We thank Hans Lassmann and Jan Bauer for their guidance and support. We also thank Katalin Benedek for excellent technical assistance and Caroline Westerlund for critical and linguistic appraisal.
This study was supported by grants from Biogen Idec, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Association of Persons with Neurological Disabilities, Swedish Brain Foundation, the EU 6TH Framework EURATools (LSHG-CT-2005-019015) and Neuropromise (LSHM-CT-2005-018637). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

倫理的なステートメント 本研究は、N15 / 10とによって承認されたN65 / 10、、倫理的な許可N338 / 09下の実験動物のためのスウェーデン国家委員会と欧州共同体理事会指令（609分の86 / EEC）のガイドラインに従って行われます北ストックホルムの動物倫理委員会。 1.組織標本<ol><li> 灌流＆固定 <ol><li>左心室を介しtranscardial灌流を行うためにイソフルランで動物を麻酔。 0.1 M PBS（PFA）中の4％パラホルムアルデヒドに続く血液成分を除去するためにリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）を用いて血管系のリンスを開始します。 </li><li> PFAに浸漬することにより、解剖脳、脊髄及び末梢LN組織を固定します。 4℃で24時間後、さらに処理するまで4℃でPBSにPFAから組織や店舗を転送します。あるいは、商業PBSに、250ミリリットルS＆で9グラムのNaClを溶解＃246; rensenバッファと750ミリリットルを脱イオン水（のdH 2 O）を追加します。 0.2 Mソレンセン緩衝液（pH7.4）を調製することは2.5 L の dH 2 O中に13.8グラムのNaH 2 PO 4×1H 2 Oおよび71.2グラムのNa 2 HPOのx 2H 4 2 Oに溶解します</li></ol></li><li> 脱水＆埋め込みます <ol><li>カミソリの刃を使用して、約5ミリメートルの厚さの部分に組織を切断します。 </li><li>キシレン、最後にパラフィン（ 表1）、続いて組織テックVIP真空浸潤プロセッサ（エタノールの上昇濃度に浸漬に基づく標準的な手順を使用して、組織の硬化処理（脱水）を開始します。 </li><li>金型内に組織を置き、「パラフィンブロック」を形成するために、試料周辺の流動パラフィン中に注ぎます。長期保存は、室温（RT）が必要です。しかし、セクショニングの前に、 例えば 、ブロックを冷却するために4℃で（O / N）で一晩推奨されます。</li></ol></li></ol> 2.セクショニング<ol><li>ナイフを横切って前後に移動することができる、スレッジミクロトームの固定ホルダーにパラフィンブロックを配置します。ブロックとミクロトームナイフ（すなわち、ナイフの幾何学的形状に依存するだけでなく、切削速度および技術上の）間の最適な角度を調整します。 </li><li>パラフィンブロックから5μm厚断面 - 3をカット。 </li><li>水容器の中にだけ切断した断面を転送し、スライドガラス上に水から、その後、それをマウントします。 </li><li>残留水および潜在的な気泡を除去するためにペーパータオルに対して慎重に取り付けられた部分を押してください。商業的にプレコーティングされた接着剤ガラススライドをお勧めしますが。 </li><li> 60°C - ドライは50にストーブに時間のカップルのためのスライドをマウントしました。 </li></ol> 3.脱パラフィン（再水和＆内因性ペルオキシダーゼブロッキング） <ol><li>スライドを浸し2倍キシレン（あるいはキシレン代替品へXEM-200）、毎回15から20」。 </li><li> 99％エタノールですすいでください。 </li><li>内因性ペルオキシダーゼ活性をブロックするために、0.25％過酸化水素を含むメタノール溶液に30 &#39;のためのセクションをインキュベートします。 </li><li>蒸留水で終わる、増加水分含量（99％、70％エタノールを使用して再水和を継続します。 </li><li>この点からカバーの装着までのセクションでは、湿った保たする必要がスリップ。 </li></ol> 4.抗原回復<ol><li> （EDTA緩衝原液は、1.21グラムトリスおよび50ミリリットルのdH 2 Oに溶解した0.37グラムのEDTAが含まれている60のための抗原回復溶液（この場合はEDTA pH8.5の緩衝液）」のスライドを沸騰するための蒸し器を使用してください。作業を準備します47.5ミリリットルのdH 2 O中での溶液希薄2.5ミリリットルのEDTA原液）。 </li><li>約室温でのスライドをクールダウン。 1時間してから3すすぎ - トリスで5倍は0.05 Mトリス及び0.15MのNaClからなる（TBSは、代わりにPBSを使用）緩衝生理食塩水; pHを7.5に調整のwi第HClです。あるいは、商業TBSを使用します。 </li></ol> 5.非特異的結合部位をブロックします<ol><li>非特異的なバックグラウンド反応を回避するために、10％ウシ胎児血清（FCS）、90％DAKO緩衝液を含有するブロッキング溶液中で30 &#39;室温で切片をインキュベートします。 </li></ol> 6.ダブル免疫標識：プライマリ腹筋との同時インキュベーション<ol><li>ブロッキング溶液中で一次抗体の必要量を希釈し、O / Nで4℃でインキュベートします。 （; 1 ED1：1,000）α-CD68またはα-IBA1（Aif1、1：1,000）、またはα-CD8α（オックス-8; 1：200）：;二重免疫染色のためにα-エオタキシン（300 1 CCL11）を組み合わせ。 </li><li> （代替的に10倍希釈したDAKOバッファを使用）TBSバッファーで3〜5倍のスライドを洗浄します。 </li><li>ブロッキング溶液中で、室温で1時間インキュベートする：二次抗体の必要量（200ビオチン化抗ヤギおよびAP結合抗マウス、両方1）を希釈します。 </li><li> （私たちをTBS緩衝液で5倍 - スライド3をすすぎEは、代替的に10倍）は、DAKO緩衝液に希釈しました。 </li><li> RTでの1時間ブロッキング溶液で希釈したアビジン - 西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ複合体（HRP）でスライドをインキュベートします。 </li><li> TBS緩衝液で5倍（あるいは10倍希釈DAKOバッファを使用） - スライド3をすすいでください。 </li></ol> 7.可視化<ol><li> 結合したAP標識二次抗体の可視化 <ol><li> 1リットルのdH 2 O 12.1グラムのトリスを溶解し、0.1M Tris-HCl緩衝液を調製し、HClを用いによってpHを調整します。 1 Mレバミゾール溶液を調製するために同一のTris-HCl緩衝液を使用します。 dH 2 O中で新鮮に4％のNaNO 2溶液を準備</li><li>ファーストブルー（FB）基板（1標準的なガラスキュベットに必要なボリュームが）ガラス管に312.5μlのDMF中の6.25mgのナフトール-AS-MXリン酸を溶解し、予め温め50mlに攪拌の50ミリリットル（37を取得するには°C）のTris-HCl緩衝液。 312.5μlの2 Nに12.5 mgのFB RR塩を溶解するためにHClが以前prepaの312.5μlを添加します赤の4％のNaNO 2溶液と予め温めトリス-HCl緩衝液の同じ50 mlの中に混合物を攪拌します。黄色の液体が透明になるまで軽く振ると、最終的に先に調製した1 Mレバミゾール溶液を77μlを添加します。ろ液を混合して得られたガラスキュベットに入れスライド上に注ぎます。 </li><li> 37℃でのインキュベーションを開始し、約光学顕微鏡下でのプロセスを開発して制御します。すべての15から30分。ファジー回した場合は、新鮮な混合物とFB液を交換してください。 </li><li> PBSバッファに続いてTBSバッファーと転送と5倍 - スライド3を洗い流します。 </li></ol></li><li> 結合したビオチン化二次抗体の可視化 <ol><li> DABは、/ H 2 O 2 49ミリリットルのPBSで1ミリリットルDABストック溶液（1mlのPBSあたり25ミリグラムのDAB）を希釈することにより、現像液を準備します。注ぐ前のセクションに16.5μlのH 2 O 2、ろ液を追加します。 </li><li>眉を沈殿させるに色素原DABの変換n個の顔料は即時にすることができます。 （でも数秒より長いインキュベーションが高いバックグラウンドを上げ、特定の信号をマスクすることができる）、光学顕微鏡下で現像処理を制御します。 </li><li>褐色顔料の沈殿物の強度は、あるいは5 &#39;の2％硫酸銅と、0.9％のNaClからなる溶液中でインキュベートすることによって向上させることができます。 </li><li>スライド3をすすぎ- PBSで5倍、最終的にのdH 2 Oで、代わりに水道水を使用しています。 </li><li>カバーは、水性GelTolマウンティング培地を使用することにより、水から直接スリップしてスライドをマウントします。気泡を作成しないでください。 </li><li> 例えば、O / N、4℃で、封入剤の完全な乾燥を可能にします。ストアは、RT上でスライドを乾燥させました。 </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 20 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 2。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 60＆＃39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 3。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 90 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 4。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 60 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 5。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 90 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 6。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 60 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 7。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 90 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 8。 </td><td> ％エタノール</td><td> 120 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 9。 </td><td>キシロール</td><td> 30 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 10。 </td><td>キシロール</td><td> 60 &#39; </td><td> 40°C </td></tr><tr><td> 11。 </td><td>パラフィン</td><td> 60 &#39; </td><td> 60°C </td></tr><tr><td> 12。 </td><td>パラフィン</td><td> 60 &#39; </td><td> 60°C </td></tr><tr><td> 13。 </td><td>パラフィン</td><td> 60 &#39; </td><td> 60°C </td></tr><tr><td> 14。 </td><td>パラフィン</td><td> 120 &#39; </td><td> 60°C </td></tr></tbody></table> 組織-Tek社のVIP真空浸透プロセッサによって 表1 組織処理。

