The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

<ol>
	<li>Rodney, S. I., Teed, R. S., Moore, D. R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+toxicity+of+pesticide+mixtures+to+aquatic+organisms:+A+review.">Estimating the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to aquatic organisms: A review.</a> Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 19 (6), 1557-1575 (2013).</li><li>Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticides+in+stream+water+within+an+agricultural+catchment+in+southern+Sweden,+1990-1996.">Pesticides in stream water within an agricultural catchment in southern Sweden, 1990-1996.</a> Sci. Total Environ. 216 (3), 227-251 (1998).</li><li>Carlson, J. C., Challis, J. K., Hanson, M. L., Wong, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+pharmaceuticals+and+other+polar+organic+compounds+stored+on+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+and+solid-phase+extraction+cartridges.">Stability of pharmaceuticals and other polar organic compounds stored on polar organic chemical integrative samplers and solid-phase extraction cartridges.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32 (2), 337-344 (2013).</li><li>Alvarez, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+passive,+in+situ,+integrative+sampler+for+hydrophilic+organic+contaminants+in+aquatic+environments.">Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (7), 1640-1648 (2004).</li><li>Vrana, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling:+An+effective+method+for+monitoring+seasonal+and+spatial+variability+of+dissolved+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants+and+metals+in+the+Danube+river.">Passive sampling: An effective method for monitoring seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants and metals in the Danube river.</a> Environ. Pollut. 184, 101-112 (2014).</li><li>Dougherty, J. A., Swarzenski, P. W., Dinicola, R. S., Reinhard, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+herbicides+and+pharmaceutical+and+personal+care+products+in+surface+water+and+groundwater+around+Liberty+Bay,+Puget+Sound,+Washington.">Occurrence of herbicides and pharmaceutical and personal care products in surface water and groundwater around Liberty Bay, Puget Sound, Washington.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 39 (4), 1173-1180 (2010).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz, I., Mart&#236;nez Bueno, M. J., Ag&#252;era, A., Fern&#225;ndez-Alba, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+and+human+health+risk+assessment+of+organic+micro-pollutants+occurring+in+a+Spanish+marine+fish+farm.">Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm.</a> Environ. Pollut. 158 (5), 1809-1816 (2010).</li><li>Wille, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+quantification+of+pharmaceuticals+and+pesticides+in+passive+samplers+using+ultra+high+performance+liquid+chromatography+coupled+to+high+resolution+mass+spectrometry.">Rapid quantification of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in passive samplers using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1218 (51), 9162-9173 (2011).</li><li>Poulier, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimates+of+pesticide+concentrations+and+fluxes+in+two+rivers+of+an+extensive+French+multi-agricultural+watershed:+application+of+the+passive+sampling+strategy.">Estimates of pesticide concentrations and fluxes in two rivers of an extensive French multi-agricultural watershed: application of the passive sampling strategy.</a> Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 (11), 8044-8057 (2015).</li><li>Moschet, C., Vermeirssen, E. L. M., Singer, H., Stamm, C., Hollender, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+in-situ+calibration+of+chemcatcher+passive+samplers+for+322+micropollutants+in+agricultural+and+urban+affected+rivers.">Evaluation of in-situ calibration of chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers.</a> Water Res. 71, 306-317 (2015).</li><li>Petty, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+approach+for+assessment+of+water+quality+using+semipermeable+membrane+devices+(SPMDs)+and+bioindicator+tests.">An approach for assessment of water quality using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bioindicator tests.</a> Chemosphere. 41 (3), 311-321 (2000).</li><li>Metcalfe, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contaminants+in+the+coastal+karst+aquifer+system+along+the+Caribbean+coast+of+the+Yucatan+Peninsula,+Mexico.">Contaminants in the coastal karst aquifer system along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (4), 991-997 (2011).</li><li>Allan, I. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+performance+of+seven+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+substances.">Field performance of seven passive sampling devices for monitoring of hydrophobic substances.