著者らは、トリクローム染色および分析のヘルプのためにワシントン大学の組織学とイメージングコアのブライアン・ジョンソンに感謝します。この作品は、NIHの助成金HL098067とHL089455によってサポートされていました。

ワシントンとシーダーズ・サイナイ医療センターの大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）は、これらの研究のために必要な動物の作業を承認しました。 1.準備<ol><li>平滑末端鉗子と降圧介してオートクレーブの両方を滅菌します。 </li><li>生物学的安全キャビネットを使用して、凍結乾燥粉末からPBSでBLMの作業ストックを準備します。偶数混合を確実にするために35 kHzで10分間この溶液を超音波処理します。 注：μlの30〜45の総容量は、より大容量で、ピペットローエンドのバリエーション、および窒息を防ぐために推奨されます。 </li><li>手順自体は約1メートル2を備えてクリーンなワークスペースを準備し、同様の手順の前と後の両方のケージの場所を指定。 </li><li>ベースとunderl渡って実験用テープの2または3のストリップを置くことによって、直ちに研究者の前でベンチに手続きボードのベースを修正しました。英ベンチ。ボードの作成 ​​に関する更なる仕様については、図1を参照してください。 </li><li>手順ボードの2つの位置決めねじのサイズ4.0縫合糸の単一の長さを接続します。 </li><li>削除し、3 1ミリリットルのシリンジからプランジャーを破棄し、気密シールを形成するために、各バレルの上部にPBSを60μlを堆積させることにより、その場しのぎの肺活量計を生成します。シリンジの1に緩くカテーテルのハブを固定し、基板の一方の側に配置します。 </li><li> 1mlシリンジ内への空気の吸引し、300μlのとは、基板の一方の側に配置します。 </li><li>一辺までの長さと場所で約6インチテープの追加部分をカット。これは、ステップ2.4​​でボードに動物を保護するために使用されます。 </li><li>イソフルラン室を設定します。露光室とクリアランス真空の両方で適切なポートに、O 2、イソフルラン、真空を取り付けます。また、イソフルラン互換生物学的に麻酔薬を投与します安全キャビネット。 </li></ol> 2.挿管<ol><li>それは意識を失い、呼吸が適切な速度に減速するまで、チャンバ内でイソフルランでマウスを麻酔。典型的な曝露は、3〜4分間、4％イソフルランおよび2％O 2を含み、理想的な結果は、鎮静の2〜2.5分です。これは、すべての2秒1呼吸の呼吸速度に対応しています。 </li><li>片側にピペッター、所定の位置にBLMの30と45μlの間に設定するには、鎮静、吸引を待っている間。 </li><li>準備ができたら、手順プラットフォームの位置決めネジに取り付けられたスレッドからその上顎切歯によって鎮静させたマウスを一時停止します。動物の背側は、プラットフォーム表面に対して平らにすることを確認してください。 </li><li>換気を制限しないように注意しながら、ちょうど横隔膜の上、緩く胸腔の下（尾）部分を横切ってテープ片を配置します。配置は、procの中に適切な位置合わせを維持するのに十分タイトであるべきですedureが、それは呼吸を制限することは非常にタイトではありません。 </li><li> 80％の間と100％の強度に照明をオンにして、それは太陽神経叢の近くに、皮膚の表面から1〜2cm程度になるように、グース​​ネックを向けます。定期的にマウスを傷つけることがないように、熱のためのグースネックの先端を確認してください。 </li><li>プラットフォームの後ろに立ち、舌を見つけるために、滅菌、平滑末端の鉗子を使用しています。下の切歯、軽くグリップを回避し、口腔外に舌を描くように注意しながら。 </li><li>残りの手を使用して、圧子を挿入し、口腔内の床面に対して舌を平らにするためにそれを使用。鉗子を解放しますが、次の2つの手順のための場所で圧子を残します。 </li><li>オリエント光気管は、それがmainstem気管支のレベルに達するまで太陽神経叢のレベルから近位グースネックを案内することにより、表示されるように。 注：気管を簡単に呼吸の作用によって区別することができ、WHIchが放出された光は強度が変動する原因となります。正しく配置すると、この構造体は、口腔自体に最小限の環境光の光の中心に位置するピンとして軸平面に識別可能になります。 </li><li>角度シリンジそれは気管の自然な経路をたどる、とストレート内腔に、液滴を含む添付のシリンジを用いて、22-Gのカテーテル先端を下げるようにします。 PBSバブルが成功した配置時に各呼吸と共に上昇し、秋に開始されます。 注：このアクションは、深い鎮静の結果として数秒遅れで表示することができます。 </li><li>追加の5ミリメートルにカテーテルを養います。舌を取り外し圧子。 </li><li>反対側の手に注射器をシフトし、ハブを把持し、静かに注射器を取り外します。 </li><li>カテーテルハブの内部の中心部へのBLMの30と45μlの間の預金は、第2のシリンジを接続し、ハブへの空気の300μLを分注します。 </li><li>第二を交換しますPBSの気泡を含有する第一と注射器。バブルが上昇し、プロシージャが正常に実行された場合に落下していきます。 </li></ol> 3.ポスト手続きケア<ol><li>カテーテルとテープを取り外し、それが意識を取り戻すまで、乾燥した暖かい場所に動物を置く - 通常、数分以内に。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