<ol>
	<li>Coons, A., Creech, H. J., Jones, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunological+properties+of+an+antibody+containing+a+fluorescent+group.">Immunological properties of an antibody containing a fluorescent group.</a> Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 47, 200-202 (1941).</li><li>Nakane, P. K., Pierce, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme-labeled+antibodies:+preparation+and+application+for+the+localization+of+antigens.">Enzyme-labeled antibodies: preparation and application for the localization of antigens.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 14, 929-931 (1966).</li><li>Avrameas, S., Uriel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+antigen+and+antibody+labelling+with+enzymes+and+its+immunodiffusion+application.">Method of antigen and antibody labelling with enzymes and its immunodiffusion application.</a> C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 262, 2543-2545 (1966).</li><li>Mason, D. Y., Sammons, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+preparation+of+peroxidase:+anti-peroxidase+complexes+for+immunocytochemical+use.">Rapid preparation of peroxidase: anti-peroxidase complexes for immunocytochemical use.</a> Journal of immunological. 20, 317-324 (1978).</li><li>Faulk, W. P., Taylor, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immunocolloid+method+for+the+electron+microscope.">An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope.</a> Immunochemistry. 8, 1081-1083 (1971).</li><li>Coons, A. H., Kaplan, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+antigen+in+tissue+cells;+improvements+in+a+method+for+the+detection+of+antigen+by+means+of+fluorescent+antibody.">Localization of antigen in tissue cells; improvements in a method for the detection of antigen by means of fluorescent antibody.</a> The Journal of experimental medicine. 91, 1-13 (1950).</li><li>Polak, J. M., Van Noorden, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to immunocytochemistry. , (2003).</li><li>Elias, J. M., Margiotta, M., Gaborc, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+and+detection+efficiency+of+the+peroxidase+antiperoxidase+(PAP),+avidin-biotin+peroxidase+complex+(ABC),+and+peroxidase-labeled+avidin-biotin+(LAB)+methods.">Sensitivity and detection efficiency of the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP), avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC), and peroxidase-labeled avidin-biotin (LAB) methods.</a> American journal of clinical pathology. 92, 62-67 (1989).</li><li>Ramos-Vara, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+aspects+of+immunohistochemistry.">Technical aspects of immunohistochemistry.</a> Vet Pathol. 42, 405-426 (2005).</li><li>Adzemovic, M. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+Ccl11+associates+with+immune+response+modulation+and+protection+against+neuroinflammation+in+rats.">Expression of Ccl11 associates with immune response modulation and protection against neuroinflammation in rats.</a> PloS one. 7, 39794 (2012).</li><li>Bauer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+PLP-overexpressing+transgenic+rats:+gray+matter+oligodendrocytes+are+more+vulnerable+than+white+matter+oligodendrocytes.">Endoplasmic reticulum stress in PLP-overexpressing transgenic rats: gray matter oligodendrocytes are more vulnerable than white matter oligodendrocytes.</a> Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology. 61, 12-22 (2002).</li><li>Bradl, M., Bauer, J., Flugel, A., Wekerle, H., Lassmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+contribution+of+CD4+and+CD8+T+lymphocytes+to+T-cell+infiltration+of+the+intact+and+the+degenerative+spinal+cord.">Complementary contribution of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes to T-cell infiltration of the intact and the degenerative spinal cord.</a> The American journal of pathology. 166, 1441-1450 (2005).</li><li>Zhang, C., Lam, T. T., Tso, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+populations+of+microglia/macrophages+in+the+retina+and+their+activation+after+retinal+ischemia+and+reperfusion+injury.">Heterogeneous populations of microglia/macrophages in the retina and their activation after retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury.</a> Experimental eye research. 81, 700-709 (2005).</li><li>Hirasawa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+microglia+in+living+tissues+using+Iba1-EGFP+transgenic+mice.">Visualization of microglia in living tissues using Iba1-EGFP transgenic mice.</a> Journal of neuroscience research. 81, 357-362 (2005).</li><li>Norment, A. M., Salter, R. D., Parham, P., Engelhard, V. H., Littman, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-cell+adhesion+mediated+by+CD8+and+MHC+class+I+molecules.">Cell-cell adhesion mediated by CD8 and MHC class I molecules.</a> Nature. 336, 79-81 (1988).</li><li>Hoetelmans, R. W., van Slooten, H. J., Keijzer, R., Jvan de Velde, C. J., van Dierendonck, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Routine+formaldehyde+fixation+irreversibly+reduces+immunoreactivity+of+Bcl-2+in+the+nuclear+compartment+of+breast+cancer+cells,+but+not+in+the+cytoplasm.">Routine formaldehyde fixation irreversibly reduces immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in the nuclear compartment of breast cancer cells, but not in the cytoplasm.