Name: digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells
Uploaded: 2016-05-04T14:10:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Diese Forschung wird mit Unterstützung der Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) gefördert durch ein Doktorandenausbildung Zuschuss dankbar vorgenommen. Open Access-Artikel Bearbeitungsgebühren (APCs) wurden von Research Councils UK (RCUK) gefördert. Alle Daten werden im Ergebnisteil des Papiers in vollem Umfang zur Verfügung gestellt. Repräsentative Ergebnisse wurden bereits von den Autoren 42 veröffentlicht. Wir möchten bei der Charakterisierung der elektrischen Leistung der Zellen Dr. Senthilarasu Sundaram von der University of Exeter für seine Hilfe danken.

1. Tintenformulierung Hinweis: Tintenformulierungen sind oft ein sehr vorsichtiges Geheimnis von den Herstellern gehalten. Erfolgreiche Formulierungen Gleichgewicht Strahlen, Tropfenbildung, Benetzung und Trocknungsverhalten neben funktionalen Leistung. Üblicherweise eine funktionelle Material in einem Lösungsmittel dispergiert sind, und mindestens eine weitere Komponente, um sie strahlbaren machen. Dieser Abschnitt erläutert die Entwicklung einer Tinte TiO 2 zur Verwendung im Tintenstrahldruck. Eine kleine Charge von Druckfarbe wurde durch das folgende Verfahren hergestellt. Achtung: Die Farbe der Zubereitung sollte in einem geeignet belüfteten Bereich, zum Beispiel unter einem Abzug durchgeführt werden, während Auge trägt eine Schutzbrille und Latex - Handschuhe. <ol><li> Bereiten einer 0,1 mM wässrigen Lösung von Salzsäure (HCl) mit einem pH-Wert von etwa 4 zu erzeugen. </li><li> Hinzufügen von 32 g der sauren Lösung auf 8 g eines kompatiblen Lösungsmittels mit einem höheren Siedepunkt und niedriger Oberflächenspannung als Wasser (wie Dimethylformamid (DMF)). Die Zugabe eines Co-solvent dient als Trocknungsmittel eine Zirkulationsströmung innerhalb des Tintentröpfchens , wenn die Tinte verdampft, was zu einer gleichförmigen Anordnung von Nanopartikeln auf der Oberfläche des Tropfens 21 zu induzieren. </li><li> Hinzufügen 1,5 g Dispergieradditiv (45% aktive Lösung aus Propylenglykol und Tetramethyl-5-decin-4,7-diol in Wasser). </li><li> 10 g Ethylenglykol, als Feuchthaltemittel Trocknen an den Düsen zu verhindern. </li><li> Mit 0,5 g Entschäumungsmittel (20% aktive Lösung von acetylenischen Diols in Methoxypolyethylenglycol) zu der Tinte Luftblasen zu verhindern, zu entwickeln. </li><li> Führen Sie eine einfache Shake-Test durch einen aliquoten Teil der Tinte in einen geschlossenen Behälter zu nehmen und schütteln mit der Hand für 60 Sekunden. Wenn irgendein Schaum beobachtet wird dann fügen Sie eine weitere 0,5 g Mittel auf die Tinte von Entschäumer. </li><li> Mischen Sie die Lösung für 8 h einen magnetischen Rührstab mit Homogenität bei RT zu gewährleisten. </li><li> Hinzufügen , 1,5 g Titandioxid (TiO 2) Nanoteilchen mit einer primären Teilchengrße von 21 nm und einer Oberfläche von35 - 65 m 2 / g. </li><li> Beschallen der Mischung bei einer Frequenz von 60 Hz eine Ultraschallsonde für 15 Minuten verwendet wird. </li><li> Messung der Partikelgrößen, eine geeignete Messtechnik, wie beispielsweise dynamische Lichtstreuung (DLS) unter Verwendung von nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers, um sicherzustellen, dass sie leicht durch die Düsenöffnungen fließt. Stellen Messungen unter den gleichen Bedingungen (z. B. gleiche Lösungsmittel, pH, die Konzentration des Dispersionsmittels ) für die Tinte , wie jede Komponente verwendet werden , können die Bildung von Agglomeraten in der Tinte beeinflussen. Für eine