Name: digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells
Uploaded: 2016-05-04T14:10:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

この研究は、感謝の博士課程の訓練助成金を通じて資金を供給工学・物理科学研究会議（EPSRC）からの支援を受けて行われます。オープンアクセス物品処理料金（APCが）英国研究会議（RCUK）によって賄われました。すべてのデータは、紙の結果のセクションに完全に設けられています。代表的な結果は、以前に筆者ら42によって発表されています。 我々は、細胞の電気的性能を特徴づけるの彼の助けをエクセター大学から博士Senthilarasu Sundaramに感謝したいと思います。

1.インク製剤注意：インク製剤は、多くの場合、メーカーが非常に守られた秘密を保持されます。成功した製剤のバランス噴出、機能性能と並んで形成、湿潤および乾燥挙動をドロップします。通常、機能性材料を溶媒中に分散され、少なくとも一つの他の成分は、それらを噴射可能にします。このセクションでは、インクジェット印刷内で使用するためのTiO 2のインクの開発を詳述します。インクの小バッチを、以下の方法により調製しました。 注意：インク製剤は、目の保護ゴーグルやゴム手袋を着用しながら、ヒュームフードの下で、 例えば 、適切に通気領域で実行する必要があります。 <ol><li>約4のpHを生成するために塩酸（HCl）の0.1mMの水溶液を調製します。 </li><li> （例えば、ジメチルホルムアミド（DMF）など）、水よりも高い沸点及び低い表面張力と互換性溶媒8gに酸溶液を32グラム加えます。共同SOLVの追加乾燥剤としてENT作用は、液滴21の表面上のナノ粒子の均一な配置につながる、インクが蒸発するようにインク滴内の循環流を誘導します。 </li><li>添加剤（プロピレングリコール、水にテトラメチル-5-デシン-4,7-ジオールの45％活性溶液）を分散物1.5gを加えます。 </li><li>ノズルの乾燥を防止するための保湿剤として、エチレングリコール10gを加えます。 </li><li>現像から気泡を防止するためにインクに消泡剤（メトキシ中のアセチレンジオールの20％活性溶液）を0.5g加えます。 </li><li>密閉容器へのインクのアリコートを取ることによって、簡単な手ブレテストを実行し、60秒間手で振ります。任意の泡が観察されている場合は、インクに消泡剤の別の0.5グラムを追加します。 </li><li>室温で均質性を確実にするために、磁気攪拌棒を用いて8時間、溶液を混合します。 </li><li> 21 nmおよび表面積の一次粒径を有するナノ粒子二酸化チタン（TiO 2）を1.5g加えます35〜65メートル2 / gです。 </li><li> 60Hzの周波数で15分間、超音波プローブを用いて混合物を超音波処理します。 </li><li>これらは、ノズル開口部を通って容易に流れることを確実にするために、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、動的光散乱（DLS）のような適切な測定技術を使用して、粒子サイズを測定します。同じ条件での測定（ 例えば 、同一の溶媒、pHは、分散剤の濃度）は、インク内の凝集体の形成に影響を与えることができる各成分としてインクに使用されることを作ります。成功した噴射のために、流体内の粒子は、ノズル開口部よりも100倍も小さくする必要があります。 </li><li>インクジェット印刷は、2〜20センチポアズ（CP）の低粘度のインクを必要とするように、プリントヘッドの信頼性のある吐出を確実にするために、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、このような回転粘度計のような適切な測定技術を用いて、インキの粘度を測定します。 additiを通じて粘度を増加させますポリマー材料またはセルロース系材料の上に、しかし、これらは印刷されたフィルム22内の染料のための部位を解放するために堆積後に除去する必要があります。 </li><li>信頼性の高い吐出を確実にするために、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、このような張力のような適切な測定技術を使用して、インクの表面張力を測定します。インクジェットプリンタ用の噴射可能流体製剤のガイドラインは、信頼性の高い印刷を可能にするために28および33 MN / mの間の表面張力を示唆しています。 </li></ol> 2.インクジェット印刷<ol><li>印刷の前に、（塩基水溶液に、アニオン性及び非イオン性界面活性剤の混合剤、アルカリ、非リン洗剤ビルダーおよび金属イオン封鎖剤を安定化）界面活性剤を洗浄する2重量％溶液にガラス基板を浸漬で脱イオン水。彼らは汚染や洗剤の洗浄痕跡を除去するために洗浄溶液から除去されるとすぐに脱イオン水で徹底的にガラスを洗浄します。 </l私&gt; <li>そのような製造業者のプロトコルに従って張力計のような適切な測定技術を使用して、基板の表面エネルギーを測定します。 15 MN / m - で良好な接着のために、基板の表面エネルギーは、10以上のことにより、流体の表面張力を超えてはなりません。それが適切でない場合、例えば、コロナ処理23などの方法を用いて基板の表面エネルギー、プラズマ処理24と化学エッチング25を変更します。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従ってプリンタに基板をロードします。 </li><li>リザーバとノズル内の任意の空気や洗浄液を移動させるヘッドの側に位置するポートを介してインクでプリントヘッドをフラッシュします。 </li><li>プリンタにプリントヘッドを挿入します。ヘッドパーソナリティボードとプリントヘッドを接続します。 </li><li>ちょうどノズルを詰まらせることができ、大きな粒子凝集体を除去するために、カートリッジにロードする前に、正しいサイズのフィルターを通してインクをフィルタリングします。ザこの作品（ 例えば 、コニカKM512）で使用されるプリントヘッドは、40ミクロンの直径を有するノズルを持っています。したがって、インクは、直径400nm以下の粒子を含んではなりません。任意の大きな粒子を除去するフィルタ1.2μmのポリフッ化ビニリデン（PVDF）に続いて、5ミクロンを通して懸濁液を渡します。 </li><li>プリントヘッドにインクを供給するプリントヘッドの上方に位置する150ミリリットルの注射器、にインクをロードします。注射器の上に気密キャップを取り付け、真空ポンプの電源をオンにします。 </li><li>真空ポンプにある「パージ」ボタンを押すことで、ノズルからインクをパージします。 </li><li>地理情報システム（GIS）プリントサーバを介して、セットアップ波形と印刷パラメータを。しかしながら、このインクに秒につき0.3メートル印刷速度が最適なコーティングを提供することが見出されているプリンタは、秒につき1.5メートル速度まで印刷できることに注意してください</li><li>オープンGISユーザ・インタフェース・ソフトウェアと所望のパターンをロードします。 </li><li>広報製造業者のプロトコルに従ってロードカートリッジからint型。 </li><li>プラテンから基板を取り出して、30分間、150ºCで印刷されたフィルムを加熱、ホットプレート上またはオーブンのいずれかでさらに30分間250ºCが続きます。 </li></ol>印刷されたフィルムの3解析<ol><li>印刷されたフィルムの気孔率を分析する表面形態を分析するための低倍率（100X）で印刷されたフィルムの表面に、高倍率（35,000X）を見て、光学顕微鏡または走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）を使用します。画像はありません亀裂や良好な多孔性を有する均一なカバレッジを示していることを確認してください。 SEMの動作に関するより詳細な情報は、以下の参考文献26,27に記載されています。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って、このような表面形状のような適切な測定技術を使用して、印刷層の厚さを測定します。 TiO 2層のウィットの厚さと気孔率ヒンするDSSCしたがって、セル18の全体的な電気変換効率に影響を与えるナノ粒子の表面に吸着することができる色素の量に影響を与えます。したがって、評価するための重要なパラメータです。印刷されたフィルムの厚さを測定する表面プロファイラ（1ナノメートルの精度）を使用します。 </li><li>可視光は、印刷されたフィルムを透過しますどのくらいかを決定するためにこのような紫外 - 可視（UV-VIS）分光光度計のような適切な測定技術を使用して、膜の透過率を測定します。製造業者のプロトコルを使用してください。 </li></ol> 4.セルを作ります<ol><li> 8時間、マグネチックスターラーを用いてガラスビーカーにエタノール20ml及びルテニウム色素2mgのを混合することにより、染料溶液を作ります。 </li><li>染料がTiO 2の粒子の表面に吸着できるようにするために24時間室温で溶液（20~25°C）でのTiO 2コーティングされたガラスを沈めます。 </li><li> TiO 2を削除</サブ&gt;（TiO 2は汚染を避けるために、上方に向けて）過剰な色素溶液を吸収するためにティッシュペーパー上に溶液と場所からガラスをコーティングしました。 </li><li> TiO 2のコーティングの周りに、導電性ガラスの上にあらかじめカット厚さ60μmの熱可塑性シーリングスペーサーを配置します。 </li><li>アノードとカソードとの積極的な側面が互いに対向するように、事前にカット厚さ60μmの熱可塑性封止用スペーサの上にプラチナコーティングされた対向電極を配置します。電気接点は、導電性ガラスを用いて作製することができるように、2枚のガラスの間に十分な重なりを可能にします。これは、後に電解液を充填するために可能にするために中央に事前ドリル穴を持っている必要があります。 </li><li> 110℃の温度にホットプレート上でヒートシールスペーサーの領域上ピンセットを用いた光の圧力を適用します。 30秒後に電極を一緒にシールする必要があります。 </li><li>ヨウ化物/三ヨウ化物の電気を持つ2つの電極間のギャップを埋めます注射器を使用してプラチナコーティングされたガラスで事前ドリル穴を通して注入することにより50 mMの濃度でアセトニトリル中LYTE、。 </li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+To+Minimize+Measurement+Errors+In+Solar+Cell+Testing.">How To Minimize Measurement Errors In Solar Cell Testing.</a> Solar Industry Magazine. , (2011).</li><li>Gr&#228;tzel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-sensitized+solar+cells.">Dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 4, 145-153 (2003).</li><li>Green, M. A., Emery, K., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W., Dunlop, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solar+cell+efficiency+tables+(version+46).">Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46).</a> Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 23, 805-812 (2015).</li><li>Shockley, W., Queisser, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+Balance+Limit+of+Efficiency+of+p-n+Junction+Solar+Cells.">Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510-519 (1961).</li><li>Snaith, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+Maximum+Attainable+Efficiency+in+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Estimating the Maximum Attainable Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 13-19 (2010).