</a> Applied immunohistochemistry &amp; molecular morphology : AIMM / official publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry. 9, 74-80 (2001).</li><li>Hayat, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microscopy, Immunohistochemistry and antigen retrieval methods for light and electron microscopy. , (2002).</li><li>Boenisch, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formalin-fixed+and+heat-retrieved+tissue+antigens:+a+comparison+of+their+immunoreactivity+in+experimental+antibody+diluents.">Formalin-fixed and heat-retrieved tissue antigens: a comparison of their immunoreactivity in experimental antibody diluents.</a> Applied immunohistochemistry &amp; molecular morphology : AIMM / official publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry. 9, 176-179 (2001).</li><li>Shi, S. R., Key, M. E., Kalra, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+retrieval+in+formalin-fixed,+paraffin-embedded+tissues:+an+enhancement+method+for+immunohistochemical+staining+based+on+microwave+oven+heating+of+tissue+sections.">Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 39, 741-748 (1991).</li><li>Huang, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+demonstration+of+hepatitis+B+core+and+surface+antigens+in+paraffin+sections.">Immunohistochemical demonstration of hepatitis B core and surface antigens in paraffin sections.</a> Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology. 33, 88-95 (1975).</li><li>Shi, S. R., Cote, R. J., Taylor, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+retrieval+immunohistochemistry:+past,+present,+and+future.">Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: past, present, and future.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 45, 327-343 (1997).</li><li>Taylor, C. R., Shi, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+retrieval:+call+for+a+return+to+first+principles.">Antigen retrieval: call for a return to first principles.</a> Applied immunohistochemistry &amp; molecular morphology : AIMM / official publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry. 8, 173-174 (2000).</li><li>Kitamoto, T., Ogomori, K., Tateishi, J., Prusiner, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formic+acid+pretreatment+enhances+immunostaining+of+cerebral+and+systemic+amyloids.">Formic acid pretreatment enhances immunostaining of cerebral and systemic amyloids.</a> Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology. 57, 230-236 (1987).</li><li>Nelson, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies.">Monoclonal antibodies.</a> Molecular pathology : MP. 53, 111-117 (2000).</li><li>Van der Loos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Immunoenzyme multiple staining methods. , (1999).</li><li>Elias, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Immunohistopathology. A practical approach to diagnosis. , (2003).</li><li>Straus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Letter:+Cleavage+of+heme+from+horseradish+peroxidase+by+methanol+with+inhibition+of+enzymic+activity.">Letter: Cleavage of heme from horseradish peroxidase by methanol with inhibition of enzymic activity.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 22, 908-911 (1974).</li><li>Streefkerk, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+erythrocyte+pseudoperoxidase+activity+by+treatment+with+hydrogen+peroxide+following+methanol.">Inhibition of erythrocyte pseudoperoxidase activity by treatment with hydrogen peroxide following methanol.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 20, 829-831 (1972).</li><li>Ponder, B. A., Wilkinson, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+endogenous+tissue+alkaline+phosphatase+with+the+use+of+alkaline+phosphatase+conjugates+in+immunohistochemistry.">Inhibition of endogenous tissue alkaline phosphatase with the use of alkaline phosphatase conjugates in immunohistochemistry.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 29, 981-984 (1981).</li><li>Petrelli, F., Coderoni, S., Moretti, P., Paparelli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+biotin+on+phosphorylation,+acetylation,+methylation+of+rat+liver+histones.">Effect of biotin on phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation of rat liver histones.</a> Molecular biology reports. 4, 87-92 (1978).</li><li>Yagi, T., Terada, N., Baba, T., Ohno, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+endogenous+biotin-containing+proteins+in+mouse+Bergmann+glial+cells.">Localization of endogenous biotin-containing proteins in mouse Bergmann glial cells.</a> The Histochemical journal. 34, 567-572 (2002).</li><li>Van Hecke, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Routine+Immunohistochemical+Staining+Today:+Choices+to+Make,+Challenges+to+Take.">Routine Immunohistochemical Staining Today: Choices to Make, Challenges to Take.</a> Journal of Histotechnology. 1, 45-54 (2002).</li></ol>