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (14), 5383-5390 (2009).</li><li>Vrana, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling+techniques+for+monitoring+pollutants+in+water.">Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 24 (10), 845-868 (2005).</li><li>Allan, I. J., Harman, C., Ranneklev, S. B., Thomas, K. V., Grung, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling+for+target+and+nontarget+analyses+of+moderately+polar+and+nonpolar+substances+in+water.">Passive sampling for target and nontarget analyses of moderately polar and nonpolar substances in water.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32 (8), 1718-1726 (2013).</li><li>Escher, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+contaminant+removal+of+reverse+osmosis+and+advanced+oxidation+in+full-scale+operation+by+combining+passive+sampling+with+chemical+analysis+and+bioanalytical+tools.">Evaluation of contaminant removal of reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation in full-scale operation by combining passive sampling with chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5387-5394 (2011).</li><li>Pesce, S., Morin, S., Lissalde, S., Montuelle, B., Mazzella, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+(POCIS)+with+toxicity+testing+to+evaluate+pesticide+mixture+effects+on+natural+phototrophic+biofilms.">Combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with toxicity testing to evaluate pesticide mixture effects on natural phototrophic biofilms.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (3), 735-741 (2011).</li><li>Booij, K., Smedes, F., Van Weerlee, E. M., Honkoop, P. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants:+The+case+of+mussels+versus+semipermeable+membrane+devices.">Environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants: The case of mussels versus semipermeable membrane devices.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (12), 3893-3900 (2006).</li><li>Harman, C., Allan, I. J., Vermeirssen, E. L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+and+use+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler-a+critical+review.">Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler-a critical review.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31 (12), 2724-2738 (2012).</li><li>Jonker, M. T. O., Der Heijden, S. A. V. a. n., Kotte, M., Smedes, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+effects+of+temperature+and+salinity+on+partitioning+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+to+silicone+rubber+passive+samplers.">Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (11), 6791-6799 (2015).</li><li>Jansson, C., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiresidue+analysis+of+95+pesticides+at+low+nanogram/liter+levels+in+surface+waters+using+online+preconcentration+and+high+performance+liquid+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Multiresidue analysis of 95 pesticides at low nanogram/liter levels in surface waters using online preconcentration and high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J. AOAC Int. 93 (6), 1732-1747 (2010).</li><li>Ahrens, L., Daneshvar, A., Lau, A. E., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+five+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+pesticides+in+water.">Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1405, 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Royston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approximating+the+Shapiro-Wilk+W-test+for+non-normality.">Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality.</a> Stat. Comput. 2 (3), 117-119 (1992).</li><li>Gauthier, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+trends+using+Spearman's+rank+correlation+coefficient.">Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</a> Environ. Forensics. 2 (4), 359-362 (2001).</li><li>Morin, N., Mi&#232;ge, C., Coquery, M., Randon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+calibration,+performance,+validation+and+applications+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler+(POCIS)+in+aquatic+environments.">Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 36, 144-175 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Quality+-+Sampling+-+Part+23:+Guidance+on+Passive+Sampling+in+Surface+Waters.">Water Quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters.</a> ISO 5667-23:2011. , (2011).</li><li>Morin, N., Camilleri, J., Cren-Oliv&#233;, C., Coquery, M., Mi&#232;ge, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+uptake+kinetics+and+sampling+rates+for+56+organic+micropollutants+using+"pharmaceutical"+POCIS.">Determination of uptake kinetics and sampling rates for 56 organic micropollutants using "pharmaceutical" POCIS.</a> Talanta. 109, 61-73 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

