The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

1.パッシブサンプラーのデザインと準備<ol><li> シリコーンゴムシート <ol><li> （3.2ミリメートル×10ミリメートルのステンレス鋼製のカッターを使用して、ステンレスブラインドリベットを使用してそれらを接続するのx 600ミリメートル2.5ミリメートル、2.5ミリメートル×314ミリメートルのストライプへのシリコーンゴムシートをカット（600ミリメートル×600ミリメートル、厚さ0.5mm） ）のx 914ミリメートル2.5ミリメートル（表面積= 457センチメートル2、吸着剤の質量= 15.6グラム、ボリュームの合計サンプラーストライプサイズを取得するためにリベットガン=と22.9センチメートル3）。 </li></ol></li><li>ソックスレー装置の抽出チャンバ内にシリコーンゴムを配置します。抽出チャンバーに50ミリリットルのEAを追加し、250ミリリットルのEAと500ミリリットルの丸底フラスコ中で3沸騰石を追加します。 <ol><li>ボトルフラスコとコンデンサーを抽出チャンバを接続します。約80℃で96時間、ソックスレー抽出によりシリコーンゴムを清掃し、穏やかな窒素ガス下で、その後、それらを乾燥させます。 </li></ol></li><li>シリコーンゴムSTRIを取り付けホルダーのロッドの周囲にシリコーンゴムストライプ（ 図1）をラップすることにより、ステンレス鋼クモ試料ホルダーにPE。ケーブルタイを使用して、ホルダーのロッドにシリコーンゴムストライプの両端を接続します。 </li></ol><img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig1.jpg" /> シリコーンゴムの図1の回路図。上部およびB）は側面図からステンレス鋼クモ試料ホルダーAにシリコーンゴムストライプの添付ファイル）を示すシリコーンゴム用のパッシブサンプラー概略図。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。この図。</a> <ol start="2"><li> POCIS-AとPOCIS-B <ol><li> POCIS-Aについては、センチsquar 9.0により2 9.0 cmの間のHLBバルク吸着剤（表面積= 1.78×10 6 cm 2）で220 mgの配置Eポリエーテルスルホン（PES）膜（ 図2）。 </li><li> POCIS-Bについては、吸着剤の混合物の220 mgの配置（ すなわち 、ヒドロキシル化ポリスチレン-ジビニルベンゼン樹脂（80％）およびスチレンジビニルベンゼン共重合体に分散させた炭素質吸着剤（20％））（表面積= 2.82×10 6 cm 2）で両者のPES膜（ 図2）。 </li><li>手動で吸着剤と2つのステンレス鋼リングの間に2つのPESを圧縮（インナーØ= 5.4センチメートル）と（ 図2）ステンレス鋼製の試料ホルダーに固定します。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig2.jpg" /> パッシブサンプラーディスクの図2の回路図。POCIS A、POCIS B、SDB-RPSディスクとAを示すC 18ディスク）ステンレス鋼リングを用いたパッシブサンプラーの組立のためのパッシブサンプラーの概略、ポリエーテルスルホン（PES）membranES、および受容相、およびB）のステンレス鋼試料ホルダーの組み立て。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <ol start="3"><li> SDB-RPSディスクおよびC 18ディスク <ol><li> SDB-RPS（表面積= 35 cm 2で、吸着剤の質量= 0.34 gの体積= 1.7 cm 3）とし、C 18ディスク（面積= 35 cm 2で、吸着剤の質量= 0.58 gの体積= 1.7 cm 3）との間に配置2PEsの膜（ 図2）。手動でディスクと2つのステンレス鋼リングの間に2つのPESを圧縮（インナーØ= 5.4センチメートル）と（ 図2）ステンレス鋼製の試料ホルダーに固定します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.実験取り込み実験注：実験取り込み実験を定量的取り込みkを特徴付けるために実施しました制御された条件下で5異なるパッシブサンプラーデバイスのための124の個々の農薬のinetics。 <ol><li>タンク1）シリコーンゴム（N = 16）、タンク2）POCIS-A（N = 16）、POCIS-B（N = 16）、及びタンク3：取り込み長方形のガラス容器（各〜95 L）で研究を行います）SDB-RPSディスク（N = 16）、C 18ディスク（N = 16）。 3タンクに天然水を記入してください。 </li><li>一定の水の温度（〜20℃）で、それぞれの側の壁に取り付けられた2つの電気ポンプを使用して、乱流条件の水（約10センチ秒-1）の下ですべての実験を行います。光劣化の影響を最小限に抑えるために暗闇の中で実験を行います。 </li><li>ガラスシリンジを使用して124農薬を含む農薬標準混合物を用いて、各ガラス容器をスパイク（C 400 ngののL≈-1水タンク内の個々の農薬のために）。時間の5の間隔、11、20、および26 Dで、タンクから手動でパッシブサンプラーを取り出しAYSは、農薬のサンプリングレートを決定します。 </li><li>他の箇所21に記載のように水試料の分析を0日目、5、11、20で、100 mlの水サンプルを収集することにより、各タンク中の農薬の濃度を監視し、及び26が実行されます。 <ol><li>品質管理のために、0日目で1時間、室内の空気に空白のサンプルを公開してから保存し、実際のサンプルとして扱います。すべての抽出物だけでなく、さらなる分析まで-18℃でタンクから収集した100ミリリットルの水のサンプルを保管してください。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.