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

標準的なIHC手順は、多くの場合、一般的に豊富な経験だけでなく、「試行錯誤」アプローチを意味し、最適な結果を得るために、具体的な調整を必要とします。組織標本からターゲットの可視化まで、プロトコルのほぼ各ステップを個別に最終的な結果を改善するために修飾を設計するために行ってもよいです。ここで紹介する二重染色プロトコルは、特に神経炎症の影響を受け、ホルマリ?...

高度なハイスループットの使用にもかかわらずmethylome、トランスクリプトームまたはプロテオームさえレベルで実行解析、免疫染色は、組織試料、細胞培養物又は細胞塗抹標本に直接タンパク質検出のための黄金の標準のままです。局在/分布パターンを明らかにすることによって、免疫組織化学（IHC）は、相対比と標的タンパク質の地形的相互関係を評価し、さらにそれらの生物学的活性を示すことができます。したがって、IHCは広く、診断、治療の評価のために、 例えば 、臨床研究のためなど病気のメカニズム、動物モデルにおける機能と表現型の変化の研究を利用しています基本的に組織学、病理学、生化学および免疫を備え、IHCが大幅に蛍光標識した抗体は感染組織1に肺炎球菌抗原を同定するために初めて使用された1941年以来進めてきました。 VIHCによる細胞製品およびコンポーネントのisualizationは、その特定の抗原（Ag）からに対する抗体（ABS）の結合に基づいています。フルオロフォアタグ付けされた抗体を使用するほかに、免疫反応はまた、ペルオキシダーゼ2,3またはアルカリホスファターゼ4のような酵素を使用して可視化することができます。放射性標識は、オートラジオグラフィーによって可視化しながら、さらに、金コロイドタグ抗体5は 、光と電子顕微鏡の両方により特異的な抗原-抗体相互作用を検出するために使用されます。 Agを抗体の免疫反応は、直接的および間接的な方法によって検出することができます。それは直接標識一次Absの6を使用していますように直接的な方法は、より速く、より簡単な本質的です。しかし、感度の大幅な不足のためには、間接的な方法は、直接のものに好適です。二段階の間接検出手順は、最初のように、非標識一次腹筋を必要とし、第二層7として、主要な腹筋に対して向けられた二腹筋標識。信号増幅は、さらに二次抗体に結合する酵素 - 結合された第三抗体（三段間接法）を含むことによって達成することができます。一般的に使用される間接的な検出方法は、アビジン - ビオチンペルオキシダーゼ抗ペルオキシダーゼ（PAP）です。あるいは、アルカリホスファターゼantialkalineホスファターゼ（APAAP）複合体ではなく、PAP法を用いることができます。特に、アルカリホスファターゼ（AP）メソッドは、免疫ペルオキシダーゼ法4よりもさらに敏感であるように思われます。アビジン - ビオチン複合体（ABC）法は、標識アビジン - ビオチン複合体（LAB）のいずれかとの組み合わせで、ビオチン化二次抗体を使用し、またはストレプトアビジン - ビオチン複合体（SLAB）標識しました。検出感度はさらにペルオキシダーゼまたはアルカリホスファターゼ8で標識したアビジンを含むことによって増大させることができます。使用中の他の検出方法は、ポリマー標識、チラミン増幅および免疫ローリングサークル9です。特に、別の検出方法は、同じ組織内の複数のAgの検出のために組み合わせることができここに提示1978年4。同時二重免疫染色で初めて報告されたサンプルは、それぞれ、ペルオキシダーゼ結合し、AP結合二次抗体を用いて、ホルマリン固定、パラフィン包埋されたラットCNSおよびLN組織切片で行いました。信号は、それぞれ、3,3&#39;- diaminobencidine（DAB）色素原とファーストブルー（FB）APAAP複合体を用いて可視化しました。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Reagent&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane (Isofluran): 1-Chlor-2,2,2-trifluorethyl (difluormethyl ether) 2-Chlor-2-(difluormethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluorethan (C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1001936060</td><td>Eye irradiation. Probably influences fertility and damages baby in uterus. Administer only in adequately equipped anesthetizing environment.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodiumchloride (NaCl)</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.0604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), tablet</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4417</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde (OH(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H (n = 8 - 100)), 4% in 1x PBS</td><td>Apl pharma</td><td>34 24 28</td><td>Health hazard. Corrosive. Flamable. Acute toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol &amp;#8805;99.5%, absolute (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>459844-1L</td><td>Flamable.</td></tr><tr><td>Xylene (Xylenes, histological grade; C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; </td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>534056</td><td>Flamable. Acute toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>Histo-Comp Paraffin Wax</td><td>Tissue-Tek</td><td>V0-5-1001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive Microscope Slides</td><td>Starfrost</td><td>MIC-1040-W</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylol substitute XEM-200 </td><td>Vogel GmbH</td><td>ND-HS-200</td><td>Respiratory sensitization. Carcinogenicity.</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-CD8 (Ox-8) mouse anti-rat, primary antibody</td><td>AbD Serotec</td><td>MCA48G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-Iba1 (AIF1) mouse anti-rat, primary antibody</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MABN92</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-CD68 (ED1) mouse anti-rat, primary antibody</td><td>AbD Serotec</td><td>MCA341R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-eotaxin C-19 (CCL11) goat anti-rat, primary antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz BT</td><td>SC-6181</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated secondary antibody</td><td>Dakopatts, Denmark</td><td>D0314</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated secondary antibody</td><td>Amersham Biotech</td><td>RPN1025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avidin- horseradish peroxidase complex (HRP) </td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Naphthol AS-MX phosphate (C&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;P)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>N4875-1G</td><td>Acute toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>Fast Blue RR Salt, Azoic Diazo No. 24 (C&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;ClN&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; x 1/2 ZnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>FBS25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Levamisol hydrochloride (C&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;13&lt;/sub&gt;ClN&lt;sub&gt;2S&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31742</td><td>Acute toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>3,3&#039;-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB Chromogen)</td><td>DAKO</td><td>S3000</td><td>Highly flammable. Toxic.</td></tr><tr><td>Copper sulphate (CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.02791</td><td>Acute toxicity. Environmental hazzard.</td></tr><tr><td>GelTol Aqueous Mounting Medium</td><td>Thermo Electron Corporation</td><td>230100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide, 30% (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Merck</td><td>107210</td><td>Acute toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH)</td><td>Fluka</td><td>65543</td><td>Acute toxicity. Respiratory sensitization. Carcinogenicity. Flammable.</td></tr><tr><td>Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, TRIS base (C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; )</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1379</td><td>Skin and eye irritation.</td></tr><tr><td>Tris Buffered Saline (TBS), tablet</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T5030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Di- Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; x 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.0658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; x 1H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) </td><td>Merck</td><td>1.06346</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal calf serum (FCS) </td><td>Cambrex BioScience</td><td>DE-14-802F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAKO cytomation wash buffer 10x </td><td>DAKO</td><td>S3006</td><td>Should be stored at 2-8 &amp;deg;C to inhibit bacterial growth. Avoid foaming.</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-Dimethylformamide; DMF (C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;NO)</td><td>Fluka</td><td>40250</td><td>Flammable. Acute toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>Glas coverslips 24 x 36 mm </td><td>Menzel-Gl&amp;#228;ser</td><td>BB024036A1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, conc. (HCl)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>30721</td><td>Corrosive, irritant, permeator. Lung sensitizer (as acid mist). Toxic.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid solution volumetric, 2 M HCl (2 N)</td><td>Fluka</td><td>71826</td><td>Corrosive, irritant, permeator. Lung sensitizer (as acid mist). Toxic.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium nitrite, ReagentPlus, &amp;#8805;99.0% (NaNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S2252</td><td>Oxidant. Toxic. Dangerous for the environment.</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA; C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; x 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.08454</td><td>Oral exposures may cause reproductive and developmental effects.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt; Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek&lt;sup&gt;V.I.P&lt;/sup&gt; Vacuum Infiltration Processor</td><td>Sakura</td><td>5902 VIP Jr. 115 V, 60 Hz</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hacker-Bright 8000 Series Base Sledge Microtome </td><td>Hacker instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Household food steamer </td><td>Braun</td><td>MultiGourmet FS 20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light microscope </td><td>Leica Polyvar 2</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

