single and triple cultured BECs form meshwork-like structures under basal conditions, and that oA&#946; disrupts this cell meshwork formation and degenerates the preformed mesh structures, but EGF blocks this disruption. Thus, the techniques described are important for dissecting fundamental and disease-relevant processes that modulate BBB coverage.

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Maintaining blood-brain barrier coverage is key for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. This protocol describes in vitro techniques to delineate the fundamental and pathological processes that modulate blood-brain barrier coverage.

血液脳関門メッシュ様血管形成および崩壊を評価するためのインビトロアッセイ

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by ...

医学

A Cell Culture Model for Studying the Role of Neuron-Glia Interactions in Ischemia

Ischemic stroke is a clinical condition characterized by hypoperfusion of brain tissue, leading to oxygen and glucose deprivation, and the consequent neuronal loss. Numerous evidence suggests that the interaction between glial and neuronal cells exert beneficial effects after an ischemic event. Therefore, to explore potential protective mechanisms, it is important to develop models that allow studying neuron-glia interactions in an ischemic environment. Herein we present a simple approach to isolate astrocytes and neurons from the rat embryonic cortex, and that by using specific culture media, allows the establishment of neuron- or astrocyte-enriched cultures or neuron-glia cultures with high yield and reproducibility.
To study the crosstalk between astrocytes and neurons, we propose an approach based on a co-culture system in which neurons cultured in coverslips are maintained in contact with a monolayer of astrocytes plated in multiwell plates. The two cultures are maintained apart by small paraffin spheres. This approach allows the independent manipulation and the application of specific treatments to each cell type, which represents an advantage in many studies.
To simulate what occurs during an ischemic stroke, the cultures are subjected to an oxygen and glucose deprivation protocol. This protocol represents a useful tool to study the role of neuron-glia interactions in ischemic stroke.

Here, we present a simple approach using specific culture media that allows the establishment of neuron- and astrocyte-enriched cultures, or neuron-glia cultures from the embryonic cortex, with high yield and reproducibility.

虚血におけるニューロングリア相互作用の役割を研究するための細胞培養モデル

Ischemic stroke is a clinical condition characterized by hypoperfusion of brain tissue, leading to oxygen and glucose deprivation, and the consequent ...

Primary Cultures of Rat Astrocytes and Microglia and Their Use in the Study of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

This protocol demonstrates how to prepare primary cultures of glial cells, astrocytes, and microglia from the cortices of Sprague Dawley rats and how to use these cells for the purpose of studying the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the rat hSOD1G93A model. First, the protocol shows how to isolate and culture astrocytes and microglia from postnatal rat cortices, and then how to characterize and test these cultures for purity by immunocytochemistry using the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) marker of astrocytes and the ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) microglial marker. In the next stage, methods are described for dye-loading (calcium-sensitive Fluo 4-AM) of cultured cells and the recordings of Ca2+ changes in video imaging experiments on live cells.
The examples of video recordings consist of: (1) cases of Ca2+ imaging of cultured astrocytes acutely exposed to immunoglobulin G (IgG) isolated from ALS patients, showing a characteristic and specific response compared to the response to ATP as demonstrated in the same experiment. Examples also show a more pronounced transient rise in intracellular calcium concentration evoked by ALS IgG in hSOD1G93A astrocytes compared to non-transgenic controls; (2) Ca2+ imaging of cultured astrocytes during a depletion of calcium stores by thapsigargin (Thg), a non-competitive inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, followed by store-operated calcium entry elicited by the addition of calcium in the recording solution, which demonstrates the difference between Ca2+ store operation in hSOD1G93A and in non-transgenic astrocytes; (3) Ca2+ imaging of the cultured microglia showing predominantly a lack of response to ALS IgG, whereas ATP application elicited a Ca2+ change. This paper also emphasizes possible caveats and cautions regarding critical cell density and purity of cultures, choosing the correct concentration of the Ca2+ dye and dye-loading techniques.

We present here a protocol on how to prepare primary cultures of glial cells, astrocytes, and microglia from rat cortices for time-lapse video imaging of intracellular Ca2+ for research on pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the hSOD1G93A rat model.