erfolgreiche Strahlen, die Partikel innerhalb des Fluids sollte 100 mal kleiner als die Düsenöffnung sein. </li><li> Messen der Viskosität der Tinte, eine geeignete Messtechnik, wie einem Rotations-Viskosimeter nach Herstellerprotokoll verwendet, zuverlässige Ausstoßen aus dem Druckkopf zu gewährleisten, wie Tintenstrahldruck niedriger Viskosität Tinten zwischen 2 und 20 Centipoise (cP) erfordert. Erhöhen Sie die Viskosität durch die additiauf polymerer Materialien oder Materialien auf Cellulosebasis; jedoch müssen diese nach der Abscheidung entfernt werden , freizugeben Stellen für den Farbstoff in der gedruckten Films 22. </li><li> Messen der Oberflächenspannung der Tinte, eine geeignete Messtechnik, wie einem Tensiometer nach Herstellerprotokoll verwendet, zuverlässige Ausstoßen zu gewährleisten. Die Strahlbare Fluidformulierung Richtlinien für Tintenstrahldrucker deuten auf eine Oberflächenspannung zwischen 28 und 33 mN / m höchste Zuverlässigkeit beim Drucken zu ermöglichen. </li></ol> 2. Inkjet Printing <ol><li> Vor dem Drucken tränken die Glassubstrate in einer 2 Gew% ige Lösung des Waschmittels Reinigung (eine Mischung aus anionischen und nichtionischen oberflächenaktiven Mittel, Stabilisierungsmittel, Alkalien, nicht-Phosphat-Detergensbuilder und Sequestriermittel in einer wässrigen Base) in VE-Wasser. Spülen Sie das Glas gründlich mit entionisiertem Wasser, sobald sie aus der Reinigungslösung entfernt werden, Spuren von Verunreinigungen zu entfernen und Reinigungsmittel. </li&gt; <li> Messung der Oberflächenenergie des Substrats, eine geeignete Messtechnik, wie einem Tensiometer Verwendung nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers. Für eine gute Haftung sollte die Oberflächenenergie des Substrats nicht die Oberflächenspannung des Fluids überschreitet um mehr als 10 bis 15 mN / m. Modifizieren , um die Oberflächenenergie des Substrats Methoden wie Coronabehandlung 23, Plasmabehandlung 24 und chemisches Ätzen unter Verwendung von 25 , wenn er nicht geeignet ist. </li><li> Laden des Substrats in dem Drucker nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers. </li><li> Spülen Sie den Druckkopf mit der Tinte durch den Anschluss an der Seite des Kopfes keine Luft oder Reinigungslösung innerhalb des Reservoirs und Düsen zu verdrängen. </li><li> Setzen Sie den Druckkopf in den Drucker. Schließen Sie den Druckkopf mit dem Kopf Persönlichkeit Bord. </li><li> Filtern, um die Tinte durch die richtige Größe Filter nur vor dem Laden in die Kassette großer Partikelaggregate zu entfernen, die die Düsen verstopfen können. DasDruckkopf in dieser Arbeit verwendet hat Düsen mit einem Durchmesser von 40 &amp; mgr; m (zB Konica KM512.); daher Tinten sollten keine Teilchen enthalten mit einem Durchmesser über 400 nm. Führen Sie die Suspensionen durch ein 5 &amp; mgr; m, durch einen 1,2 um Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF) Filter gefolgt alle großen Partikel zu entfernen. </li><li> Laden Sie die Tinte in die 150-ml-Spritze über dem Druckkopf befindet, der die Tinte an den Druckkopf liefert. Bringen Sie den luftdichten Deckel auf der Oberseite der Spritze und schalten Sie die Vakuumpumpe. </li><li> Spülen Sie die Tinte durch die Düsen durch Drücken der &quot;Säuberung&quot; Taste auf der Vakuumpumpe. </li><li> die Wellenform und Druckparameter Durch die geographischen Informationssystems (GIS) Printserver, Set-up. Beachten Sie, dass der Drucker mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 1,5 Meter pro Sekunde drucken kann, jedoch für diese Tinte einer Druckgeschwindigkeit von 0,3 Meter pro Sekunde hat