immunohistochemical analysis in the rat central nervous system and peripheral lymph node tissue sections

免疫組織化学（IHC）は、高度に、特定の信頼性と魅力的なタンパク質の可視化を提供します。 IHCベースの多色標識の正しい性能および解釈は、中枢神経系（CNS）のような高脂肪含有量を有​​する組織中の標的タンパク質との間の相互関係を評価するために利用される場合は特に、困難です。 我々のプロトコルは、特にラットCNSおよび神経炎症によって影響末梢リンパ節（LN）の両方の構造および可溶性タンパク質の検出のために調整し、標準的な免疫標識技術の改良を表します。それにもかかわらず、さらなる改変の有無にかかわらず、我々のプロトコルはそうであってもここで紹介する以外の臓器や種で、他の関連するタンパク質標的の検出のために使用することができます。

二重免疫染色（共染色）は、ホルマリン固定、パラフィン包埋されたラットCNSおよびLN切片で行いました。 3-5ミクロン厚の組織切片は、スレッジミクロトームを用いて切断し、プレコーティングされた接着剤のガラススライド上にマウントされ、その後、以前10,11,12に記載のように処理しました。簡潔には、組織の再水和および内因性のペルオキシダーゼの不...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections at JoVE.com

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

We here present an optimized, detailed protocol for double immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral lymph node (LN) tissue sections.

ラット中枢神経系および末梢リンパ節の組織切片での免疫組織化学的解析

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

immunohistochemical-analysis-rat-central-nervous-system-peripheral

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

17.0K ビュー.  Karolinska Institutet. We here present an optimized, detailed protocol for double immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral lymph node (LN) tissue sections.

ビデオ: Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

Quantification of Tumor Cell Adhesion in Lymph Node Cryosections

Tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs) are not merely filters of tumor-produced waste. They are one of the most common regional sites of provisional residence of disseminated tumor cells in patients with different types of cancer. The detection of these LN-residing tumor cells is an important biomarker associated with poor prognosis and adjuvant therapy decisions. Recent mouse models have indicated that LN-residing tumor cells could be a substantial source of malignant cells for distant metastases. The ability to quantify the adhesivity of tumor cells to LN parenchyma is a critical gauge in experimental research that focuses on the identification of genes or signaling pathways relevant for lymphatic/metastatic dissemination. Because LNs are complex 3D structures with a variety of appearances and compositions in tissue sections depending on the plane of section, their matrices are difficult to replicate experimentally in vitro in a fully controlled way. Here, we describe a simple and inexpensive method that allows the quantification of adhesive tumor cells to LN cryosections. Using serial sections of the same LN, we adapt the classic method developed by Brodt to use nonradioactive labels and directly count the number of adhering tumor cells per LN surface area. LN-adherent tumor cells are readily identified by light microscopy and confirmed by a fluorescence-based method, giving an adhesion index that reveals the cell-binding affinity to LN parenchyma, which is suggestive evidence of molecular alterations in the affinity binding of integrins to their correlate LN-ligands.

Here, we describe a simple and inexpensive method that allows the quantification of adhesive tumor cells to lymph node (LN) cryosections. LN-adherent tumor cells are readily identified by light microscopy and confirmed by a fluorescence-based method, giving an adhesion index that reveals the tumor cell-binding affinity to LN parenchyma.

リンパ節凍結部における腫瘍細胞接着の定量

Tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs) are not merely filters of tumor-produced waste. They are one of the most common regional sites of provisional residence ...