עבור בקרת איכות, כמו נוהל מקובל, חסר מעבדה, מגבלות של גילוי (לוד), החלמה, ואת הדירות נבדקו 23. כמה חומרי דברה התגלו בדגימות הריקות ברמות ריכוז נמוכות. LODs נקבעו כערך של הנקודה הנמוכה ביותר על עקומת כיול אשר עונה על הקריטריונים של יחס אות לרעש של 3. LODs הממוצע היו 8.0 pg מו?...

דברה הם הציגו ברציפות בסביבה המימית ועלולה לסכן את אורגניזמים ימיים 1. ניטור של חומרי הדברה בסביבה המימית טיפוסי מבוצע דגימה לתפוס, לעומת זאת, טכניקת דגימה זו אינה מסבירה במלואה את הווריאציות זמניות בריכוזים בשל תנודות בתשומות זרימה או אפיזודי (למשל, משקעים, גלישות ביוב בשילוב, הלגונה ביוב שחרור) 2 , 3. לפיכך, שיטות ניטור צריכות להשתפר עבור אמידה טובה יותר של סיכונים סביבתיים הקשורים חומרי הדברה. דגימה פסיבית מאפשר ניטור רציף על פני תקופה ארוכה של זמן עם תשתית מינימלית וריכוזי מזהמים נמוכה 4,5. דוגמים פסיביים הוכחו להיות כלי רב ערך עבור הניטור מי תהום 6, מים מתוקים 7-10, שפכי 11 ו במי אוקיינוס ​​12. מלבד מעקב אחר מטרות <sup&gt; 13,14, סמפלרים פסיבי גם שימשו לניתוח יעד שאינו 15, בדיקות הרעלים 16,17, ו כחלופה sediment- ו מסויים מופעל 18. דוגמים פסיביים לצבור כימיקלים ברציפויות ממים ולספק זמן ממוצע משוקלל (TWA) ריכוזים 14. את הספיגה של חומר המזהם תלוי קצב הדגימה (R S) ואת מקדם חלוקת סמפלר-מים פסיבי (K PW), אשר תלוי בעיצוב סמפלר הפסיבי, חומר סמפלר, מאפייני physicochemical של חומר המזהם, ותנאים סביבתיים (למשל, מים מערבולת, טמפרטורה) 13,14,19,20. הסרטון המפורט שמטרתו להראות כיצד לכייל ולהחיל דוגמים פסיביים הדברה במים. היעדים הספציפיים הכלולים i) כדי לבצע הכנה, מיצוי וניתוח אינסטרומנטלי עבור 124 חומרי הדברה בודדים באמצעות חמישה סוגים שונים של sampl פסיביers, כולל גומי סיליקון, סמפלר אינטגרטיבי כימיים אורגניים קוטבי (POCIS) -A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS ו- C 18 דיסק, ii) להעריך R S ו- K PW עבור חומרי הדברה במחקר ספיגת מעבדה, ו- III) כדי להדגים כיצד לבחור את סמפלר הפסיבית המתאימה של מתחם היעד של עניין וכיצד לחשב ריכוזי TWA עבור סמפלר הפסיבית בהתאמה. התייחסות לסטנדרטים והתקנים סמפלר פסיבי תרכובות יעד כללו 124 מורשת וכיום חומרי הדברה בשימוש כולל קוטלי עשבים, קוטלי חרקים וקוטלי פטריות (טבלה 1). תערובת פנימית סטנדרטית (IS תערובת) כללה fenoprop (2,4,5-TP), clothianidin 3-D, ethion ו terbuthylazine-D 5. כימיקלים המשמשים אחרות כללו מתנול (MeOH), אצטוניטריל (ACN), אצטון (ACE), dichloromethane (DCM), cyclohexane (CH), אתיל אצטט (EA), et נפטלה (PE), 2-propanol, פתרון אמוניה 25%, חומצה אצטית (HAC) וחומצה פורמית (FA). חמישה מכשירים דגימה פסיבית שונות התאפיינו, כולל גומי סיליקון, POCIS-A ו- POCIS-B, SDB-RPS, ו 1,21 דיסק 18 C. טבלה 1. קצב הדגימה סמפלר פסיבי (ר &#39;S, L יום -1), מקדמי החלוקה סמפלר-מים (K&#39; PW, L ק&quot;ג -1) ומשוואות (Eq.) המשמש לחישוב ריכוזים בדגימות שדה לאדם חומרי הדברה א. (נדפס מן ביומן של כרומטוגרפיה, 1405, לוץ אהרנס, Atlasi Daneshvar, אנה א לאו, ג&#39;ני Kreuger, אפיון חמישה מכשירי דגימה פסיבית לניטור של חומרי הדברה במים, 1-11, כל הזכויות שמורות (2015), באישור Elsevier .) 22 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי להוריד את הקובץ.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1047">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1.06035.2500</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.00029.2500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:492px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1.00012.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-propanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.00272.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.06054.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammoniak</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.05428.1000</td>
			<td>Purity 25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>94318-50ML-F</td>
			<td>Purity ~98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">Ethyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>31063-2.5L</td>
			<td>for pesticide residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">Petroleum ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34491-4X2.5L</td>
			<td>for pesticide residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320099-500ML</td>
			<td>Purity &#8805;99.7%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cyclohexane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td>C/8933/17</td>
			<td>for residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &#956;m porosity, volume 6&#160;mL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Supelco</td>
			<td>57026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Empore SPE Disks, C18, diam. 47&#160;mm</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">66883-U</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&#160;mm</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">66886-U&#160;</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">POCIS-A&#160;</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">POCIS-HLB</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">POCIS-B</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">POCIS-Pesticide&#160;</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Silicone rubber sheet</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Altec</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">03-65-4516</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Agilent 5975C</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">5975C</td>
			<td>GC-MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:492px;">HP-5MS UI</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">J&#38;W Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">HP-5MS</td>
			<td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Agilent 6460</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">6460</td>
			<td>HPLC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Strata C18&#8211;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&#8211;25 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strata C18&#8211;E</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&#8211;25 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strata X</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:492px;">Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td>
			<td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Isolute phase separator, 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Biotage</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">120-1907-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10 mm</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Ejot &#38; Avdel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">951222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