サンプル抽出<ol><li> シリコーンゴム <ol><li>抽出に先立って、高純度の窒素ガス気流下でシリコーンゴムストライプを乾燥。 </li><li>ガスクロマトグラフィー-質量分析（GC-MS）分析のために、ソックスレー抽出22を用いて固液抽出を行います。 <ol><li>ソックスレー抽出にシリコーンゴムを配置します。 250ミリリットルPE / ACEを追加（50/50、v / v）の3 BOI丸底フラスコに玲石。 </li><li>ガラスシリンジを使用して混合物（C = 5のNG ml -1の）100μlのシリコーンゴムスパイク。ソックスレー抽出器に50ミリリットルPE / ACEを（50/50、v / v）を追加します。ヒーターのスイッチをオンにし、19時間ソックスレー抽出を実行した後、ヒーターのスイッチを切ります。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルに優しい窒素ブローダウンが続く回転蒸発によって抽出物を濃縮します。 1ミリリットルに窒素ブローダウン中に3回に1ミリリットルのCH / ACE（90/10、v / v）を添加することにより、/ ACEを（90/10、v / v）のCHに溶媒交換。 </li></ol></li><li>液体クロマトグラフィー-タンデム質量分析（LC-MS / MS）分析のために、ソックスレー抽出22を使用して抽出を行います。 <ol><li>ソックスレー抽出にシリコーンゴムを配置します。ソックスレー抽出器に丸底フラスコに250ミリリットルのMeOHおよび3沸騰石を追加し、50ミリリットルのMeOH。ガラスSYRを使用している混合物（C = 5 ngのmlで-1）100μlとシリコーンゴムスパイクインゲ。 </li><li>ヒーターのスイッチをオンにし、19時間ソックスレー抽出を実行した後、ヒーターのスイッチを切ります。 1ミリリットルに優しい窒素ブローダウンが続く回転蒸発によって抽出物を濃縮します。 1ミリリットルに窒素ブローダウン中に1ミリリットルACNを追加することにより、ACNへの溶媒を交換します。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> POCIS-AとPOCIS-B <ol><li>慎重POCISサンプラーを開き、2ポリエチレン（PE）フリットを含む予備洗浄空ポリプロピレン固相抽出（SPE）カートリッジ（6ミリリットル）に漏斗を使用して、超純水で吸着剤を移します。水を除去するために真空により吸着剤を乾燥させます。吸着剤材料の量を制御するために、空とパックされたSPEカートリッジの重量を記録します。異なるカートリッジはGC-MS及びLC-MS / MS分析のために使用されていることに注意してください。 </li><li>溶出の前に、ガラスシリンジを使用して混合物（C = 5のNG ml -1の）100μlで吸着剤をスパイク。 5を使用して溶出POCIS-AとPOCIS-B吸着剤GC-MS 22 mlのEA。 <ol><li>穏やかな窒素ブローダウンにより1ミリリットルの抽出液を濃縮します。 1ミリリットルに窒素ブローダウン中に3回に1ミリリットルのCH / ACE（90/10、v / v）を添加することにより、/ ACEを（90/10、v / v）のCHに溶媒交換。 </li></ol></li><li>溶出POCIS-Aおよび8 mlのDCM / MeOHを続いを1.5mLのMeOHを用いPOCIS-Bカートリッジ（80/20、v / v）のLC-MS / MS分析のために22。穏やかな窒素ブローダウンにより1ミリリットルの抽出液を濃縮します。 1ミリリットルに窒素ブローダウン中に1ミリリットルACNを追加することにより、ACNへの溶媒を交換します。 </li></ol></li><li> SDB-RPSとC 18のディスク <ol><li>ガラスビーカーにSDB-RPSとC 18ディスクの個々のディスクを移し、窒素ガス下で、それらを乾燥させます。 3mlで、次いで10分間EA 5mlで最初、混合物は、（C = 5のNGミリリットル-1）ガラスシリンジを使用して、室温でガラスビーカー中で、それらを2回超音波処理IS100μlのディスクスパイクとEAの10分間。 </li><li>転送BO一方のガラス管に第抽出物を、ダウン穏やかな窒素ブローによって2mlまで、それらを濃縮し、（GC-MSおよびLC-MS / MS分析を、それぞれのために）は、2つの1mlの画分にそれらを分割します。 </li><li>穏やかな窒素ブローダウンにより0.5ミリリットルに抽出物を濃縮し、GC-MS分析22のために（90/10、v / v）のCH / ACEに溶剤を交換します。穏やかな窒素ブローダウンにより0.5ミリリットルの抽出液を濃縮し、LC-MS / MS分析のために22 ACNに溶剤を交換します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.水試料<ol><li>ガラスシリンジを使用している混合物（C = 5 ngのmlの-1）を100μlと20ミリリットルの水のサンプルをスパイク、DCMの3ミリリットルを追加し、3分間ボルテックスし、GC-MS分析22のための相分離器にデカント。 <ol><li>二相を分離した後、ガラス管にDCM相を浸透。 3ミリリットルのDCMを用いた抽出を繰り返し、2ミリリットルのDCMでチューブをすすいでください。最後に、穏やかな窒素ブローダウンとexchanにより0.5ミリリットルに抽出物を集中CH / ACEへのGEの溶媒（90/10、v / v）でした。 </li></ol></li><li> LC-MS / MS 21で他の場所に記載された方法と同様の大容量注入を用いて、水試料を分析します。 </li></ol> 5.機器分析<ol><li> GC-MS分析<ol><li>電子イオン化（EI）と負化学イオン化（NCI）モード、それぞれ22にGC-MSシステムを使用してCH / ACE抽出物の機器分析を実行します。 </li><li> EIを使用して、GC-MS法については、HP-5MS UIカラム（30メートル、0.25ミリメートル、内径、0.25μmのフィルム）上スプリットレス注入法で1μlのアリコートを注入します。 </li><li> CIを使用して、GC-MS法については、HP-5MS UIカラムで3μL（30メートル、0.25ミリメートル、内径、0.25μmのフィルム）のアリコートを注入します。 </li></ol></li><li> HPLC-MS / MS分析<ol><li> （ - ）ESI（）と正イオンM ACNの機器分析を行う用い抽出物のHPLC-MS / MSは、エレクトロスプレー負イオン化源とインターフェース頌歌（（+）ESI）22。 </li><li> （+）ESIについては、ACNを100μlを希釈すると、FAを用いてpHを5に調整900μlの超純水で抽出します。 </li><li> （ - ）の場合はESI、ACN100μlの超純水で1％FAの900μlの溶液を用いて抽出し希釈します。 </li><li> （+）ESIために0.3 mlの分-1の流速で2-プロパノール/メタノール/ 10mMのギ酸アンモニウム（6/2/92、V / V / V）およびMeOHからなる二元勾配を使用します。 </li><li> （ - ）の場合ESI 0.3 mlの分の流速でのHAcおよびACN + 0.1％のHAc ACN /超純水、0.1％からなる二元勾配を使用-1。 </li><li> 2つのオンラインSPEカラム（20×2mmのIDと20〜25ミクロンの粒子サイズの両方）、および分析カラム（C 18、100×3ミリメートル、3.5μm）の21を使用して、500μlの大量の注入を使用して、すべてのサンプルを注入します。 </li></ol></li></ol>パッシブサンプリング6.論注：パッシブサンプラーmediuへの化学物質の取り込みプロフィールリニア、曲線状及び平衡（ 図3）：メートル（PSM）は、3つのセクションに分かれています。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig3.jpg" /> 3.パッシブサンプラー取り込み曲線図。 A）およびC）の取り込み絶対ngのパッシブサンプラー（N tの ）中で、それぞれアセタミプリドおよびジメトエートの蓄積量の曲線、およびB）およびD）ngのLのそれぞれアセタミプリドおよびジメトエート、、の水タンクの濃度- 1。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <ol><li> （露出のトン日後にパッシブサンプラーにN &#39; トンを標的化合物の蓄積量を分割することにより、パッシブサンプラーの等価水量（V 当量の L）を計算</su（）のNG L -1、 ワット Cグラブと時間統合アクティブサンプリングを使用して、水相中の濃度によりp&gt;、NG）。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq1.jpg" /> （1） </li><li>展開時間に対するV 当量の勾配を取ることによって、吸収特性の線形吸収相からサ ​​ンプリング・レート（R S、Lの1日目）を導出します。 </li><li> K PW式を使用して、個々の農薬の（-1 Lのキロ）を計算します。 2。 <img alt="式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq2.jpg" /> （2） ここで、m pはサンプラー（NG）あたりの吸着剤の質量です。 </li><li>リニア取り込みフェーズでは、パッシブサンプラー（TWA C、NGのL -1）式を用いて導出水中の検体のTWA濃度を算出。 3。 <img alt="式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq3.jpg" /> （3） ここで、R Sは SAでありますmpling率（L日-1）、tはデプロイメント時（日）です。 </li><li>曲線的な段階では、式を使用してTWA cを計算します。 4。 <img alt="式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq4.jpg" /> （4） </li><li>平衡相では、式を使用してTWA cを計算します。 5。 <img alt="式（5）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq5.jpg" /> （5） </li></ol> 7.統計的データ解析<ol><li>シャピロ-ウィルク検定23を使用して、データの非正規分布をテストします。試験された殺虫剤の物理化学的特性24（-1から1までの範囲スピアマンのrho） 対 K PWとR Sのためのノンパラメトリックスピアマンの順位相関を使用してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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M., Singer, H., Stamm, C., Hollender, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+in-situ+calibration+of+chemcatcher+passive+samplers+for+322+micropollutants+in+agricultural+and+urban+affected+rivers.">Evaluation of in-situ calibration of chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers.</a> Water Res. 71, 306-317 (2015).</li><li>Petty, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+approach+for+assessment+of+water+quality+using+semipermeable+membrane+devices+(SPMDs)+and+bioindicator+tests.">An approach for assessment of water quality using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bioindicator tests.