がん研究

Primer for Immunohistochemistry on Cryosectioned Rat Brain Tissue: Example Staining for Microglia and Neurons

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique for detecting the presence, location, and relative abundance of antigens in situ. This introductory level protocol describes the reagents, equipment, and techniques required to complete immunohistochemical staining of rodent brain tissue, using markers for microglia and neuronal elements as an example. Specifically, this paper is a step-by-step protocol for fluorescent visualization of microglia and neurons via immunohistochemistry for Iba1 and Pan-neuronal, respectively. Fluorescence double-labeling is particularly useful for the localization of multiple proteins within the same sample, providing the opportunity to accurately observe interactions between cell types, receptors, ligands, and/or the extracellular matrix in relation to one another as well as protein co-localization within a single cell. Unlike other visualization techniques, fluorescence immunohistochemistry staining intensity may decrease in the weeks to months following staining, unless appropriate precautions are taken. Despite this limitation, in many applications fluorescence double-labeling is preferred over alternatives such as 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) or alkaline phosphatase (AP), as fluorescence is more time efficient and allows for more precise differentiation between two or more markers. The discussion includes troubleshooting tips and advice to promote success.

This introductory level protocol describes the reagents, equipment, and techniques required to complete immunohistochemical staining of rodent brains, using markers for microglia and neuronal elements as an example.

ミクログリアとニューロンのための例染色：凍結切片ラット脳組織の免疫組織化学のためのプライマー

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique for detecting the presence, location, and relative abundance of antigens in situ. This introductory level ...

神経科学

Immunostaining of Biocytin-filled and Processed Sections for Neurochemical Markers

Electrophysiological recordings of cells using the patch clamp technique have allowed for the identification of different neuronal types based on firing patterns. The inclusion of biocytin/neurobiotin in the recording electrode permits post-hoc recovery of morphological details, which are necessary to determine the dendritic arborization and the regions targeted by the axons of the recorded neurons. However, given the presence of morphologically similar neurons with distinct neurochemical identities and functions, immunohistochemical staining for cell-type-specific proteins is essential to definitively identify neurons. To maintain network connectivity, brain sections for physiological recordings are prepared at a thickness of 300 &#181;m or greater. However, this thickness often hinders immunohistological postprocessing due to issues with antibody penetration, necessitating the resectioning of the tissue. Resectioning of slices is a challenging art, often resulting in the loss of tissue and morphology of the cells from which electrophysiological data was obtained, rendering the data unusable. Since recovery of morphology would limit data loss and guide in the selection of neuronal markers, we have adopted a strategy of recovering cell morphology first, followed by secondary immunostaining. We introduce a practical approach to biocytin filling during physiological recordings and subsequent serial immunostaining for the recovery of morphology, followed by the restaining of sections to determine the neurochemical identity. We report that sections that were filled with biocytin, fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA), stained, and coverslipped can be removed and restained with a second primary antibody days later. This restaining involves the removal of the coverslip, the washing of sections in a buffer solution, and the incubation of primary and secondary antibodies to reveal the neurochemical identity. The method is advantageous for eliminating data loss due to an inability to recover morphology and for narrowing down the neurochemical markers to be tested based on morphology.

This protocol presents a method for the morphological recovery of neurons patched during electrophysiological recordings using biocytin filling and subsequent immunohistochemical postprocessing. We show that thick biocytin-filled sections that were stained and coverslipped can be restained with a second primary antibody days&#160;or months later.

神経化学的マーカーのためのビオシチンで満たされたと加工セクションの免疫染色

Electrophysiological recordings of cells using the patch clamp technique have allowed for the identification of different neuronal types based on firing ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎における中枢神経系におけるリンパ球浸潤のフロー細胞量分析

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

免疫・感染学

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and is enveloped by the meninges, membranous layers serving as a barrier between the periphery and the CNS. The CNS is an immunologically specialized site, and in steady state conditions, immune privilege is most evident in the CNS parenchyma. In contrast, the meninges harbor a diverse array of resident cells, including innate and adaptive immune cells. During inflammatory conditions triggered by CNS injury, autoimmunity, infection, or even neurodegeneration, peripherally derived immune cells may enter the parenchyma and take up residence within the meninges. These cells are thought to perform both beneficial and detrimental actions during CNS disease pathogenesis. Despite this knowledge, the meninges are often overlooked when analyzing the CNS compartment, because conventional CNS tissue extraction methods omit the meningeal layers. This protocol presents two distinct methods for the rapid isolation of murine CNS tissues (i.e., brain, spinal cord, and meninges) that are suitable for downstream analysis via single-cell techniques, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization methods. The described methods provide a comprehensive analysis of CNS tissues, ideal for assessing the phenotype, function, and localization of cells occupying the CNS compartment under homeostatic conditions and during disease pathogenesis.

This paper presents two optimized protocols for examining resident and peripherally derived immune cells within the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. Each of these protocols helps to ascertain the function and composition of the cells occupying these compartments under steady state and inflammatory conditions.