エアロゾル化が原因で制限された試薬の利用可能性、安全性、またはコストに実用的ではない例において、直接気管内投与は、肺への外因性薬剤の送達のための優れた方法である16経気管点滴注入が広くこれを達成するために使用されています。しかしながら、すべての外科的介入と同様に、それはまた、それを使用して手順自体に起因する合併症の可能性を運び、そして必ずしも薬...

畜産観点からいくつかの解剖学的および生理学的な違いにもかかわらず、1マウスモデルは、ヒトの生物学と疾患の病因をモデル化するための非常に貴重であり続ける。2、マウスは、取り扱いが容易で低繁殖時間を持って、加速寿命、かつ比較的安価です家へ。多様な遺伝的系統と戦略（ 例えば 、条件付きノックアウト、レポーターマウス、系統追跡手法など）、ならびに入手可能な試薬の広い範囲（ 例えば 、抗体、組換えタンパク質、阻害剤の開発と、等）、マウスは、ヒト恒常性と疾患過程を明らかにするために不可欠なモデル脊椎動物の生物となっている。3 マウスはヒトで4 ALIは、外傷、傷害、または敗血症によって引き起こされ得る。急性肺損傷（ALI）および肺線維症などの肺の状態を研究するために特に有益であったと上皮を特徴とし内皮リーク（ すなわち、浮腫）、炎症、および新生線維症。多くの患者では、ALIは、その重篤な形態、しばしば線維症、呼吸不全のために死をもたらす急性呼吸窮迫症候群（ARDS）、へと進行する。5,6肺線維症は、細胞外マトリックスの過剰沈着を特徴とする進行、致命的な病態であります、最も顕著に私が損なわ肺機能につながる、型コラーゲン。ブレオマイシンの7,8管理局（BLM）は、実験動物でALIおよび線維症を誘導するための最も広く使用されていると最もよく特徴付けられたモデルである。9げっ歯類におけるBLM誘発肺線維症はありませんが、完全にヒトの線維性の表現型を再現ではない、このモデルと10マウス研究は、疾患の発症と進行に影響を与える多くの重要な要因の発見につながっている。11 BLM誘発性線維形成の背後にある正確なメカニズム（s）は不明であるが、開始けが誘導気道および肺胞、特に、1型肺の内側を覆う上皮細胞における接触依存性DNA鎖切断に起因すると考えられる。12 BLMおよび肺上皮との間の直接接触の必要性は、頑強な送達経路の重要性を強調、およびこれらの懸念はまた、組換えタンパク質、抗体、siRNAを、ウイルス、細菌、微粒子、および多くを含む遠位気道を標的とする治療法の広い範囲に密接な関係がある。口腔咽頭吸引（OPA）が広く、この目的の13のために使用されてきたが、OPAの主な欠点は、送達される薬剤の一部がそれによって投与量に不正確さをもたらす、胃腸管に飲み込むことができることです。もう一つの広く使用されているアプローチは、直接気道への薬剤の気管や点滴を露出するために強力な麻酔下で気管切開を伴う経気管点滴、である。14しかし、だけでなく、そのようなよいです手順、その浸 ​​潤性に望ましくないこと、それはまた、時間がかかり、訓練の公平なビットを必要とし、気道に対して強力な障害を引き起こします。15,16、いくつかのプロトコルが開発されているに薬剤の直接投与を含みます外科的介入を必要とせずに気管、16,17,18,19,20が、これらの方法は、強力な麻酔薬によって引き起こされる長期の回復時間、高価な装置（ すなわち 、耳鏡/喉頭鏡、市販の手順ボード、光ファイバの使用を含みます投与量に関しては、ワイヤなど）、口腔内での操作の過剰、および不確実性。 本論文では、研究者が迅速、安価に、かつ確実に周囲の組織への残留損傷の限定されたリスクとマウスの肺に試薬を植え付けることができます挿管による投与の比較的容易な方法を記載しています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1528">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:481px;">Bleomycin For Injection, 30 units/vial</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">103720</td>
			<td style="width:604px;">For best results, BLM should be suspended in PBS, aliquoted, and stored as single use lyophilzed aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blunt End Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tongue Depressor (i.e. bent Valleylab Blade Electrode, 2.4&#34;)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Covidien</td>
			<td>E1551G</td>
			<td>Before use, create a 45 degree bend 1.5 cm&#160; from the blade tip. A suitable depressor can also be created from any metal implement of similar dimensions.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Exel Safelet Catheter 22G X 1&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Exel International</td>
			<td>26746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL Slip-tip Disposable Tuberculin Syringe (200/sp, 1600/ca)</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">BD</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2ml Pipettor and Filter Tips</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:481px;">Fiber-Lite Illuminator. Model 181-1: Model 180 mated with Standard Dual Gooseneck illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dolan Jenner Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">181-1</td>
			<td>Lower output LED illuminators are not recommended as they fail to suficiently illuminate the trachea.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Intubation Board</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td>See Diagram 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Colored Label Tape: 0.5&#160;in. Wide</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>15-901-15A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxygen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1X</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td>Product should be sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-Sterile Silk Black Braided Suture Spool, 91.4 m, Size 4-0</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>517698</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Table Top Anesthesia Machine Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Highland Medical Equipment</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>http://www.highlandmedical.net/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide Top Induction Mouse Isoflurane Chamber</td>
			<td>MIP / Anesthesia Technologies</td>
			<td>AS-01-0530-SM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FORANE (isoflurane, USP) Liquid For Inhalation 100 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Baxter</td>
			<td>1001936040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Nanozoomer Digital Pathology system</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IgM ELISA Quantification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">E90-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an improved method for rapid intubation of the trachea in mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

