マルコBueterとフロリアンセイフライドは、ドイツ学術振興（DFG）によってサポートされていました。トーマス·ルッツは、スイス国立研究財団（SNF）によってサポートされていました。マルコBueterとトーマス·ルッツは、さらに国立衛生研究所（NIH）からと統合人間生理学のためのチューリッヒセンター（ZIHP）から資金を受け取ります。カレルWルルーは、健康臨床医科学者賞の部門によってサポートされていました。ロンドン大学インペリアルカレッジは、NIHR医学研究センターの資金調達スキームから支援を受けています。

1。術前のケア<ol><li>手術前に一晩ラットから食べ物を削除します。 </li><li> 2リットル/分の4〜5％イソフルランとO2フローチャンバー内で麻酔を誘導する。 </li><li>胸骨から電気かみそりを使用して骨盤に腹部を剃る。 </li><li>等温加熱パッド上で仰臥位で麻酔したラットを配置します。 </li><li>ノーズコーンにラットの鼻を配置する前に、眼軟膏（Vitagel）を適用します。 </li><li> 2〜3％のイソフルラン濃度と2リットル/分の酸素流量で麻酔を維持しています。 </li><li> Betadine溶液で皮膚を消毒する。 </li><li>後肢の指の間鉗子のピンチで麻酔の深さを確認してください。 </li><li>周術期の抗生物質の予防、鎮痛のために1 mg / kgのフルニキシンとして5.7 mg / kgのエンロフロキサシンの腹腔内投与する。 </li></ol> 2。中央開腹<ol><li>ちょうどxyphoidプロセス（ブレード10号）の下に出発メスを用いて正中切開を行います。 </li><li> underlから円周方向に皮膚を結集Metzenbaumはさみを使って腹筋をYingさん。 </li><li>腹腔を開きます。 </li><li>操作フィールドの可能な限り最高の露出を促進するためにトラクターをインストールします。 </li></ol> 3。 Biliopancreaticと消化四肢<ol><li>十二指腸または近位空腸は、大腸の下を通過する場所を特定。 </li><li>ここから約10cm aborally小腸をトランセクトと腸の両端（PDS 5-0）結合する。 </li><li>それは、後でルー-en-Y法再建のbiliopancreatic肢を形成するために使用されるように、腹部の左上腹部の両端の近位断端に配置します。 </li><li>それは、後でルー-en-Y法再建の消化肢を形成するために使用されるように、腹部の右上腹部の両端の遠位断端に配置します。 </li></ol> 4。空腸空腸吻合術<ol><li> ileocoecalバルブと回腸と盲腸を識別します。 </li><li>約25cmのために経口で回腸に従ってください。空腸空腸吻合術を出発点としてここに配置されます。ルー-en-Y法再建の共通チャネルである。 </li><li>腹部の左上腹部からbiliopancreatic肢を取得し、空腸空腸吻合術を行う予定で共通チャネルの隣に配置します。 </li><li>セキュアbiliopancreatic肢と保持ステッチ（PDS 6-0）と共通のチャンネル。 </li><li>マイクロはさみを使用して約10 mm以上、両方のループを切開。 </li><li>縫合（PDS 6-0）を使用して、サイ​​ド側吻合を行うことにより、空腸空腸吻合術を作成します。 </li><li>最初の完全な背側として吻合部の腹側。 </li></ol> 5。胃嚢<ol><li>胃食道接合部を識別します。 </li><li> Metzenbaumはさみを使って胃肝臓および胃脾の靭帯を解剖することによって、この領域を結集。 </li><li>横方向に主要な出血や小さな胃嚢が作成された迷走神経の損傷を防ぐために左胃動脈と左傍食道バンドルの迷走神経繊維に移動します。 </li><li>胃食道柱を公開レトロoesophageally綿棒を配置することによってnction。 </li><li>また、出血を防ぐために - 市販の焼灼装置を用いて正面胃の小さな血管を凝固させる。 </li><li>胃繊細な、湾曲したハサミを使用して、元の胃の大きさ以上2から3％以上の大きさの胃嚢を作成して胃食道接合部より約5mmのトランセクト。 </li><li>残胃（PDS 5-0）を閉じます。 </li></ol> 6。胃空腸吻合術<ol><li>腹部の右上腹部から消化四肢を取得し、胃の袋の隣に配置します。 </li><li>端側吻合（PDS 7-0）を行うことにより、胃空腸吻合術を作成します。 </li><li>最初の完全な裏面し、吻合部の正面側。 </li></ol> 7。腹部閉鎖<ol><li> 1.5％イソフルラン濃度を減少させることによって麻酔を減らすことができます。 </li><li>連続縫合糸を使用して腹壁に近い筋層（4-0 PDS）。 </li><li> 0.3 mg / mlの100μlを管理鎮痛のために皮下にブプレノルフィン·ソリューションを提供します。 </li><li>さらに1％イソフルラン濃度を減らすことができます。 </li><li>縫合（4-0 Vicryl）を使用して、皮膚を​​閉じます。 </li></ol> 8。