ラットアストロサイトおよびミクログリアの初代培養と筋萎縮性側索硬化症の研究におけるそれらの使用

This protocol demonstrates how to prepare primary cultures of glial cells, astrocytes, and microglia from the cortices of Sprague Dawley rats and how to ...

Isolation and Direct Neuronal Reprogramming of Mouse Astrocytes

Direct neuronal reprogramming is a powerful approach to generate functional neurons from different starter cell populations without passing through multipotent intermediates. This technique not only holds great promises in the field of disease modeling, as it allows to convert, for example, fibroblasts for patients suffering neurodegenerative diseases into neurons, but also represents a promising alternative for cell-based replacement therapies. In this context, a major scientific breakthrough was the demonstration that differentiated non-neural cells within the central nervous system, such as astrocytes, could be converted into functional neurons in vitro. Since then, in vitro direct reprogramming of astrocytes into neurons has provided substantial insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying forced identity conversion and the hurdles that prevent efficient reprogramming. However, results from in vitro&#160;experiments performed in different labs are difficult to compare due to differences in the methods used to isolate, culture, and reprogram astrocytes. Here, we describe a detailed protocol to reliably isolate and culture astrocytes with high purity from different regions of the central nervous system of mice at postnatal ages via magnetic cell sorting. Furthermore, we provide protocols to reprogram cultured astrocytes into neurons via viral transduction or DNA transfection. This streamlined and standardized protocol can be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cell identity maintenance, the establishment of a new neuronal identity, as well as the generation of specific neuronal subtypes and their functional properties.

Here we describe a detailed protocol to generate highly enriched cultures of astrocytes derived from different regions of the central nervous system of postnatal mice and their direct conversion into functional neurons by the forced expression of transcription factors.

マウスアストロサイトの単離と直接ニューロンリプログラミング

Direct neuronal reprogramming is a powerful approach to generate functional neurons from different starter cell populations without passing through ...

反応性アストロサイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

神経毒性の高いコンテンツ分析のための神経とアストロサイト共培養アッセイ

マウス大脳皮質アストロサイトの単離および培養

三次元組織配置に発達メカニズムを要約し、神経系の再生を容易にするアストロサイトネットワーク

アストロサイトの三次元共焦点形態学的分析のためのプロトコル

マウス海馬アストロサイトにおける性差後

生体内培養-高速、シンプルで、安価な AWESAM プロトコルを使用してマウスのアストロサイトのように

血液脳関門メッシュ様血管形成および崩壊を評価するためのインビトロアッセイ

虚血におけるニューロングリア相互作用の役割を研究するための細胞培養モデル

ラットアストロサイトおよびミクログリアの初代培養と筋萎縮性側索硬化症の研究におけるそれらの使用

マウスアストロサイトの単離と直接ニューロンリプログラミング

反応性アストロ サイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

神経毒性の高いコンテンツ分析のための神経とアストロサイト共培養アッセイ

マウス大脳皮質アストロサイトの単離および培養

三次元組織配置に発達メカニズムを要約し、神経系の再生を容易にするアストロ サイト ネットワーク

アストロサイトの三次元共焦点形態学的分析のためのプロトコル

マウス海馬アストロサイトにおける性差後

生体内培養-高速、シンプルで、安価な AWESAM プロトコルを使用してマウスのアストロ サイトのように

血液脳関門メッシュ様血管形成および崩壊を評価するためのインビトロアッセイ

虚血におけるニューロングリア相互作用の役割を研究するための細胞培養モデル

ラットアストロサイトおよびミクログリアの初代培養と筋萎縮性側索硬化症の研究におけるそれらの使用

マウスアストロサイトの単離と直接ニューロンリプログラミング

反応性アストロサイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視

三次元組織配置に発達メカニズムを要約し、神経系の再生を容易にするアストロサイトネットワーク

生体内培養-高速、シンプルで、安価な AWESAM プロトコルを使用してマウスのアストロサイトのように