挿管マウスは2.5％2,2,2- トリブロモエタノールの腹腔内注射を介して、10または17日後に、体重減少及び苦痛を毎日モニターし、4を屠殺した。他の場所21に記載のように気管支肺胞洗浄 （BAL）は、PBSの3回の洗浄で回収しました、および右肺は、10％ホルマリンで固定し、パラフィン包埋し、ワシントン組織学とイメージングコア22の大学の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice at JoVE.com

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

マウスの気管の迅速な挿管のための改善された方法

この記事では、挿管を経由して、マウスの気管に直接ブレオマイシンを投与するための迅速かつ簡単な方法を提示します。この方法の主な利点は、習得が容易で、それは非常に再現可能であることであり、特殊な装置または長い回復時間を必要としません。

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

an-improved-method-for-rapid-intubation-of-the-trachea-in-mice

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

25.0K ビュー.  University of Washington. この記事では、挿管を経由して、マウスの気管に直接ブレオマイシンを投与するための迅速かつ簡単な方法を提示します。この方法の主な利点は、習得が容易で、それは非常に再現可能であることであり、特殊な装置または長い回復時間を必要としません。 

ビデオ: An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small babies will desaturate very quickly if ventilation is interrupted mainly to high metabolic rate. We describe guidelines to perform a safe fiberoptic intubation while maintaining spontaneous breathing throughout the procedure. Steps requiring the use of propofol pump, fentanyl, glycopyrrolate, red rubber catheter, metal insuflation hook, afrin, lubricant and lidocaine spray are shown.

We describe guidelines to perform a safe and efficient elective fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients while maintaining spontaneous ventilation.

選択科目小児光ファイバー挿管のためのガイドライン

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small ...

医学

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

血管疾患の研究のためのマウスにおける同所性大動脈移植

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

マウスの気管内挿管<em&gt;経由</emオトスコープの使用&gt;直接喉頭鏡検査

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

マウス肺挿管の簡単な方法

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

体外血液脳関門ブタ脳血管内皮細胞に基づくモデルの確立のための改良法

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

マウスにおけるヒアロイド血管の評価と特徴付け

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

マウスの後肢における二次リンパ浮腫を誘導する改訂方法

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

マウスにおける反復性の耳管挿管

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

ラットの心筋梗塞を誘導する半最小侵襲法と、単離した働く心臓システムによる心機能の評価

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

マウスにおける心筋梗塞の誘導のための改良簡便法

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...