術後処置<ol><li>イソフルランを停止し、O2を続行します。 </li><li> 3皮下デポ内の流体交換のための温かい生理食塩水5mlを管理することができます。 </li><li>完全に回復するまで、赤色光の下での位置ラット。 </li><li>ホームケージにラットを返します。 </li></ol> 9。代表的な結果動物や住宅 gは個別に室温で12時間/ 12時間明暗サイクル下で飼育した350と500の間で体重、Wistar系雄性ラット（Elevageジャンビエ、LE-Genestセント島、フランスハーラン·ラボラトリーズ社、ブラックソーン、英国）。 21±2℃で特に明記しない限り、水と標準的な餌は、利用可能な広告を自由でした。すべての実験はホーム相談によって発行されたライセンスの下で行われたCE、イギリス（PL70-6669）またはカントンチューリッヒ、スイスの獣医局によって承認されました。すべてのラットは胃バイパスまたは偽操作に無作為に割り付けされる前に、順応の一週間を与えられた。通常の餌へのアクセスが再インストールされる前に、手術後、ラットは3日間流動食を受けた。 体重私たちのラット胃バイパスモデルのデータは、胃バイパス手術は、体重を減らすために、特に体重減少（ 図2）を維持するために有効であることがこれまでの知見と一致している。胃バイパス手術と偽操作に使用されるラットの平均術前体重は同様であった（偽：433.4±8.3グラム対バイパス：420.7±8.4 G、P = 0.28）。手術偽手術コントロール5日後には、胃バイパス手術ラット（：422.2±8.3グラム対バイパス：374.7±7.6 G、P &lt;0.001偽）に比べてはるかに多くの重量を量った。 5：術後60日で、体重の差はほぼ170グラム（偽だった33.2±8.1グラム対バイパス：366.2±10.8グラム、P &lt;0.001）。 食糧摂取量食物摂取量は、体重と同様のパターンが続いて、偽手術アドリブ食ラットに比べて胃のバイパスラットで減少した。 図3両群の平均毎日の食物摂取量（術後1〜60）を示しています。毎日の食物摂取は、胃バイパス手術（：29.9±0.2グラム対バイパス：25.7±0.3 G、P &lt;0.001偽）の後、一貫して低かった。 消化管ホルモンすべてのラットから血液が試験終了8,16日に採取した。動物は、前の晩にアドリブの食糧へのアクセスを有しており、術後60日目のライトサイクルの開始時に断頭した。血液は、サンプルは、単一の実行で二重に検定したまではすぐに4℃で10分間3000rpmで遠心分離し、-20℃で保存し、得られた。 PYY様免疫反応は、MEAであった、完全な長さ（PYY1-36）とフラグメント（PYY3-36）の両方を測定し特異的かつ高感度ラジオイムノアッセイ、と測定されています。 GLP-1は、ラジオイムノアッセイ17,18社内に設立さで測定した。 26±2ピコモル/ L対：胃のバイパスラットはPYYのために有意に高いレベル（シャム示したように食物摂取量の違いは、部分的にペプチドYY（PYY）およびグルカゴン様ペプチド1（GLP-1）の増加食後の血漿中濃度によって説明されるかもしれない。バイパス：141±14ピコモル/ L、p &lt;0.001）およびGLP-1（偽：40±5ピコモル/ L対バイパス：215±23ピコモル/ L、P &lt;0.001、 図4）。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig1.jpg" /> 図1。胃バイパス手術の解剖学。前（A）と（B）胃のバイパス手術後の小腸の解剖学的構造の模式図。赤の色合いが約前腸を表す媒体を赤で小腸の対応するセグメントを表す（食道、胃十二指腸近位空腸）、腸（近位および中間空腸、回腸）と後腸の（回腸、盲腸）を表す暗赤色を表す明るい赤。 <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig2.jpg" /> 図2。ラットの胃バイパス手術後の体重減少体重変化胃バイパス手術後のラットの代表的なグループの（ - ）（N = 52）と偽手術ラット（ - ）（N = 52）の観察期間を通じて60日。データは、以前の出版物6,8-10からプールし、平均値として示されている±SEM（*** = p &lt;0.001）であった。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig3.jpg" /> 図3。ラットの胃バイパス手術後の平均食物摂取。全体の代表的な胃バイパス手術後のラットのグループ（黒、N = 52）と偽手術ラット（白、N = 52）の平均毎日の食物摂取60日の術後期間。データは、以前の出版物6,8-10からプールし、平均値±SEMとして示されています。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig3.jpg" /> 図4。ラットの胃バイパス手術後の食後のPYYおよびGLP-1の血清レベル。食後のPYYおよび胃バイパス手術ラット（黒、N = 18）と偽手術ラット（白、N = 22）のGLP-1の血清レベル。データは、以前の刊行物8,16からプールし、平均値±SEMとして示されています。