sich gezeigt, eine optimale Beschichtung bereitzustellen </li><li> Open GIS Benutzeroberfläche Software und laden Sie das gewünschte Muster. </li><li> Print aus der beladenen Kartusche nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers. </li><li> Entfernen des Substrats von der Platte und erwärmen die bedruckten Folien bei 150 ºC für 30 min, gefolgt von 250 ºC für weitere 30 min entweder auf einer Heizplatte oder in einem Ofen. </li></ol> 3. Analyse der bedruckten Folien <ol><li> Verwenden eines optischen Mikroskops oder eines Rasterelektronenmikroskops (SEM) auf der Oberfläche der bedruckten Folien zu sehen bei geringer Vergrößerung (100X), um die Oberflächenmorphologie und bei hoher Vergrößerung (35,000X) zu analysieren, um die Porosität der bedruckten Folien zu analysieren. Überprüfen Sie, ob die Bilder eine gleichmäßige Abdeckung ohne Risse und eine gute Porosität zeigen. Nähere Informationen über SEM Operation kann 26,27 in den folgenden Referenzen gefunden werden. </li><li> Die Dicke der gedruckten Schicht, eine geeignete Messtechnik, wie beispielsweise eine Oberfläche Profiler nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers. Die Dicke und Porosität der TiO 2 -Schicht witHin DSSCs beeinflussen die Menge an Farbstoff , die auf der Oberfläche der Nanoteilchen absorbiert werden kann, was somit die gesamte elektrische Umwandlungseffizienz der Zelle 18 beeinflussen. Es ist daher ein wichtiger Parameter, zu bewerten. Verwenden, um eine Oberflächenprofil (Genauigkeit von 1 nm), die Dicke der bedruckten Folien zu messen. </li><li> Messen der Durchlässigkeit des Films, eine geeignete Messverfahren wie beispielsweise ein ultraviolett-sichtbares (UV-VIS) Spektrophotometer verwendet, um zu bestimmen, wie viel sichtbares Licht durch die bedruckte Folie übertragen wird. Verwenden Protokoll des Herstellers. </li></ol> 4. Machen Sie die Zelle <ol><li> Bilden eine Farbstofflösung mit 20 ml Ethanol gemischt und 2 mg Ruthenium-Farbstoff in einem Becherglas einen Magnetrührer für 8 h verwendet wird. </li><li> Unterzutauchen die TiO 2 beschichtetem Glas in der Lösung bei RT (20 bis 25 ° C) für 24 h der Farbstoff zu ermöglichen , auf der Oberfläche der TiO 2 -Teilchen zu absorbieren. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die TiO 2 </sub&gt; beschichtetes Glas aus der Lösung und Stelle auf Tissue - Papier überschüssige Farbstofflösung aufzusaugen (mit TiO 2 nach oben zu vermeiden Kontamination hin). </li><li> Legen Sie die vorgeschnittenen 60 &amp; mgr; m dicken thermoplastischen Dichtungsabstandhalter auf der Oberseite des leitenden Glas, um die TiO 2 -Beschichtung. </li><li> Legen Sie die mit Platin beschichteten Gegenelektrode auf der Oberseite des vorgeschnittenen 60 &amp; mgr; m dicken thermoplastischen Dichtungsabstandhalter, so dass die aktiven Seiten der Anode und der Kathode sind einander zugewandt sind. Erlauben genug Überlappung zwischen den zwei Glasscheiben, so dass ein elektrischer Kontakt mit dem leitfähigen Glas hergestellt sein. Dies sollte ein vorgebohrtes Loch in der Mitte später für die Elektrolytfüllung zu ermöglichen haben. </li><li> Wärme auf einer Heizplatte auf eine Temperatur von 110 ° C und Druck ausüben Licht Pinzette über den Bereich des Dichtungsabstandshalter verwendet wird. Nach 30 sec sollten die Elektroden miteinander versiegelt werden. </li><li> Die Lücke zwischen den beiden Elektroden mit einer Jodid / Triiodid-electroLyte in Acetonitril bei einer Konzentration von 50 mM, indem in dem Platin beschichtetes Glas durch die vorgebohrten Löcher injizierende unter Verwendung einer Spritze. </li></ol>