חמישה דוגמים פסיביים שונים מים כוילו בתנאי מעבדה למדידת 124 מורשת וחומרי הדברה בשימוש נוכחית. מחקר זה מספק פרוטוקול לעריכת סמפלר פסיבית, כיול, שיטת החילוץ וניתוח אינסטרומנטלי. שיעורי דגימה (R S) ומקדמי מחיצה סמפלר-מים פסיביים (K PW) חושבו עבור גומי סיליקון, POCIS-סמפלר אינטגרטיבי כימי הקוטבי אורגני, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS ודיסק 18 C. הספיגה של התרכובות שנבחרו תלוי מאפייני physicochemical שלהם, כלומר, גומי סיליקון הראה ספיגה טובה יותר עבור תרכובות הידרופובי יותר (יומן מקדם חלוקת octanol-מים (K OW)&gt; 5.3), ואילו POCIS-A, POCIS-B ו- SDB- דיסק RPS היה יותר מתאים תרכובות הידרופיליות (יומן K OW &lt;0.70).

חמש טכניקות סמפלר פסיביות שונות הושוו עבור הספיגה של 124 מורשת וחומרי הדברה בשימוש הנוכחית כולל גומי סיליקון (איור 1), ו POCIS A, B POCIS, SDB-RPS ו- C 18 דיסק (איור 2). המופע של שיטת החילוץ וניתוח אינסטרומנטלי היה מותאם. התוצאה של הניסויים הס?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

אפיון ויישום של דוגמים פסיביים עבור ניטור של דברה במים

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

characterization-application-passive-samplers-for-monitoring

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.4K Views.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Video: Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup controlled by a potentiostat. Thereby the use of potentiostats allows an exact adjustment of the electrode potential and ensures reproducible microbial culturing conditions. During growth the current production is monitored using chronoamperometry (CA). Based on these data the maximum current density (jmax) and the coulombic efficiency (CE) are discussed as measures for characterization of the bioelectrocatalytic performance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), a nondestructive, i.e. noninvasive, method, is used to study the extracellular electron transfer (EET) of electroactive bacteria. CV measurements are performed on anodic biofilm electrodes in the presence of the microbial substrate, i.e. turnover conditions, and in the absence of the substrate, i.e. nonturnover conditions, using different scan rates. Subsequently, data analysis is exemplified and fundamental thermodynamic parameters of the microbial EET are derived and explained: peak potential (Ep), peak current density (jp), formal potential (Ef) and peak separation (&#916;Ep). Additionally the limits of the method and the state-of the art data analysis are addressed. Thereby this video-article shall provide a guide for the basic experimental steps and the fundamental data analysis.

Chronoamperometric growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms in a fed-batch reactor using a three-electrode setup, controlled by a potentiostat, is demonstrated. The extracellular electron transfer is characterized using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of the electron donor and in the absence of the electron donor. Fundamental data analysis is demonstrated.

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA שיטת המדידה של 1615. Enterovirus ומופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות וRT-qPCR. I. איסוף דגימות וירוסים

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

EPA שיטת המדידה של 1615. Enterovirus ומופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות וRT-qPCR. חלק שלישי. איתור וירוסים על ידי RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

מכויל דגימה פסיבית - מדידות שדה רבה-עלילה של NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; פליטות עם שילוב של שיטת Tube הדינמית דוגמים פסיביים

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

הפקת חומרי הדברה אורגנוכלורינים מפלסטיק וגלגול סוג פלסטיק

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Instream רציף ניטור של חומרים מזינים, משקעים ב פרשות מים לחקלאות

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

רציף הידרולוגיה ומים איכות ניטור של בריכות סולט לייק סיטי

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

שיפור ספקטרוסקופית אינפרא אדום אפיון של חומר אורגני בקרקע עם המתחוללות ספקטרלי

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

הבדיקה זיהום צמח: ריסוס, בתיווך הפצע חיסון עם הפתוגן של צמח Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

The efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects is not uniform across different ecological zones. Here we present a system of techniques using captive vector insects as sentinels for pesticide efficacy to derive electronic maps supporting the standard evaluation of pesticides across multiple environments.

להמחיש את היעילות של חומרי הדברה נגד יתושים וקטור מחלת בשטח

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...