</li><li>Jeng, M. -. J., Wung, Y. -. L., Chang, L. -. B., Chow, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle+Size+Effects+of+TiO2+Layers+on+the+Solar+Efficiency+of+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Particle Size Effects of TiO2 Layers on the Solar Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Int. J. Photoenergy. 2013, 9 (2013).</li><li>Song-Yuan, D., Kong-Jia, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimum+Nanoporous+TiO2+Film+and+Its+Application+to+Dye-sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Optimum Nanoporous TiO2 Film and Its Application to Dye-sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Chin. Phys. Lett. 20, 953-955 (2002).</li><li>Baglio, V., Girolamo, M., Antonucci, V., Aric&#242;, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+TiO2+Film+Thickness+on+the+Electrochemical+Behaviour+of+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Influence of TiO2 Film Thickness on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6, 3375-3384 (2011).</li><li>Ito, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Efficiency+Organic-Dye-+Sensitized+Solar+Cells+Controlled+by+Nanocrystalline-TiO2+Electrode+Thickness.">High-Efficiency Organic-Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Controlled by Nanocrystalline-TiO2 Electrode Thickness.</a> Adv. Mater. 18, 1202-1205 (2006).</li><li>Ito, S., Kalyanasundaram, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dye sensitized solar cells. , 251-266 (2010).</li><li>Tsai, J., Hsu, W., Wu, T., Meen, T., Chong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+compressed+TiO2+nanoparticle+thin+film+thickness+on+the+performance+of+dye-sensitized+solar+cells.">Effect of compressed TiO2 nanoparticle thin film thickness on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> Nanoscale Res Lett. 8, 1-6 (2013).</li><li>Shin, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+TiO2+thickness+effect+on+characteristic+of+a+dye-sensitized+solar+cell+by+using+electrochemical+impedance+spectroscopy.">Analysis of TiO2 thickness effect on characteristic of a dye-sensitized solar cell by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.</a> Curr. Appl. Phys. 10, 422-424 (2010).</li><li>Brus, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+wave+functions+in+semiconductor+clusters:+experiment+and+theory.">Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters: experiment and theory.</a> J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2555-2560 (1986).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-Inkjet-Printed,+All-Air-Processed+Solar+Cells.">All-Inkjet-Printed, All-Air-Processed Solar Cells.</a> Adv Energy Mater. 4, 1-9 (2014).</li><li>Cherrington, R., Hughes, D. J., Senthilarasu, S., Goodship, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inkjet-Printed+TiO2+Nanoparticles+from+Aqueous+Solutions+for+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells+(DSSCs).">Inkjet-Printed TiO2 Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs).</a> Energy Technology. 3, (2015).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