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B., Chow, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle+Size+Effects+of+TiO2+Layers+on+the+Solar+Efficiency+of+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Particle Size Effects of TiO2 Layers on the Solar Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Int. J. Photoenergy. 2013, 9 (2013).</li><li>Song-Yuan, D., Kong-Jia, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimum+Nanoporous+TiO2+Film+and+Its+Application+to+Dye-sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Optimum Nanoporous TiO2 Film and Its Application to Dye-sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Chin. Phys. Lett. 20, 953-955 (2002).</li><li>Baglio, V., Girolamo, M., Antonucci, V., Aric&#242;, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+TiO2+Film+Thickness+on+the+Electrochemical+Behaviour+of+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Influence of TiO2 Film Thickness on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6, 3375-3384 (2011).</li><li>Ito, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Efficiency+Organic-Dye-+Sensitized+Solar+Cells+Controlled+by+Nanocrystalline-TiO2+Electrode+Thickness.">High-Efficiency Organic-Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Controlled by Nanocrystalline-TiO2 Electrode Thickness.</a> Adv. Mater. 18, 1202-1205 (2006).</li><li>Ito, S., Kalyanasundaram, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dye sensitized solar cells. , 251-266 (2010).</li><li>Tsai, J., Hsu, W., Wu, T., Meen, T., Chong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+compressed+TiO2+nanoparticle+thin+film+thickness+on+the+performance+of+dye-sensitized+solar+cells.">Effect of compressed TiO2 nanoparticle thin film thickness on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> Nanoscale Res Lett. 8, 1-6 (2013).</li><li>Shin, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+TiO2+thickness+effect+on+characteristic+of+a+dye-sensitized+solar+cell+by+using+electrochemical+impedance+spectroscopy.">Analysis of TiO2 thickness effect on characteristic of a dye-sensitized solar cell by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.</a> Curr. Appl. Phys. 10, 422-424 (2010).</li><li>Brus, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+wave+functions+in+semiconductor+clusters:+experiment+and+theory.">Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters: experiment and theory.</a> J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2555-2560 (1986).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-Inkjet-Printed,+All-Air-Processed+Solar+Cells.">All-Inkjet-Printed, All-Air-Processed Solar Cells.</a> Adv Energy Mater. 4, 1-9 (2014).</li><li>Cherrington, R., Hughes, D. J., Senthilarasu, S., Goodship, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inkjet-Printed+TiO2+Nanoparticles+from+Aqueous+Solutions+for+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells+(DSSCs).">Inkjet-Printed TiO2 Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs).</a> Energy Technology. 3, (2015).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