</a> Chemosphere. 41 (3), 311-321 (2000).</li><li>Metcalfe, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contaminants+in+the+coastal+karst+aquifer+system+along+the+Caribbean+coast+of+the+Yucatan+Peninsula,+Mexico.">Contaminants in the coastal karst aquifer system along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (4), 991-997 (2011).</li><li>Allan, I. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+performance+of+seven+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+substances.">Field performance of seven passive sampling devices for monitoring of hydrophobic substances.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (14), 5383-5390 (2009).</li><li>Vrana, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling+techniques+for+monitoring+pollutants+in+water.">Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 24 (10), 845-868 (2005).</li><li>Allan, I. J., Harman, C., Ranneklev, S. B., Thomas, K. V., Grung, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling+for+target+and+nontarget+analyses+of+moderately+polar+and+nonpolar+substances+in+water.">Passive sampling for target and nontarget analyses of moderately polar and nonpolar substances in water.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32 (8), 1718-1726 (2013).</li><li>Escher, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+contaminant+removal+of+reverse+osmosis+and+advanced+oxidation+in+full-scale+operation+by+combining+passive+sampling+with+chemical+analysis+and+bioanalytical+tools.">Evaluation of contaminant removal of reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation in full-scale operation by combining passive sampling with chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5387-5394 (2011).</li><li>Pesce, S., Morin, S., Lissalde, S., Montuelle, B., Mazzella, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+(POCIS)+with+toxicity+testing+to+evaluate+pesticide+mixture+effects+on+natural+phototrophic+biofilms.">Combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with toxicity testing to evaluate pesticide mixture effects on natural phototrophic biofilms.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (3), 735-741 (2011).</li><li>Booij, K., Smedes, F., Van Weerlee, E. M., Honkoop, P. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants:+The+case+of+mussels+versus+semipermeable+membrane+devices.">Environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants: The case of mussels versus semipermeable membrane devices.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (12), 3893-3900 (2006).</li><li>Harman, C., Allan, I. J., Vermeirssen, E. L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+and+use+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler-a+critical+review.">Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler-a critical review.