This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

以下の実験で使用した成体雄マウスを作製し、暗14時間の光と10時間（20時6:00時間）概日周期で、22℃の周囲温度でベイラー大学で飼育しました。マウスは、食物および水を自由に摂取アクセスを与えました。マウスへのすべての手順は、実験動物の管理と使用に関する健康ガイドラインの国立研究所を遵守していたし、動物プロトコルは、ベイラー大学動物実験委員会によって承認されました。マウスは、昼前/午後で試験しました。研究者の下にあるすべての手順については臭いを除去し、汚染を防ぐために手袋を着用しなければなりません。 非社会的な臭気の調製<ol><li>新鮮な非社会的な匂いにテストの毎日を準備します。 注：研究者は臭いを準備するために手袋を使用する必要があります。 <ol><li>水各10mlで3遠心管を埋めます。 </li><li>ピペット15ミリリットル＆＃にバナナエキス100μlの160; 1秒15ミリリットルコニカルチューブに円錐管とアーモンドエキス100μlの：100希釈。 注：第15ミリリットル管が水のみが含まれます。 </li></ol></li></ol>社会においの調製<ol><li>発生する朝のテストに新たな社会的臭気を準備します。少なくとも3日間洗浄し、マウスの同じ番号が含まれていなかった2つのケージから社会匂いを取得します。試験対象と同じ性別のマウスからの社会的臭気を取得します。 注：これらは、室温で保存すると、強力で一貫性のある臭いを維持するために4~6時間以内に使用すべきです。 <ol><li>決定どのように多くの社会的な臭気綿棒を作成する必要があります。テストされている各マウスは、社会臭い1、および社会的臭気2から3からの3つの綿棒が表示されます。 </li><li>汚れたケージの下部にジグザグ状に綿棒を拭くことによって社会的な臭いを準備します。先端にしがみついて、余分な寝具を振り払います。 </li><li>蓋付きまたはパラフィルムで覆われたビーカー内の大きなガラスの瓶に保管スワブ。社会臭1と社会臭い2秒ごとに1つのコンテナを指定します。 </li></ol></li><li>実験的な試験室の外に臭気源ケージを維持します。 </li></ol>試験マウスの3順化<ol><li>手袋の上に置き、試験しようとするマウスを計量し、上にワイヤ蓋と除去された水のボトルとクリーンケージに個別に配置します。 </li><li>マウスは試験室以外の部屋で45分間、新しいケージに順応することを可能にします。部屋には異常な臭いや騒音がないことを確認します。 </li><li>テストは約45分かかりますので、現在のマウスをテストする前に権利を順応さクリーンケージにテストされるべき次のマウスを置くことによって順化時間をずらします。 </li></ol>テストルームの4準備<ol><li>新鮮な綿棒、実験用テープ、社会的な臭気スワブを含むボトル、n個のチューブを入れます試験室で蓋付きの社会的な臭気、マイクロピペット、2タイマ、および廃液ボトル。 </li><li>試験室は、臭気、騒音、明るい光の適度に自由であることを確認してください。香りのコロンまたはローションを着用しないでください。 注：観察者は、試験期間中にガムや飴を噛むされるべきではないと強い臭気食品への露出を制限するようにしてください。 </li></ol> 5.テスト手順<ol><li>試験室に、そのケージに順応させたマウスを持参し、着席しながら閲覧するための快適な高さにカウンターの上にケージを置きます。 </li><li> 2分毎にのために行の各臭気を3回提示します。 表1に見ることができる提示順序を使用してください。 <ol><li>綿棒、再キャップ臭気源の先端までに試験される香りで、付臭剤のピペットを50μl。ケージのワイヤー上部を持ち上げ、水のボトル口に綿棒の無香料、木製の端を挿入し、pushinGトップへのワイヤの下側から貫通長さ。臭気汚染が回避されるように、指を含め、何にも綿の先端に触れないようにしてください。 </li><li>綿の終了の約1インチをケージに垂れ下がるまで水ボトル開口部を介して綿棒を描き続けています。ラボのテープを使用して、ケージの側面に綿棒の木の端を貼り付けます。 注：蓋が戻ってケージの上に落下させないように注意して、試験マウスを乱す大きな音を発生させます。 </li><li>すぐに2分間のタイミングを開始します。 2分間のプレゼンテーションを時間を計るために1つのタイマーを使用してください。 2分間の試験中に香りをスニッフィング費やした累積時間を記録します。独立したストップウォッチを使用して、動物のスニッフィングの行動をカウントします。動物の鼻が鼻〜2センチメートルまたは先端に近いと綿の先端に向かって配向されたときにアクティブな盗聴が定義されています。 </li><li>各試験の終了後、ワイヤカバーを上げ、国連を通じて下方に引いて、綿棒を削除蓋のderside（これはワイヤーに触れ綿棒を防止することによって臭気汚染を回避します）。 500ミリリットル廃棄ボトルで使用されるスワブを密封します。 </li><li>準備し、次の綿棒を挿入し、タイミングを開始します。各試行間間隔の間に約1分を許可します。各香りは2分毎にのために、3回連続で提示されるまで操作を続行します。 </li></ol></li><li>マウスはすべての試験を完了した後は、試験室の外のゴミ箱に使用綿棒を含む廃棄ボトルを空にすることができます。そのホームケージにマウスを返します。 </li></ol> 6.分析<ol><li> ANOVAは、ニューマン·クールズ続いて、双方向または重大な馴化を決定するために、同様の事後検定（連​​続した同じ匂いスニッフィング少ない時間）、およびdishabitutation（より多くの時間の新しい香りをスニッフィング）を用いた匂い条件ごとに各グループのデータを分析します。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本論文で得られた結果は、マウスに最適です。マウスはすぐに慣れ、その後、新規の臭いに強い反応を示しています。この方法における重要なステップの一つは、悪臭の製造です。研究者は、汚染を防止するために、互いから臭気を分離するために細心の注意を取る必要があります。もう一つの重要な側面は、綿棒の提示です。研究者はマウスが先端を調査することができるように綿の先端?...