免疫細胞の下流分析のための中枢神経系組織および関連する髄膜の単離

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and is enveloped by the meninges, membranous layers serving as a barrier ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

げっ歯類の脳におけるタンパク質発現を測定するために近赤外蛍光と高解像度走査を用いること

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Dissection of Pelvic Autonomic Ganglia and Associated Nerves in Male and Female Rats

The bilateral major pelvic ganglia (MPG; synonym, pelvic ganglia) are the primary source of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervating pelvic organs of rodents; the functionally equivalent structure in humans is the inferior hypogastric plexus. The major pelvic ganglia also provide the route by which lumbar and sacral sensory axons reach the pelvic organs. These complex, mixed ganglia can prove challenging to identify and dissect for further experimental study of normal autonomic mechanisms or to establish preclinical models of disease, injury or visceral pain. Here we describe a protocol to access and visualize these ganglia and their associated nerve tracts. We provide this protocol with schematics for both male and female rats, as the ganglion size and landmarks for identification differ between sexes. The protocol describes removal of the ganglion for in vitro studies, but this method can be integrated into a surgical recovery protocol for experimental interventions (e.g., nerve crush, nerve resection) or for mapping neuronal circuits (e.g., by microinjection of neural tracers). We also demonstrate the primary structures of the ganglion and its associated nerves immediately following dissection and following immunohistochemical staining.

The major pelvic ganglia contain parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons that innervate pelvic organs. Here we describe a dissection method and provide schematics for identification of these ganglia and their associated nerves. These methods can be applied to experimental manipulation of these ganglia in vivo or removal post-mortem for further study.

男性および女性ラットにおける骨神経神経と関連神経の解剖

The bilateral major pelvic ganglia (MPG; synonym, pelvic ganglia) are the primary source of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons ...

A Gravity-Fed Transcardial Perfusion Method for Histologic Analysis of the Mouse Central Nervous System

The histologic analysis of brain and spinal cord specimens isolated from mice is common practice for the assessment of pathology in this model system. To maintain the morphology of these delicate tissues, it is routine to administer a chemical fixative such as paraformaldehyde via cannulation of the heart in anesthetized animals (transcardial perfusion). Transcardial perfusion of the mouse heart has traditionally relied on the use of peristaltic pumps or air pressure to deliver both the saline and fixative solutions necessary for this process. As an easily accessible alternative to these methods, this work demonstrates the use of a gravity-fed method of perfusate delivery that uses materials available in most hardware stores. 
To validate this new perfusion method, this work demonstrates all the subsequent steps necessary for the sensitive detection of phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein in both the brain and spinal cord. Included in these steps are the dissection of the fixed brain and spinal cord tissues, rapid freezing/embedding and cryosectioning of the tissues, and immunofluorescent staining. As this method results in whole-body delivery of the fixative, it may also be used to prepare other non-neuronal tissues for histologic analysis.

A convenient gravity-fed perfusion method for histological analysis of the mouse central nervous system is presented. Immunofluorescent detection of phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein is demonstrated in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. This work also comprehensively describes the transcardial perfusion, dissection, tissue freezing/embedding, and frozen sectioning steps.

マウス中枢神経系の組織学的解析のための重力供給経心筋灌流法

The histologic analysis of brain and spinal cord specimens isolated from mice is common practice for the assessment of pathology in this model system. To ...

Histological-Based Stainings Using Free-Floating Tissue Sections

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to visualize specific tissue structures as well as protein expression and localization. Two alternative approaches are widely used to handle the tissue sections during the staining procedure, one approach consists of mounting the sections directly on glass slides, while a second approach, the free-floating, allows for fixed sections to be maintained and stained while suspended in solution. Although slide-mounted and free-floating approaches may yield similar results, the free-floating technique allows for better antibody penetration and thus should be the method of choice when thicker sections are to be used for 3D reconstruction of the tissues, for example when the focus of the experiment is to gain information on dendritic and axonal projections in brain regions. In addition, since the sections are kept in solution, a single aliquot can easily accommodate 30 to 40 sections, handling of which is less laborious, particularly in large-scale biomedical studies. Here, we illustrate how to apply the free-floating method to fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining, with a major focus on brain sections. We will also discuss how the free-floating technique can easily be modified to fit the individual needs of researchers and adapted to other tissues as well as other histochemical-based stainings, such as hematoxylin and eosin and cresyl violet, as long as tissue samples are properly fixed, typically with paraformaldehyde or formalin.

The free-floating technique allows researchers to perform histological-based stainings including immunohistochemistry on fixed tissue sections to visualize biological structures, cell type, and protein expression and localization. This is an efficient and reliable histochemical technique that can be useful for investigating a multitude of tissues, such as brain, heart, and liver.

自由浮遊組織切片を用いた組織学的染色

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to visualize specific tissue structures as well as protein expression and localization. Two alternative ...

生物学

Immunohistochemical Staining of Nerve Fibers in the Nucleus Basalis of Meyner of the Mouse Brain

Source: Singh, P., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/60405">Stereological Estimation of Cholinergic Fiber Length in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert of the Mouse Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the immunohistochemical staining of cholinergic fibers in the nucleus basalis of the Meynert region of mouse brain sections. Sections are blocked and treated with primary against choline acetyltransferase, followed by biotinylated secondary antibodies. Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes are added, which bind to secondary antibodies, followed by the chromogenic substrate. Sections are then dehydrated and mounted before visualizing under the microscope.

Source: Singh, P., et al. Stereological Estimation of Cholinergic Fiber Length in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert of the Mouse Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
...