A particular challenge when formulating inks is the natural tendency for nanoparticles to cluster together. These are known as either aggregates or agglomerates, depending on the nature and strength of the bonds between the particles. The energy of simply stirring particles into water or binder is not great enough to overcome the particle attractive forces preventing the breakup of agglomerates. Ball milling, high shear mixing or ultrasonication are commonly used to break up agglomerated nanoparticles. Various anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and polymers can also be used to provide long-term stabilization. By minimizing the number of these agglomerates, a good quality suspension can be achieved. The fluids should be filtered through the correct size filter just before loading into the cartridge to remove large particle aggregates which can clog the nozzles.
The particle size within the TiO2 layer also has been shown to influence the overall efficiency of DSSCs. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide increases as particle sizes decrease due to an increase in the specific surface area40. A study comparing the efficiency of DSSCs incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with 5 different sizes ranging from 400 nm to 14 nm and found that those with smaller particle sizes resulted in better electrical conversion efficiencies33.
Inkjet printing is a non-contact deposition technique capable of multi-pass printing. This presents the unique opportunity to rapidly fabricate multilayer devices in one operation on a wide range of substrates with minimal material waste. It also potentially provides a way to integrate other components (such as batteries) into the system through the printing of functional materials41. Although the representative results shown for the inkjet printed devices do not perform as well as the doctor-bladed devices, it demonstrates the potential for the deposition technique. With further ink optimization, it could perform on a comparable level to currently used methods and may provide further scope for cost-effective, environmentally friendly integration of photovoltaic cells onto a wide range of substrates. We hope to improve the efficiency of the inkjet printed devices by increasing the thickness of the printed layer closer to that of the doctor-bladed TiO2 and will continue to look at the printing of other materials and layers within DSSCs.