A particular challenge when formulating inks is the natural tendency for nanoparticles to cluster together. These are known as either aggregates or agglomerates, depending on the nature and strength of the bonds between the particles. The energy of simply stirring particles into water or binder is not great enough to overcome the particle attractive forces preventing the breakup of agglomerates. Ball milling, high shear mixing or ultrasonication are commonly used to break up agglomerated nanoparticles. Various anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and polymers can also be used to provide long-term stabilization. By minimizing the number of these agglomerates, a good quality suspension can be achieved. The fluids should be filtered through the correct size filter just before loading into the cartridge to remove large particle aggregates which can clog the nozzles.
The particle size within the TiO2 layer also has been shown to influence the overall efficiency of DSSCs. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide increases as particle sizes decrease due to an increase in the specific surface area40. A study comparing the efficiency of DSSCs incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with 5 different sizes ranging from 400 nm to 14 nm and found that those with smaller particle sizes resulted in better electrical conversion efficiencies33.
Inkjet printing is a non-contact deposition technique capable of multi-pass printing. This presents the unique opportunity to rapidly fabricate multilayer devices in one operation on a wide range of substrates with minimal material waste. It also potentially provides a way to integrate other components (such as batteries) into the system through the printing of functional materials41. Although the representative results shown for the inkjet printed devices do not perform as well as the doctor-bladed devices, it demonstrates the potential for the deposition technique. With further ink optimization, it could perform on a comparable level to currently used methods and may provide further scope for cost-effective, environmentally friendly integration of photovoltaic cells onto a wide range of substrates. We hope to improve the efficiency of the inkjet printed devices by increasing the thickness of the printed layer closer to that of the doctor-bladed TiO2 and will continue to look at the printing of other materials and layers within DSSCs.