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31 (12), 2724-2738 (2012).</li><li>Jonker, M. T. O., Der Heijden, S. A. V. a. n., Kotte, M., Smedes, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+effects+of+temperature+and+salinity+on+partitioning+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+to+silicone+rubber+passive+samplers.">Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (11), 6791-6799 (2015).</li><li>Jansson, C., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiresidue+analysis+of+95+pesticides+at+low+nanogram/liter+levels+in+surface+waters+using+online+preconcentration+and+high+performance+liquid+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Multiresidue analysis of 95 pesticides at low nanogram/liter levels in surface waters using online preconcentration and high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J. AOAC Int. 93 (6), 1732-1747 (2010).</li><li>Ahrens, L., Daneshvar, A., Lau, A. E., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+five+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+pesticides+in+water.">Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1405, 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Royston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approximating+the+Shapiro-Wilk+W-test+for+non-normality.">Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality.</a> Stat. Comput. 2 (3), 117-119 (1992).</li><li>Gauthier, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+trends+using+Spearman's+rank+correlation+coefficient.">Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</a> Environ. Forensics. 2 (4), 359-362 (2001).</li><li>Morin, N., Mi&#232;ge, C., Coquery, M., Randon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+calibration,+performance,+validation+and+applications+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler+(POCIS)+in+aquatic+environments.">Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 36, 144-175 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Quality+-+Sampling+-+Part+23:+Guidance+on+Passive+Sampling+in+Surface+Waters.">Water Quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters.</a> ISO 5667-23:2011. , (2011).</li><li>Morin, N., Camilleri, J., Cren-Oliv&#233;, C., Coquery, M., Mi&#232;ge, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+uptake+kinetics+and+sampling+rates+for+56+organic+micropollutants+using+"pharmaceutical"+POCIS.">Determination of uptake kinetics and sampling rates for 56 organic micropollutants using "pharmaceutical" POCIS.</a> Talanta. 109, 61-73 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