マウスは、他の個人を認識するため、食品を見つける、新しい環境をナビゲートするための嗅覚に依存していて、性行動1-3。これは、研究者は、実験動物が食物を伴う行動試験、社会的相互作用、またはマウスからの応答を誘発することを目的と任意の臭いを投与する前香りの機能感を持っているかどうかを確立することが不可欠です。行動試験の他のタイプが実行される前に、臭いを検出し、区別するマウスの能​​力を確立すべきであるので、臭覚障害または異なる臭気を区別できないことは、行動パラダイムの多種多様な偽陽性または陰性につながる可能性があります。 嗅覚馴化/脱馴化試験は、最初、1980年代4に記載しました。試験は博士によるマウスでの使用に適合されています。ムーヤンとジャクリーン·クローリー5。これは、研究者はESTAを可能にする、シンプルで安価な試験でありますマウスが検出され、悪臭を区別することができますblish。テストの嗅覚に加えて、この試験は、研究者がマウスの一般的な動作を観察することを可能にし、早期のテスト計画において行われる必要があります。マウスの移動に関する定性的観察は、不安、活動のレベル、および食品の臭いに対する社会的な匂いに対する反応の兆候は、テストを行うことが可能性がある新たな分野をシグナリングすることができます。 この試験では、様々な悪臭に浸した綿棒を3回行のマウスに提示されます。臭気の各繰り返し提示すると、マウスは、その後の各プレゼンテーションでそれを調査するより少ない時間を費やして、綿棒に慣らすます。新たな臭気が提示されると、脱馴化が発生し、典型的なマウスは、現在および以前の臭気5とを区別できることを示し、綿棒を調べる多 ​​くの時間を過ごすことになります。この試験は、一度に1つのマウスに投与し、45分ACCを備えていますlimation期間は、試験の45分が続きます。 この試験は、実施するのが容易であるが、それは、マウスの嗅覚システムに関する高度な問題を調査するために使用することができます。このような埋設食品検査として嗅覚のその他の人気の試験は、単に臭覚障害の有無を確立します。しかし、嗅覚差別と慣れ試験は、研究者がマウスで臭気を検出する能力を持っているが、異なる匂いとを区別することができないだけで判断することができます。馴化と脱馴化のパターンは、新しい変異体が臭気6,7を区別することができることを確立するために使用されています。驚くべき研究では、FadoolとのKv1.3チャネルの遺伝子標的欠失を有するそのマウスを示すために臭いの複雑な混合物を使用した同僚は、マウス8、通常よりも良い非常によく似た匂いを識別することができる「スーパーsmellers」です。 新しいノックアウトマウスモデルを調べるときには、establisに便利です時間の基本的な感覚​​のタスクの正常な動作の存在。テスト計画の初期に行われた場合、臭気差別や慣れテストが調査員に異常な行動を観察する機会を与えてくれます。これらの観​​察結果は、変異体の特性を交絡に起因するその後の検査で偽陽性または陰性の結果を防ぐことができます。研究者は、社会的行動を調査し続けている基本的な嗅覚機能を確認する必要性は、ますます重要になります。変異株における嗅覚を調べることに加えて、この試験は、すべての匂い刺激に対する薬理学的治療は、特に社会的な匂い刺激に対する動物の応答を増加させるかどうかなど、またはそれらの応答が増加した場合、特定の問題に対処するために使用することができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse cage</td><td>Allentown</td><td>Standard mouse cage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wire lid</td><td>Allentown</td><td>BCU Mouse WBL 2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bedding</td><td>Harlan</td><td>7090 Sani-Chips</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton swabs</td><td>VWR</td><td>89031-270</td><td>6&amp;rdquo; wooden handle</td></tr><tr><td>Banana extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Almond extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory tape</td><td>VWR</td><td>89098-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stop watch</td><td>VWR</td><td>62374-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>VWR</td><td>82026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Timing device</td><td>VWR</td><td>61161-350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>89003-294</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 L beakers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>1003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Parafilm</td><td>PM-992</td><td>4&amp;rdquo; x 250&amp;rsquo;</td></tr><tr><td>1 L bottle with cap</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-240</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