Conventional silicon solar cells are made from highly pure materials that require expensive and high-energy consuming specialist equipment. These conventional silicon cells incorporate a p-n junction that requires highly pure materials at the interface to generate electron-hole pairs. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have a fundamentally different working principle, where charge generation takes place at the materials interface. This means that processing under vacuum, ultrahigh temperatures or the use of clean room facilities are not required1. Therefore they are seen as a potentially low cost alternative; however up-scaling from small laboratory test cells into large prototypes for industrial manufacturing involves overcoming several issues including the rapid patterning of substrates.
Electronics manufacturing generally requires a degree of patterning, which is either achieved by masking or selective removal of the material after deposition. These steps can be removed through the use of "additive" digital printing techniques such as inkjet printing or spray coating. Digital printing is a promising method for direct deposition of functional materials for electronic devices. The technique can be described as printing from a digital-based pattern directly to a variety of substrates2. They are non-contact methods, which will not damage or contaminate the substrate surface and deposit material only where it is required, resulting in little or no wastage3. These techniques have been highlighted as being ideally suited to being scaled up to high-volume production3. Since digital printing methods use liquid forms of materials dispersed in a solvent, it is critical to understand the deposition of ink to determine the applications of the technique. 
DSSCs have three main components: a porous layer of wide bandgap metal oxide material, a dye that covers the particles, and a "charge transporter" that infiltrates the pores within the porous layer of semiconductor. These are sandwiched in between a transparent conductive electrode and a counter electrode4. The counter electrode is coated with a catalytic material for electron transfer, which in most cases is platinum. Under illumination, the dye molecules will absorb energy in the form of photons. The dye molecules then become excited and charge separation occurs at the interface of the titanium dioxide and the dye. Electrons are ejected into the adjacent metal oxide particles and 'holes' are left behind on the dye molecule. The injected electrons travel through the metal oxide particles and reach the transparent conductive electrode. When a load is connected, the electrons move to the counter electrode through the external circuit and are finally reunited with their counter charges through the redox couple present in the electrolyte1. The nano-structured metal oxide layer within DSSCs plays a critical role in the overall performance of the cell, with material choice, processing methods and nature of the structure all having influencing factors5-10. One of the most important requirements for the photoanode is that it needs to have an extremely large surface area. This is achieved through the deposition of nanoparticle materials, commonly TiO21,11. This has been fabricated by countless different processes, however wet coating techniques such as screen-printing and doctor-blading, are still the most popular approach9,12,13. 
Inkjet technology is a potential manufacturing route for dye-sensitized solar cells. It uses the movement of a piezoelectric crystal to expel a fixed quantity of liquid through a nozzle onto the desired substrate. This deposition method allows material to be jetted very accurately but also at high frequency with a potentially high print speed or deposition rate. Inkjet technology is sensitive to the viscosity of the ink used and this was previously a barrier to the development of functional inks. Recent work in the development of solvents suitable for ink formulation has helped to alleviate this problem, and printing of electronic components using 2D layered materials such as graphene has been demonstrated14. The viscosity of nanoparticle suspensions such as these has been found to depend on the nanoparticle size and concentration15. High concentrations of nanoparticles result in higher viscosities, therefore particle loadings are usually around 10 wt% to avoid nozzle blockages16, however higher concentrations have been achieved17.
The key advantages of inkjet technology include it being non-contact, additive patterning and maskless18. The latter two attributes are due to the ability to position many nozzles together on one or more printheads, with each nozzle separately addressable by the control software. This allows highly complex, multi-layered patterns to be created very rapidly as the printheads move across the substrate. No masking between materials or layers is required as the position of each ink drop is accurately controlled, in some systems to an accuracy of ~1.5 &#181;m19. One of the key benefits is that inkjet technology is mature, with significant development carried out in the latter half of the twentieth century. The result is that the inkjet is a very scalable technology, with roll-to-roll systems capable of printing accurately onto flexible substrates at rates of many meters per second. Traditionally this was used for high volume production, e.g., newspapers. However, developments in technology have allowed the inkjet to be used in roll-to-roll production of electronic circuits using nanoparticulate silver inks20. The inkjet is therefore an attractive process for the potential production of dye-sensitized solar cells by digital printing.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Titanium dioxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied from a filter in the laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, 2 M (2 N)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>J/4250/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D/3840/08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>VWR Chemicals</td><td>20721.33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dispersing additive&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defoaming agent</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene glycol</td><td>Fluka</td><td>107-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) syringe filter</td><td>VWR International</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleaning detergent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10335650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, 8 &amp;Omega;/sq</td><td>Pilkington</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer dye</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>21613</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pre-cut 60 &amp;micro;m thick thermoplastic sealing film&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mM Iodide/tri-iodide electrolyte&amp;nbsp; in acetonitrile</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>31111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum coated FTO glass&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vac&#039;n&#039;Fill Syringe</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>65209</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide tape (6.35 mm)</td><td>Onecall Farnell</td><td>1676087</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