品質管理のために、標準的な手順、実験用ブランクとして、検出（LOD）、回収、および再現性の限界は23を調べました。いくつかの殺虫剤は、低濃度レベルでブランク試料において検出されました。 LODの平均のLODは、シリコーンゴム、POCIS-A 1.7 pgの絶対、1.6用のカラムに注入8.0 pgの絶対的だった3の信号対雑音比の基準を満たしている較正曲線上の最低点の値として設定しました。 PG P...

農薬は継続的に水生環境に導入され、水生生物1へのリスクをもたらす可能性があります。水性環境中の農薬のモニタリングは、典型的には、グラブサンプリングを使用して実行される、しかし、このサンプリング技術は、完全に起因する流れの変動やエピソード入力（ 例えば 、沈殿、合流式下水道のオーバーフロー、下水ラグーンリリース）2に濃度の時間変動を考慮していません、3。このように、モニタリング方法は、殺虫剤に伴う環境リスクのより良い推定のために改善する必要があります。パッシブサンプリングは、最小限のインフラと低汚染物質の濃度が4,5と、長期間にわたって継続的に監視することができます。 パッシブサンプラー地下6におけるモニタリングのための貴重なツールであることが示されている、新鮮な水7-10、廃水11と海水12。監視目的のほかに<suP&gt; 13,14は、パッシブサンプラーは、非標的分析15、毒性試験16,17のために使用されている、代替としてsediment-及び18をバイオモニタリングします。パッシブサンプラーを水から連続的に化学物質を蓄積し、時間加重平均（TWA）濃度14を提供します 。汚染物質の取り込みは、サンプリング・レート（R S）とパッシブサンプラーデザイン、サンプラー材料、汚染物質の物理化学的特性、および環境条件（ 例えば 、水に依存するパッシブサンプラー-水分配係数（K PW）、に依存します乱流、温度）13,14,19,20。 詳細なビデオは、水中での農薬のためのパッシブサンプラーを校正し、適用する方法を示すことを目指しています。具体的な目的は、i）は 、受動的sampl 5つの異なるタイプを使用して、124個々の農薬の準備のため、抽出および機器分析を実行するために含まシリコーンゴム、極性有機化学統合サンプラー（POCIS）-A、POCIS-B、SDB-RPSとC 18ディスク、ⅱ）研究室取り込み研究中の農薬のためのR SとK PWを評価するため、及びiii）を含む、ERS関心とどのようにそれぞれのパッシブサンプラーのためのTWA濃度を計算するための標的化合物の適切なパッシブサンプラーを選択する方法を実証します。 参照標準とパッシブサンプラーデバイス 標的化合物は、124レガシーや除草剤、殺虫剤や殺菌剤（ 表1）を含め、現在使用農薬が含まれていました。内部標準混合物は、（混合物である）フェノプロップ（2,4,5-TP）、クロチアニジン-D 3、エチオン及びテルブチ ​​ラジン-D 5が含まれていました 。他の使用される化学物質は、メタノール（MeOH）で、アセトニトリル（ACN）、アセトン（ACE）、ジクロロメタン（DCM）、シクロヘキサン（CH）、酢酸エチル（EA）、石油等が含まれ彼女の（PE）、2-プロパノール、25％アンモニア溶液、酢酸（HAC）およびギ酸（FA）。五つの異なる受動サンプリング装置は、シリコーンゴム、POCIS-A及 ​​びPOCIS-B、SDB-RPS、およびC 18ディスク1,21を含む、特徴づけました。 表1パッシブサンプラーサンプリングレート（R &#39;S、Lの1日目 ）、サンプラ-水分配係数（K&#39; PW、Lキログラム-1）式は（式）は、個々のフィールドのサンプル中の濃度の計算に使用殺虫剤。 （エルゼビアから許可を得て、水、1月11日、著作権（2015年）中の農薬のモニタリングのためのクロマトグラフィーAのジャーナル、1405年、ルッツアーレンス、Atlasi Daneshvar、アンナ・E.・ラウ、ジェニークルーガー、5パッシブサンプリング装置の特性より転載。）22 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">このファイルをダウンロードするにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1047">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1.06035.2500</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.00029.2500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:492px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1.00012.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-propanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.00272.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.06054.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammoniak</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.05428.1000</td>
			<td>Purity 25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>94318-50ML-F</td>
			<td>Purity ~98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">Ethyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>31063-2.5L</td>
			<td>for pesticide residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">Petroleum ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34491-4X2.5L</td>
			<td>for pesticide residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320099-500ML</td>
			<td>Purity &#8805;99.7%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cyclohexane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td>C/8933/17</td>
			<td>for residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &#956;m porosity, volume 6&#160;mL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Supelco</td>
			<td>57026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Empore SPE Disks, C18, diam. 47&#160;mm</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">66883-U</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&#160;mm</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">66886-U&#160;</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">POCIS-A&#160;</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">POCIS-HLB</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">POCIS-B</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">POCIS-Pesticide&#160;</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Silicone rubber sheet</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Altec</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">03-65-4516</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Agilent 5975C</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">5975C</td>
			<td>GC-MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:492px;">HP-5MS UI</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">J&#38;W Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">HP-5MS</td>
			<td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Agilent 6460</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">6460</td>
			<td>HPLC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Strata C18&#8211;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&#8211;25 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strata C18&#8211;E</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&#8211;25 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strata X</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:492px;">Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td>
			<td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Isolute phase separator, 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Biotage</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">120-1907-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10 mm</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Ejot &#38; Avdel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">951222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