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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decrease+in+sweet+taste+in+rats+after+gastric+bypass+surgery.">Decrease in sweet taste in rats after gastric bypass surgery.</a> Surg. Endosc. 25, 1176-1181 (2011).</li><li>Olbers, T., Lonroth, H., Fagevik-Olsen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+gastric+bypass:+development+of+technique,+respiratory+function,+and+long-term+outcome.">Laparoscopic gastric bypass: development of technique, respiratory function, and long-term outcome.</a> Obes. Surg. 13, 364-370 (2003).</li><li>Madan, A. K., Harper, J. L., Tichansky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+of+laparoscopic+gastric+bypass:+on-line+survey+of+American+Society+for+Bariatric+Surgery+practicing+surgeons.">Techniques of laparoscopic gastric bypass: on-line survey of American Society for Bariatric Surgery practicing surgeons.</a> Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 4, 166-172 (2008).</li><li>Bueter, M., Lowenstein, C., Ashrafian, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagal+sparing+surgical+technique+but+not+stoma+size+affects+body+weight+loss+in+rodent+model+of+gastric+bypass.">Vagal sparing surgical technique but not stoma size affects body weight loss in rodent model of gastric bypass.</a> Obes. Surg. 20, 616-622 (2010).</li><li>Korner, J., Bessler, M., Cirilo, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Roux-en-Y+gastric+bypass+surgery+on+fasting+and+postprandial+concentrations+of+plasma+ghrelin,+peptide+YY,+and+insulin.">Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin.</a> J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 359-365 (2005).</li><li>Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+nervous+system+control+of+food+intake.">Central nervous system control of food intake.</a> Nature. 404, 661-671 (2000).</li><li>Abbott, C. R., Monteiro, M., Small, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inhibitory+effects+of+peripheral+administration+of+peptide+YY(3-36)+and+glucagon-like+peptide-1+on+food+intake+are+attenuated+by+ablation+of+the+vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic+pathway.">The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway.</a> Brain Res. 1044, 127-131 (2005).</li><li>Adrian, T. E., Ballantyne, G. H., Longo, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deoxycholate+is+an+important+releaser+of+peptide+YY+and+enteroglucagon+from+the+human+colon.">Deoxycholate is an important releaser of peptide YY and enteroglucagon from the human colon.</a> Gut. 34, 1219-1224 (1993).</li><li>Nakatani, H., Kasama, K., Oshiro, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+bile+acid+along+with+plasma+incretins+and+serum+high-molecular+weight+adiponectin+levels+are+increased+after+bariatric+surgery.">Serum bile acid along with plasma incretins and serum high-molecular weight adiponectin levels are increased after bariatric surgery.</a> Metabolism. 58, 1400-1407 (2009).</li><li>Ashrafian, H., le Roux, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+surgery+and+gut+hormones+-+a+review+of+bariatric+entero-humoral+modulation.">Metabolic surgery and gut hormones - a review of bariatric entero-humoral modulation.</a> Physiol. Behav. 97, 620-631 (2009).</li><li>Choban, P. S., Flancbaum, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Roux+limb+lengths+on+outcome+after+Roux-en-Y+gastric+bypass:+a+prospective,+randomized+clinical+trial.+Obes.">The effect of Roux limb lengths on outcome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Obes.</a> Surg. 12, 540-545 (2002).</li><li>Gleysteen, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five-year+outcome+with+gastric+bypass:+Roux+limb+length+makes+a+difference.">Five-year outcome with gastric bypass: Roux limb length makes a difference.</a> Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 5, 242-247 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S., Sahagian, K. G., Schriver, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+varying+Roux+limb+lengths+and+weight+loss+in+gastric+bypass.">Relationship between varying Roux limb lengths and weight loss in gastric bypass.</a> Curr. Surg. 63, 259-263 (2006).</li><li>Hayes, M. R., Kanoski, S. E., De Jonghe, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+common+hepatic+branch+of+the+vagus+is+not+required+to+mediate+the+glycemic+and+food+intake+suppressive+effects+of+glucagon-like-peptide-1.">The common hepatic branch of the vagus is not required to mediate the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of glucagon-like-peptide-1.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301, R1479-R1485 (2011).</li></ol>