Eine TiO 2 Tinte wurde nach dem dargestellten Verfahren formuliert. Die Größe der Partikel in der Tinte suspendiert wurde unter Verwendung von dynamischer Lichtstreuung (DLS) und eine mittlere Teilchengröße von 80 Nanometern (nm) gemessen wurde beobachtet. Die Viskosität der Tinte in dieser Arbeit gefunden wurde 3 cP zu sein, mit einem Rotationsviskosimeter mit einem kleinen Probenadapter gemessen und eine 18 mm Spindeldurchmesser. Die Oberflächenspannung wurde gemessen, um einen Tensiometer verwendet und berechnet einen Durchschnitt von 26 mN / m zu sein. Die Oberflächenenergie des FTO-Glas wurde nach der europäischen Norm EN 828 berechnet für die Benetzbarkeit einer festen Oberfläche zu bestimmen durch Messung des Kontaktwinkels und freie Energie Oberfläche. Zehn Tropfen von drei verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten (Wasser, Ethylenglykol und Diiodmethan) wurden auf einer Ebene Teststückoberfläche verteilt. Für jeden Tropfen, wurden die linken und rechten Kontaktwinkel measured. Aus den gemittelten Kontaktwinkel von jeder Flüssigkeit mit seiner Oberflächenspannung kombiniert wird, wird die freie Oberflächenenergie des Teststücks berechnet. Die Fowkes Methode berechnet die Gesamtoberflächenenergie (γ) aus der Summe der Beiträge von dispersiven Wechselwirkungen (&amp; ggr; d) und γnon dispersiven Wechselwirkungen (&amp; gamma; p). Diese Methode führte zu einer freien Oberflächenenergie von 26,45 mN / m für die FTO-beschichtetes Glas. Das Drucken wurde durchgeführt nach dem Verfahren von über 5 mm Quadrate herzustellen. Die Dicke der Druckschicht auf dem Glas wurde unter Verwendung eines Oberflächenprofil gemessen. Die maximale Dicke in der Mitte der Druckschicht wurde gemessen 2,6 um betrug. Die Durchlässigkeit des beschichteten Glases wurde unter Verwendung eines UV-VIS-Spektrometer gemessen. Bei einer Wellenlänge von 700 nm, eine 60% ​​ige Durchlässigkeit wurde für die TiO 2 bedruckter Folie , gemessen im Vergleich zu 78% für die Glas FTO. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page = &quot;1&quot;&gt; Photovoltaic Vorrichtungen wurden gemß dem Verfahren hergestellt outline oberhalb und unmittelbar nach der Herstellung dadurch die Wirkung der Abbau durch Wasser und Sauerstoff in der Luft verursacht werden, zu minimieren. Es gibt fünf elektrischen Leistungsparameter , die verwendet werden , um zu charakterisieren und zu Solarzellen 28 zu vergleichen. Die Werte der Kurzschlussstrom (I sc) und Leerlaufspannung (V oc) von der Strom-Spannungs (IV) Kurve ableiten. Diese können dann verwendet werden, um den Füllfaktor zu bestimmen (FF) und Leistungsumwandlungseffizienz (η). Das FF ergibt ein Verhältnis der Zellen tatsächliche maximale Leistungsabgabe an das Produkt der Leerlaufspannung und Kurzschlussstrom 29. Dies ist ein Schlüsselparameter in der Leistung von Solarzellen zu bewerten. Eine hohe FF bedeutet geringe elektrochemische Verluste, während eine niedrige FF gibt es Raum für Verbesserungen. Mehrere Faktoren sind dafür bekannt, die FF einschließlich der Qualität und der Schnittstelle der Schichten innerhalb der Zelle zu beeinflussen. DSSCs enthält ein Iodid / Triiodid Redoxpaar mit einem Rekordwirkungsgrade von 11,9% Bericht Faktoren von 0,71 30 füllen. Unter Standard - Testbedingungen müssen alle diese Parameter festgelegt werden , wo die Gerätetemperatur 25 ° C, spektrale Bestrahlungsstärke Verteilung des Lichts eine Luftmasse von 1,5 hat, Gesamtbestrahlungsstärke gemessen (E m) an der Solarzelle 100 mW / cm 2. Theoretische Maximum für den Umwandlungswirkungsgrad für einen einzelnen pn - Übergang Zelle wurde als 37,7% 31, jedoch für DSSCs berichtet wurde vielfach berichtet , daß der maximale Wirkungsgrad näher an 15,1% mit einem Absorptionsbeginn bei 920 nm 32. Der Ausgangsstrom und Spannungen wurden unter Verwendung einer Quelle Meter gemessen , während die Zellen mit einem 100 mW / cm 2 Lichtquelle mit einem Filter ausgestattet beleuchtet wurden mit einer Luftmasse von 1,5 die spektrale Bestrahlungsstärke Verteilung anzupassen. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Vergleich zu einer Zelleunter Verwendung eines Streichblatt-TiO 2 -Schicht mit einer handelsüblichen Paste hergestellt , die eine Mischung aus Anatas - Teilchen 20 nm und 450 nm aufweist. Die gedruckte Schicht hatte eine Fläche von 0,25 cm 2 und eine durchschnittliche Dicke von 18 um , die eine Oberfläche Profiler gemessen werden. Ein Vergleich der photoelektrischen Leistung zwischen den beiden Geräten wird in Abbildung 1 und Tabelle 1 gezeigt. Mehrere Studien haben die Beziehung zwischen der Dicke der TiO 2 -Schicht und der Umwandlungswirkungsgrad innerhalb DSSCs sucht. Die Ergebnisse unterscheiden sich erheblich, mit einer optimalen Schichtdicke von überall berichtet zwischen 9,5 um und 20 um 33-39. Tabelle 1 beschreibt die Dicke der TiO 2 gedruckten Schichten und die Wirkungsgrade. Die Dicke des TiO Tintenstrahldruck 2 ist deutlich geringer als der Arzt beschaufelten TiO 2, wasin einem geringeren Wirkungsgrad. Zukünftige Arbeiten werden die Verwendung von organischen Bindemittel in der Tintenformulierung zu untersuchen, die Dicke der Tintenstrahldruckschicht zu erhöhen. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Leistungskurven von DSSCs mit Inkjet gedruckt und Doktor Bladed TiO 2 Schichten. Stromdichte / Spannungskurven für DSSCs eines Tintenstrahl enthält gedruckt TiO 2 -Schicht und einen Arzt Blatt-TiO2-Schicht. Der Kurzschlussstromdichte in dem Gerät mit dem Tintenstrahl - Druck TiO 2 -Schicht ist deutlich niedriger als das Gerät mit dem Arzt bladed TiO2-Schicht , was zu einer geringeren Gesamtwirkungsgrad. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> <table><tbody><tr><tdrowspan = &quot;3&quot;&gt; </td><td> Kurzschlussspannung </td><td> Leerlaufspannung </td><td rowspan="3"> Füllfaktor </td><td> Wirksamkeit </td><td> Dicke </td></tr><tr><td> (mA / cm 2) </td><td> (MV) </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> (%) </td><td> (Um) </td></tr><tr><td> Inkjet gedruckt </td><td> 9.42 </td><td> 760 </td><td> 0,49 </td><td> 3.5 </td><td> 2.6 </td></tr><tr><td> Doktor bladed </td><td> 11 </td><td> 756 </td><td> 0,58 </td><td> 4.8 </td><td> 18 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 1. Key Performance Eigenschaften der Zellen in Abbildung 1. Diese Tabelle vergleicht die wichtigsten Parameter der Solarzelle einschließlich Leerlaufspannung (V oc), Kurzschlussstrom (I sc) , die die Effizienz (η) unter dem angegebenen Licht bestimmen Zustand präsentiert. Die Parameter oproduziert fa Zelle einen Arzt Blatt-TiO2-Schicht auch zum Vergleich eingeschlossen wurden , verwenden. Die Füllfaktoren (FF) beider Geräte sind recht niedrig, die im Allgemeinen auf einen hohen Innenwiderstand innerhalb der Zelle zugeschrieben wird.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