Conventional silicon solar cells are made from highly pure materials that require expensive and high-energy consuming specialist equipment. These conventional silicon cells incorporate a p-n junction that requires highly pure materials at the interface to generate electron-hole pairs. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have a fundamentally different working principle, where charge generation takes place at the materials interface. This means that processing under vacuum, ultrahigh temperatures or the use of clean room facilities are not required1. Therefore they are seen as a potentially low cost alternative; however up-scaling from small laboratory test cells into large prototypes for industrial manufacturing involves overcoming several issues including the rapid patterning of substrates.
Electronics manufacturing generally requires a degree of patterning, which is either achieved by masking or selective removal of the material after deposition. These steps can be removed through the use of "additive" digital printing techniques such as inkjet printing or spray coating. Digital printing is a promising method for direct deposition of functional materials for electronic devices. The technique can be described as printing from a digital-based pattern directly to a variety of substrates2. They are non-contact methods, which will not damage or contaminate the substrate surface and deposit material only where it is required, resulting in little or no wastage3. These techniques have been highlighted as being ideally suited to being scaled up to high-volume production3. Since digital printing methods use liquid forms of materials dispersed in a solvent, it is critical to understand the deposition of ink to determine the applications of the technique. 
DSSCs have three main components: a porous layer of wide bandgap metal oxide material, a dye that covers the particles, and a "charge transporter" that infiltrates the pores within the porous layer of semiconductor. These are sandwiched in between a transparent conductive electrode and a counter electrode4. The counter electrode is coated with a catalytic material for electron transfer, which in most cases is platinum. Under illumination, the dye molecules will absorb energy in the form of photons. The dye molecules then become excited and charge separation occurs at the interface of the titanium dioxide and the dye. Electrons are ejected into the adjacent metal oxide particles and 'holes' are left behind on the dye molecule. The injected electrons travel through the metal oxide particles and reach the transparent conductive electrode. When a load is connected, the electrons move to the counter electrode through the external circuit and are finally reunited with their counter charges through the redox couple present in the electrolyte1. The nano-structured metal oxide layer within DSSCs plays a critical role in the overall performance of the cell, with material choice, processing methods and nature of the structure all having influencing factors5-10. One of the most important requirements for the photoanode is that it needs to have an extremely large surface area. This is achieved through the deposition of nanoparticle materials, commonly TiO21,11. This has been fabricated by countless different processes, however wet coating techniques such as screen-printing and doctor-blading, are still the most popular approach9,12,13. 
Inkjet technology is a potential manufacturing route for dye-sensitized solar cells. It uses the movement of a piezoelectric crystal to expel a fixed quantity of liquid through a nozzle onto the desired substrate. This deposition method allows material to be jetted very accurately but also at high frequency with a potentially high print speed or deposition rate. Inkjet technology is sensitive to the viscosity of the ink used and this was previously a barrier to the development of functional inks. Recent work in the development of solvents suitable for ink formulation has helped to alleviate this problem, and printing of electronic components using 2D layered materials such as graphene has been demonstrated14. The viscosity of nanoparticle suspensions such as these has been found to depend on the nanoparticle size and concentration15. High concentrations of nanoparticles result in higher viscosities, therefore particle loadings are usually around 10 wt% to avoid nozzle blockages16, however higher concentrations have been achieved17.
The key advantages of inkjet technology include it being non-contact, additive patterning and maskless18. The latter two attributes are due to the ability to position many nozzles together on one or more printheads, with each nozzle separately addressable by the control software. This allows highly complex, multi-layered patterns to be created very rapidly as the printheads move across the substrate. No masking between materials or layers is required as the position of each ink drop is accurately controlled, in some systems to an accuracy of ~1.5 &#181;m19. One of the key benefits is that inkjet technology is mature, with significant development carried out in the latter half of the twentieth century. The result is that the inkjet is a very scalable technology, with roll-to-roll systems capable of printing accurately onto flexible substrates at rates of many meters per second. Traditionally this was used for high volume production, e.g., newspapers. However, developments in technology have allowed the inkjet to be used in roll-to-roll production of electronic circuits using nanoparticulate silver inks20. The inkjet is therefore an attractive process for the potential production of dye-sensitized solar cells by digital printing.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Titanium dioxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied from a filter in the laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, 2 M (2 N)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>J/4250/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D/3840/08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>VWR Chemicals</td><td>20721.33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dispersing additive&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defoaming agent</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene glycol</td><td>Fluka</td><td>107-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) syringe filter</td><td>VWR International</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleaning detergent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10335650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, 8 &amp;Omega;/sq</td><td>Pilkington</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer dye</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>21613</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pre-cut 60 &amp;micro;m thick thermoplastic sealing film&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mM Iodide/tri-iodide electrolyte&amp;nbsp; in acetonitrile</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>31111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum coated FTO glass&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vac&#039;n&#039;Fill Syringe</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>65209</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide tape (6.35 mm)</td><td>Onecall Farnell</td><td>1676087</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