利害の衝突が宣言されません。

ヒトのルー-en-Y法胃バイパス手術の手順は、まず1967年にメイソンによって記述され、1983年19トレスすることにより、現在のフォームに変更されました。現在、このプロシージャは小さな胃嚢と近位小腸のバイパスで構成されています。前と術後の解剖の概略図を図1に示されている。 ヒトの胃バイパス手術は約15から30パーセント2の体重減少?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 一般名 </td><td> ブランド名 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td>エンロフロキサシン</td><td>バイトリル2.5パーセント</td><td> Provet AG </td><td> 1036 </td></tr><tr><td>フルニキシン</td><td> Finadyne </td><td> Graeub </td><td> 908040 </td></tr><tr><td> Buprenorphin </td><td> Temgesic </td><td>レキットベンキーザー</td><td> 138976 </td></tr><tr><td>イソフルレン</td><td> IsoFlo </td><td> Graeub </td><td> 902035 </td></tr><tr><td>ビタミン</td><td> Vitagel </td><td>ボシュロム</td><td> 690 </td></tr><tr><td>ヨウ素溶液</td><td> Betadine </td><td>ムンディファーマ</td><td> 111141 </td></tr><tr><td> NaClを0.9パーセント</td><td> NaClを0.9パーセント</td><td> B.ブラウン</td><td> 534534 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。薬。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名 </td><td> サイズ </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 4から0 </td><td>エチコン</td><td> Z924H </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 5から0 </td><td>エチコン</td><td> Z925H </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 6から0 </td><td>エチコン</td><td> PUU2971E </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 7から0 </td><td>エチコン</td><td> Z1370E </td></tr><tr><td> Vicryl </td><td> 4から0 </td><td>エチコン</td><td> V451H </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2。縫合。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td>スカルペルハンドル3号</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BB073R </td></tr><tr><td>メスの刃がありません。 10 </td><td>スワン·モートン</td><td> 0301 </td></tr><tr><td>ニードルホルダー</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BM124R </td></tr><tr><td>組織鉗子</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BD555R </td></tr><tr><td> Metzenbaumはさみ、ストレート</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC022R </td></tr><tr><td>湾曲したMetzenbaumはさみ、 </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC023R </td></tr><tr><td>湾曲した繊細なはさみ、 </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC061R </td></tr><tr><td>湾曲した動脈鉗子、 </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BH109R </td></tr><tr><td>動脈鉗子、湾曲した、1x2の歯</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BH121R </td></tr><tr><td>プローブ、ダブルエンド</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BN113R </td></tr><tr><td>マイクロニードルホルダー</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> FM 541R </td></tr><tr><td>マイクロ鉗子</td><td> Aesculap </td><td> FM571R </td></tr><tr><td>マイクロはさみ</td><td> AESCulap </td><td> FM470R </td></tr><tr><td>使い捨て眼の焼灼</td><td>ジョン·ワイス国際</td><td> 0111122 </td></tr><tr><td>綿の芽</td><td>ハルトマンAG </td><td> 9679369 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3。手術装置。