Digitaldruck von Titandioxid für farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

digital-printing-of-titanium-dioxide-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.7K Aufrufe.  University of Warwick. This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

Serie: Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Integration einer Triplett-Triplett-Annihilation Up-Conversion-System, um Farbstoffsolarzellantwort auf Sub-Bandgap-Licht Enhance

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

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Ingenieurwesen

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

Integration of Light Trapping Silber-Nanostrukturen in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells durch Transferdruck

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

Printing Herstellung von Bulk-Heterosolarzellen und<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Morphologie Charakterisierung

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

Die Herstellung von Voll Lösung verarbeitet Anorganische Nanokristalline Photovoltaik-Anlagen

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

Morphologie-Steuerung für Volldruck organisch-anorganische Masse-Heterosolarzellen Basierend auf einem Ti-Alkoxid und halbleitendes Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Elektrospinnen von photokatalytischen Elektroden für farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction&#160;measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

Inkjet-drucken alle anorganischen Halogenid-Perowskit-Tinten für photovoltaische Anwendungen

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are ...

Chemie

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

Photostrukturierungs Proteinen und Zellen in wässriger Umgebung Mit TiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Photokatalyse

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

Biotechnik

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active metal-oxide surfaces in contact with light-absorbing dyes is an ongoing thorny and elusive challenge in physical chemistry. With this in mind, a molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation were performed by using optimized empirical potentials for a well-representative and prototypical dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) solvated by a widely-studied room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), in the guise of a [bmim]+[NTf2]- RTIL solvating an N719-sensitizing dye adsorbed onto 101 anatase-titania. In doing so, important insights were gleaned into how using a RTIL as the electrolytic hole acceptor modulates the dynamical and vibrational properties of a N719 dye, estimating the spectra for the DSC photo-active interface via Fourier transformation of mass-weighted velocity autocorrelation functions from MD. The acquired vibrational spectra were compared with the experiment spectra and those sampled from ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD); in particular, various empirical-potential spectra generated from MD provide insight into how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction. In any event, careful fitting of empirical force-field models has been shown to be an effective tool in handling DSC vibrational properties, when validated by AIMD and an experiment.

A dye-sensitized solar cell was solvated by RTILs; using optimized empirical potentials, a molecular dynamics simulation was applied to compute vibrational properties. The obtained vibrational spectra were compared with experiment and ab initio molecular dynamics; various empirical potential spectra show how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction.

Vibrationsspektra einer N719-Chromophore/Titania Schnittstelle aus Empirisch-Potential-Molekulardynamik-Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active ...

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

Vollautomatische Schleuder Mikrofluidik-Vorrichtung zur Ultrasensitive Proteindetektion aus Vollblut

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

Digitaldruck von Titandioxid für farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen

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