TiO 2のインクが説明されている手順に従って処方しました。インク内に懸濁された粒子のサイズは、動的光散乱（DLS）を使用して測定し、80ナノメートル（nm）の平均粒径は、観察されました。この作業のインクの粘度は小さなサンプルアダプタ、18ミリスピンドル直径を有する回転式粘度計を用いて測定する3センチポイズであることが見出されました。表面張力は、張力計を用いて測定し、26 MN / Mの平均値と計算されました。 FTOガラスの表面エネルギーは、接触角及び表面自由エネルギーを測定することにより、固体表面の濡れ性を測定するための欧州規格EN 828に従って計算しました。三つの異なる液体（水、エチレングリコールおよびジヨードメタン）10滴を平面試験片表面上に分配しました。各液滴については、左右の接触角がmeasurましたエド。その表面張力と組み合わせた各液体の平均接触角から、試験片の表面自由エネルギーを算出します。フォークスの方法は、分散型の相互作用（γD）とγnon分散型の相互作用（γP）からの寄与の合計からの総表面エネルギー（γ）を算出します。この方法は、FTO被覆ガラス用26.45 MN / Mの表面自由エネルギーが得られました。 印刷は、5mmの正方形を生成するための上記の手順に従って実施しました。ガラス上の印刷層の厚さは、表面プロファイラを使用して測定しました。印刷層の中央部の最大厚さは2.6ミクロンであると測定されました。コー​​ティングされたガラスの透過率は、UV-VIS分光計を用いて測定しました。 700ナノメートルの波長で、60％の透過率は、FTOガラスの78％と比較してTiO 2の印刷フィルムを測定しました。 28を特徴付け、比較するために使用された5つの電気的性能のパラメータがあります。短絡電流（I sc）と開回路電圧（V OC）の値は、電流-電圧（IV）曲線から導出することができます。これらは、その後、フィルファクター（FF）および電力変換効率（η）を決定するために使用することができます。 FFは、開放電圧と短絡電流29の生成物への細胞の実際の最大出力の比を与えます。これは、太陽電池の性能を評価する上で重要なパラメータです。低FFは改善の余地があることを示し、一方、高いFFは、低い電気化学的損失を意味します。いくつかの要因は、セル内の層の品質及びインターフェースを含むFFに影響を及ぼすことが知られています。 DS11.9％のレポートのレコード効率でヨウ化/三ヨウ化物レドックス対を組み込んだSCが0.71 30の要因を埋めます。これらのパラメータの全ては、デバイス温度が25℃であり、標準的な試験条件下で決定される必要がある、光の分光放射照度分布が1.5の空気の質量を有する、太陽電池での全放射照度を測定（E m）は100ミリワット/ cmで2。単一のpn接合セルの変換効率の理論的な最大値が広くしかしながらするDSSCのために、最大効率は920 nmの32の吸収開始を有する15.1％に近くであることが報告されている37.7 31％と報告されています。 細胞を、1.5の空気量と分光放射照度分布に一致するようにフィルタを装着した100ミリワット/ cm 2の光源で照射しながら、出力電流および電圧をソースメータを用いて測定しました。結果は、細胞と比較しましたアナターゼ粒子20と450nmのブレンドを持っている市販のペーストを用いてドクターブレード付きTiO 2層を使用して製造。印刷層は、0.25 cm 2の面積と表面プロファイラーを用いて測定した18ミクロンの平均厚さを有していました。 2つのデバイス間の光電性能の比較を図1及び表1に示されています。 いくつかの研究は、TiO 2層の厚さとするDSSC内の変換効率との関係を調べました。結果は、間のどこか9.5ミクロンと20ミクロン33-39から報告された最適な膜厚で、大きく変化する。 表1は、TiO 2の印刷層の厚さと効率の概要を説明します。 TiO 2のインクジェット印刷の厚さは、その結果、TiO 2のブレード付きの医者よりもかなり小さいです低い効率インチ今後の課題は、インクジェット印刷層の厚さを増加させるためにインク配合物中の有機バインダーの使用を調査します。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1.jpg" /> TiO 2層と医師刃TiO 2層をインクジェット印刷を取り入れたDSSCのためのインクジェットプリント、ドクターブレード付きのTiO 2 層 とするDSSCの図1.性能曲線 。電流密度/電圧曲線。医師が低く、全体的な変換効率が得られたTiO 2層をブレード付きでインクジェット印刷TiO 2層を有するデバイスの短絡電流密度は、デバイスよりも著しく低い。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <table><tbody><tr><tdROWSPAN = &quot;3&quot;&gt; </td><td>短絡電流</td><td>開回路電圧</td><td rowspan="3">曲線因子</td><td>効率</td><td>厚さ</td></tr><tr><td>電流（mA / cm 2）で</td><td> （MV） </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> （％） </td><td> （ミクロン） </td></tr><tr><td>インクジェット印刷</td><td> 9.42 </td><td> 760 </td><td> 0.49 </td><td> 3.5 </td><td> 2.6 </td></tr><tr><td>ドクターブレード付き</td><td> 11 </td><td> 756 </td><td> 0.58 </td><td> 4.8 </td><td> 18 </td></tr></tbody></table> 図1.この表は、指定された光の下での効率（η）を決定する開放電圧（V OC）、短絡電流（I sc）を含む、太陽電池の主要パラメータを比較し、 中の細胞の表1主要な性能特性条件が提示されています。パラメータOドクターブレードのTiO 2層を用いて製造さFA細胞もまた、比較のために含まれています。両方のデバイスの曲線因子（FF）は、一般的に、細胞内の高内部抵抗に起因している非常に低いです。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