roux-en-y gastric bypass operation in rats

現在、実証された死亡給付金で重要な、維持体重の損失を誘発する病的肥満の治療のための最も効果的な治療は、肥満症治療手術の1,2です。したがって、最も一般的に実行される操作3はルー-en-Y法胃バイパス手術（胃バイパス）と近年では世界中で行わ肥満操作の数の着実な上昇があった。この背景には、胃バイパス手術は、体重減少を誘導し、維持していく上で生理学的メカニズムを理解することが重要です。これらのメカニズムはまだ完全には理解されていませんが、減少し飢餓を含めることができ、脂肪と砂糖8,9の高い食品、変更塩と腎臓10の水処理などのために変更嗜好、飽食4,5、増加エネルギー消費量6,7の増加よく腸内細菌11の変化である。胃バイパス手術後に見られるような変化は、少なくとも部分的にどのように由来があります胃バイパス手術は、ペプチドYY（PYY）およびグルカゴン様ペプチド-1（GLP-1）の食後のリリースでは、栄養素の存在下で腸内で放出されるホルモンを増加させ、それが食べ減らすために手術は、ホルモン環境を変化させる12。 最後の二十年の間にラットを用いた多くの研究はさらに、胃バイパス手術後の生理的変化を調べるために実施されている。胃バイパスラットモデルは、それが密接に時間プロファイルと人間の体重減少の大きさを模倣するだけでなく、研究者は、適切なコントロールの使用を含む、重要な解剖学的および生理学的な要因を制御し、操作することができ、少なくとも貴重な実験的なツールではありませんあることが証明されている。その結果、他の詳細13から15の日文学で利用可能なラットの胃のバイパスモデルの広い配列があります。これらのモデルの正確な手術手技の説明には、広く変化し、袋の大きさの点で異なります、例えば、四肢長さ、および迷走神経の温存。報告された場合、死亡率は0から35パーセント15からの範囲と思われる。また、手術は別の株と年齢の雄ラットでほとんど独占的に行われている。前と術後の食事も大幅に変化した。 公開され胃のバイパスラットモデルにおける技術的および実験的な変動は、胃バイパス手術に関与して潜在的な生理学的メカニズムとの比較同定を複雑にします。これらのモデルのいずれかが優れていることが明確な証拠はありませんが、一貫性と比較可能なデータを達成するための手順の標準化のための新たな必要性がある。この資料では、したがって、私たちの以前に検証され、公開され胃バイパスラットモデルの技術的および実験の詳細を要約し、議論することを目指しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats at JoVE.com

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats

胃バイパスラットモデルを用いて多数の研究が最近ルー-en-Y法胃バイパス操作の基礎となる生理学的メカニズムを明らかにするために行われている。この記事では、この実験的なツールの利点と限界を理解することが私たちの公開胃バイパスラットモデルの技術的および実験の詳細を示し、議論することを目指しています。

ラットにおけるルー-en-Y法胃バイパス手術

Currently, the most effective therapy for the treatment of morbid obesity to induce significant and maintained body weight loss with a proven mortality ...