五つの異なる水パッシブサンプラー124レガシーおよび現在の使用農薬の測定のために実験室条件下​​で較正しました。この研究は、パッシブサンプラーの準備、キャリブレーション、抽出方法および機器分析のためのプロトコルを提供します。サンプリングレート（R S）とパッシブサンプラー-水分配係数（K PW）は 、シリコーンゴム、極性有機化学統合サンプラーPOCIS-A、POCIS-B、SDB-RPSとC 18のディスクについて計算しました。選択された化合物の取り込みは、それらの物理化学的性質に依存し、 すなわち 、シリコーンゴムはPOCIS-A、POCIS-B及びSDB-一方、より疎水性の化合物（オクタノール-水分配係数（K OW）のログ&gt; 5.3）のためのより良好な取り込みを示しRPSディスクは、親水性化合物（K OW &lt;0.70を記録）のために、より適していました。

五つの異なるパッシブサンプラー技術が124レガシーの取り込みとシリコーンゴム（ 図1）、およびPOCIS A、POCIS B、SDB-RPSとC 18ディスク（ 図2）を含む、現在の使用農薬について比較しました。抽出方法および機器分析の性能を最適化しました。実験室での取り込み実験の結果は、PW値個々の農薬（ 図3）のため...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

水中の農薬のモニタリングのための特性とパッシブサンプラーの応用

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

characterization-application-passive-samplers-for-monitoring

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Environment

9.4K ビュー.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

ビデオ: Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup controlled by a potentiostat. Thereby the use of potentiostats allows an exact adjustment of the electrode potential and ensures reproducible microbial culturing conditions. During growth the current production is monitored using chronoamperometry (CA). Based on these data the maximum current density (jmax) and the coulombic efficiency (CE) are discussed as measures for characterization of the bioelectrocatalytic performance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), a nondestructive, i.e. noninvasive, method, is used to study the extracellular electron transfer (EET) of electroactive bacteria. CV measurements are performed on anodic biofilm electrodes in the presence of the microbial substrate, i.e. turnover conditions, and in the absence of the substrate, i.e. nonturnover conditions, using different scan rates. Subsequently, data analysis is exemplified and fundamental thermodynamic parameters of the microbial EET are derived and explained: peak potential (Ep), peak current density (jp), formal potential (Ef) and peak separation (&#916;Ep). Additionally the limits of the method and the state-of the art data analysis are addressed. Thereby this video-article shall provide a guide for the basic experimental steps and the fundamental data analysis.

Chronoamperometric growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms in a fed-batch reactor using a three-electrode setup, controlled by a potentiostat, is demonstrated. The extracellular electron transfer is characterized using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of the electron donor and in the absence of the electron donor. Fundamental data analysis is demonstrated.

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup ...

環境学

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

エンテロウイルスと文化およびRT-QPCRによる水中のノロウイルス発生のEPAメソッド1615測定。ウイルスサンプルのI.コレクション

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

エンテロウイルスと文化およびRT-qPCRにより水中のノロウイルス発生のEPAメソッド1615測定。パートIII。 RT-qPCRによりウイルス検出

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

キャリブレーションされたパッシブサンプリング - NHのマルチプロット場計測<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;ダイナミックチューブ法の組み合わせによる排出量およびパッシブサンプラー

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

スペクトル減算と土壌有機物の赤外分光特性の向上

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染試験: スプレーと傷を介した植物病原体イネいもち病菌接種

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

The efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects is not uniform across different ecological zones. Here we present a system of techniques using captive vector insects as sentinels for pesticide efficacy to derive electronic maps supporting the standard evaluation of pesticides across multiple environments.

フィールドの疾病媒介蚊に対する殺虫剤の効果を可視化します。

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...