記載されたプロトコルに続いて、結果は10成人（生後90〜120）の雄のC57BL / 6Jマウスと8つの雄FVB混合背景株（生後50〜70）を使用して記録しました。試験は、複数日にわたって単一の研究者によって行われました。グラフ上の各点は、臭気を調査費やした平均時間を表します。 水に浸した綿棒が最初に導入された場合、マウスはこの新規オブジェクト（：最初の3つのデータ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

マウスにおける臭気差別と馴化のためのテスト

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

testing-for-odor-discrimination-and-habituation-in-mice

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.6K ビュー.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

ビデオ: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

注意のセットシフトタスク：マウスにおける認知の柔軟性の測定

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

行動学

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

シンプルでコンピュータ支援嗅覚テストマウス用

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

マウス用オペラントイントラ/エクストラ次元セットシフトタスク

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible circuitry. In addition, this area's unique ability to generate new neurons throughout an organism's lifetime makes it an attractive system for developmental and regenerative biologists alike. Such interest necessitates a means for a quick, yet reliable assessment of olfactory function. Many tests of olfactory ability are complex, variable or not specifically designed for mice. Also, some tests are sensitive to memory deficits as well as defects in olfactory abilities, confounding obtained results.
Here, we describe a simple battery of tests designed to identify defects in olfactory sensitivity and preference. First, an initial general health assessment allows for the identification of animals suitable for further testing. Second, mice are exposed to various dilutions of scents to ascertain whether there is a threshold difference. Third, mice are presented with various scents, both attractive and aversive, that allow for the assessment of olfactory preference. These simple studies should make the initial characterization of olfactory behavior accessible for labs of varied resources and expertise.

Fundamental, yet unique properties of the rodent olfactory system have led to its increasing study among biologists. A relatively simple assessment of its function is then also needed. Here we describe sensitive tests for the characterization of mouse olfactory sensitivity and preference.

成体マウスでの嗅覚行動試験

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible ...

生物学

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. In this paper, an effective and low-cost mouse behavioral protocol is described for examining the effects of physiological manipulation (such as the infusion of pharmacological agents) on the learning rate and duration of odor-reward memory. Representative results are provided from a study examining the differential role of tyrosine kinase receptor activity in short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Male mice were conditioned to associate a reward (sugar pellet) with one of the two odors, and their memory for the association was tested 2 or 48 h later. Immediately prior to the training, a tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor inhibitor or vehicle infusions were delivered into the olfactory bulb (OB). Although there was no effect of the infusion on the learning rate, blockade of the Trk receptors in the OB selectively impaired LTM (48 h), and not short-term memory (STM; 2 h). The LTM impairment was attributed to the diminished odor selectivity as measured by the length of the digging time. The culmination of the results of this experiment showed that Trk receptor activation in the OB is the key in olfactory memory consolidation.

An odor-reward, associative learning task was used to investigate the differential effects of physiological manipulation on long-term and short-term memory.

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of ...

吸入環境汚染物質によるマウスの嗅覚障害の評価

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental pollutants exposure may impair olfaction; thereby, there is an urgent need for methods to evaluate the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfaction. Mice are ideal models for olfactory experiments because of their highly developed olfactory system and behavioral characteristics. To assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice, a detailed buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment is provided, including the experiment preparation, the selection and construction of experimental facilities, the testing process, and indexes of time. Meanwhile, timekeeping equipment, operational details, and the experimental environment are discussed to ensure the success of the assay. Zinc sulfate is used as the treatment to demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental approach. The protocol provides a simple and clear operational process for assessing the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants on olfactory function in mice.

著者スポットライト:空気中の汚染物質の嗅覚効果の評価-埋設食品と社会的臭気試験

This paper provides a detailed description of the buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment to assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice.

マウスの嗅覚機能に及ぼす吸入環境汚染物質の影響の研究

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental ...

環境学

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

嗅覚掘削作業によるマウス判定バイアスの評価

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

神経変性疾患のマウスモデルのための嗅覚アッセイ

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

マウスにおける臭気差別と馴化のためのテスト

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注意のセットシフトタスク：マウスにおける認知の柔軟性の測定

シンプルでコンピュータ支援嗅覚テストマウス用

マウス用オペラントイントラ/エクストラ次元セットシフトタスク

成体マウスでの嗅覚行動試験

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

マウスの嗅覚機能に及ぼす吸入環境汚染物質の影響の研究

マウスの嗅覚機能に及ぼす吸入環境汚染物質の影響の研究

マウスの嗅覚機能に及ぼす吸入環境汚染物質の影響の研究

嗅覚掘削作業によるマウス判定バイアスの評価

神経変性疾患のマウスモデルのための嗅覚アッセイ