roux-en-y-gastric-bypass-operation-in-rats

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.4K ビュー.  University Hospital Zürich. 胃バイパスラットモデルを用いて多数の研究が最近ルー-en-Y法胃バイパス操作の基礎となる生理学的メカニズムを明らかにするために行われている。この記事では、この実験的なツールの利点と限界を理解することが私たちの公開胃バイパスラットモデルの技術的および実験の詳細を示し、議論することを目指しています。

ビデオ: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Animal models that mimic human cardiac disease, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) that induces heart failure as well as pressure-overload (transverse aortic constriction) that induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (Goldman and Tarnavski), are useful models to study cardiovascular disease. In particular, myocardial ischemia (MI) is a leading cause for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality despite controlling certain risk factors such as arteriosclerosis and treatments via surgical intervention (Thygesen). Furthermore, an acute loss of the myocardium following myocardial ischemia (MI) results in increased loading conditions that induces ventricular remodeling of the infarcted border zone and the remote non-infarcted myocardium. Myocyte apoptosis, necrosis and the resultant increased hemodynamic load activate multiple biochemical intracellular signaling that initiates LV dilatation, hypertrophy, ventricular shape distortion, and collagen scar formation. This pathological remodeling and failure to normalize the increased wall stresses results in progressive dilatation, recruitment of the border zone myocardium into the scar, and eventually deterioration in myocardial contractile function (i.e. heart failure). The progression of LV dysfunction and heart failure in rats is similar to that observed in patients who sustain a large myocardial infarction, survive and subsequently develops heart failure (Goldman). The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model in rats has been used to mimic human cardiovascular disease; specifically used to study cardiac signaling mechanisms associated with heart failure as well as to assess the contribution of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of heart failure. The method described in this report is the rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This model is also referred to as an acute ischemic cardiomyopathy or ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR); which is induced by an acute 30-minute period of ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by reperfusion of the tissue by releasing the LAD ligation (Vasilyev and McConnell). This protocol will focus on assessment of the infarct size and the area-at-risk (AAR) by Evan's blue dye and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) following 4-hours of reperfusion; additional comments toward the evaluation of cardiac function and remodeling by modifying the duration of reperfusion, is also presented. Overall, this AMI rat animal model is useful for studying the consequence of a myocardial infarction on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

The rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is useful to study the consequence of a MI on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

ラットにおける急性心筋梗塞

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular ...

医学

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

ラット同所性肝移植

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Intraoperative Gastroscopy for Tumor Localization in Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Determining resection margins for gastric cancer, which are not exposed to the serosal surface of the stomach, is the most important procedure during totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG). The aim of this protocol is to introduce a procedure for intraoperative gastroscopy, in order to directly mark tumors during TLG for gastric cancer in the middle third of the stomach. Patients who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in the middle third of the stomach were enrolled in this case series. Before surgery, additional gastroscopy for tumor localization is not performed. Under general anesthesia, laparoscopic mobilization of the stomach is performed first. After the first portion of the duodenum is mobilized from the pancreas and clamped, the surgeon moves to the other side for the gastroscopic procedure. On the insertion of a gastroscope through the oral cavity into the stomach, 2 - 3 cc of indigo carmine is administered via an endoscopic injector into the gastric muscle layer at the proximal margin of the stomach. The location of stained serosa in the laparoscopic view is used to guide distal subtotal gastrectomy, however, total gastrectomy is performed if the tumor is too close to the esophagogastric junction. A specimen is sampled after distal gastrectomy to confirm sufficient length from resection margin to tumor before reconstruction. In our case series, all patients had tumor-free margins and required no additional resection. There was no morbidity related to the gastroscopic procedure, and the time required for the procedure has gradually decreased to about five minutes. Intraoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization is an accurate and tolerated method for gastric cancer patients undergoing totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.

In early gastric cancer, the aim of surgery is to precisely remove the distal stomach including the primary tumor. To do this, accurate localization of the tumor is crucial, especially in totally laparoscopic surgery. This protocol describes a procedure for intraoperative gastroscopy in totally laparoscopic subtotal gastrectomy.