色素増感太陽電池用二酸化チタンのデジタル印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

digital-printing-of-titanium-dioxide-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells

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12.7K ビュー.  University of Warwick. This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

ビデオ: Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

サブバンドギャップ光に色素増感型太陽電池の応答を増強する三重項 - 三重消滅アップコンバージョンシステムの統合

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

工学

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

転写印刷により水素化微結晶シリコン太陽電池の光トラッピング銀ナノ構造の統合

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池の印刷作製と<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;形態キャラクタリゼーション

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

完全に解決策が処理無機ナノ結晶太陽電池素子の作製

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

チタンアルコキシドおよび半導体ポリマーに基づいて、完全に印刷可能な有機 - 無機バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池用形態制御

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

色素増感太陽電池用光触媒電極のエレクトロスピニング

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction&#160;measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

太陽光発電のアプリケーションのすべての無機塩ペロブスカイト型インキを印刷インク ジェット

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are ...

化学

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

TiOを使用して水性環境中のタンパク質や細胞を光パターニング<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;光触媒

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

生物工学

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active metal-oxide surfaces in contact with light-absorbing dyes is an ongoing thorny and elusive challenge in physical chemistry. With this in mind, a molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation were performed by using optimized empirical potentials for a well-representative and prototypical dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) solvated by a widely-studied room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), in the guise of a [bmim]+[NTf2]- RTIL solvating an N719-sensitizing dye adsorbed onto 101 anatase-titania. In doing so, important insights were gleaned into how using a RTIL as the electrolytic hole acceptor modulates the dynamical and vibrational properties of a N719 dye, estimating the spectra for the DSC photo-active interface via Fourier transformation of mass-weighted velocity autocorrelation functions from MD. The acquired vibrational spectra were compared with the experiment spectra and those sampled from ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD); in particular, various empirical-potential spectra generated from MD provide insight into how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction. In any event, careful fitting of empirical force-field models has been shown to be an effective tool in handling DSC vibrational properties, when validated by AIMD and an experiment.

A dye-sensitized solar cell was solvated by RTILs; using optimized empirical potentials, a molecular dynamics simulation was applied to compute vibrational properties. The obtained vibrational spectra were compared with experiment and ab initio molecular dynamics; various empirical potential spectra show how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction.

経験電位分子動力学シミュレーションによるN719-クロモフォア/チタニア界面の振動スペクトル、室温イオン液体による溶媒和

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active ...

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

全血からの超高感度のタンパク質検出のための全自動遠心マイクロ流体デバイス

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

色素増感太陽電池用二酸化チタンのデジタル印刷

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

サブバンドギャップ光に色素増感型太陽電池の応答を増強する三重項 - 三重消滅アップコンバージョンシステムの統合

転写印刷により水素化微結晶シリコン太陽電池の光トラッピング銀ナノ構造の統合

バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池の印刷作製と

完全に解決策が処理無機ナノ結晶太陽電池素子の作製

チタンアルコキシドおよび半導体ポリマーに基づいて、完全に印刷可能な有機 - 無機バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池用形態制御

色素増感太陽電池用光触媒電極のエレクトロスピニング

太陽光発電のアプリケーションのすべての無機塩ペロブスカイト型インキを印刷インクジェット

TiOを使用して水性環境中のタンパク質や細胞を光パターニング

経験電位分子動力学シミュレーションによるN719-クロモフォア/チタニア界面の振動スペクトル、室温イオン液体による溶媒和

全血からの超高感度のタンパク質検出のための全自動遠心マイクロ流体デバイス

色素増感太陽電池用二酸化チタンのデジタル印刷

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

サブバンドギャップ光に色素増感型太陽電池の応答を増強する三重項 - 三重消滅アップコンバージョンシステムの統合

転写印刷により水素化微結晶シリコン太陽電池の光トラッピング銀ナノ構造の統合

バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池の印刷作製と

完全に解決策が処理無機ナノ結晶太陽電池素子の作製

チタンアルコキシドおよび半導体ポリマーに基づいて、完全に印刷可能な有機 - 無機バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池用形態制御

色素増感太陽電池用光触媒電極のエレクトロスピニング

太陽光発電のアプリケーションのすべての無機塩ペロブスカイト型インキを印刷インク ジェット

TiOを使用して水性環境中のタンパク質や細胞を光パターニング

経験電位分子動力学シミュレーションによるN719-クロモフォア/チタニア界面の振動スペクトル、室温イオン液体による溶媒和

全血からの超高感度のタンパク質検出のための全自動遠心マイクロ流体デバイス

太陽光発電のアプリケーションのすべての無機塩ペロブスカイト型インキを印刷インクジェット