胃腺癌のための腹腔鏡下手術で腫瘍局在化のための術中胃内視鏡

Determining resection margins for gastric cancer, which are not exposed to the serosal surface of the stomach, is the most important procedure during ...

Vein Interposition Model: A Suitable Model to Study Bypass Graft Patency

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. Research models for bypass graft failure are essential for a better understanding of pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during graft patency loss. Large animal models, such as pigs or sheep, resemble human anatomical structures but require special facilities and equipment. This video describes a rat vein interposition model to investigate vein graft patency loss. Rats are inexpensive and easy to handle. Compared to mouse models, the convenient size of rats permits better operability and enables a sufficient amount of material to be obtained for further diverse analysis. In brief, the inferior epigastric vein of a donor rat is harvested and used to replace a segment of the femoral artery. Anastomosis is conducted via single stitches and sealed with fibrin glue. Graft patency can be monitored non-invasively using duplex sonography. Myointimal hyperplasia, which is the main cause for graft patency loss, develops progressively over time and can be calculated from histological cross sections.

This video demonstrates a model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia after venous interposition surgery in rats.

静脈介在モデル：バイパスグラフト開存を研究するための適切なモデル

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. ...

Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice

Obesity is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of 4 to 28% for men and 6.2 to 36.5% for women in Europe (from 2003 to 2008). Morbid obesity is frequently associated with metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, reducing life expectancy and quality. In the absence of any effective noninvasive treatments, bariatric surgery is a valuable therapeutic option for patients with morbid obesity (body mass index (BMI) &#62;40 kg/m2), leading to long-term, sustained weight loss and improvements in metabolic complications. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms sustaining the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery are not yet fully understood. Due to the numerous genetically-modified strains available, the mouse model is the most convenient animal model to explore the molecular mechanisms behind the pleiotropic beneficial effects of bariatric surgeries. Here, we detailed the optimized healthcare methods and surgical protocols in mice for the two most widely-used bariatric surgeries: the sleeve gastrectomy and the modified Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of bariatric surgeries offers the promise of identifying new therapeutics targets.

Bariatric surgery is the most efficient way to reduce body weight and the deadly metabolic complications (diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia) frequently associated with morbid obesity. Mouse models of bariatric surgery represent a unique asset for deciphering molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of these surgeries on diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

スリーブ胃切除およびマウスにおける変更されたルーワイ胃バイパスのテクニック

Obesity is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of 4 to 28% for men and 6.2 to 36.5% for women in Europe (from 2003 to 2008). Morbid obesity is ...

Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach

As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization and for minimizing organ damage resulting from prolonged extracorporal circulation. The goal of this paper was to demonstrate a fully functional and clinically relevant model of cardiopulmonary bypass in a mouse. We report on the device design, perfusion circuit optimization, and microsurgical techniques. This model is an acute model, which is not compatible with survival due to the need for multiple blood drawings. Because of the range of tools available for mice (e.g., markers, knockouts, etc.), this model will facilitate investigation into the molecular mechanisms of organ damage and the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass in relation to other comorbidities.

This paper describes how to perform cardiopulmonary bypass in mice. This novel model will facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in organ damage.

マウス モデルにおける心肺バイパス: 新しいアプローチ

As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization ...

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) in Rats

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical model, longitudinal studies can be carried out to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans. For this purpose, rats are operated on through a laparotomy under general anesthesia with isoflurane. First, the surgeon creates a long and tubular gastric pouch: after greater curve and hiatal dissection, the nonglandular stomach is stapled and removed. Then, the remaining stomach is also stapled in order to create a gastric tube and exclude the antrum of the stomach. After that, the surgeon performs a single end-to-side gastrojejunostomy 35 cm from the duodenojejunal angle. This limb length has been chosen in order to reproduce the same ratio between the biliopancreatic limb (BPL) and common limb (CL) length as in human bariatric surgery. The operation ends by aponeurotic and cutaneous closure. The early postoperative management consists of subcutaneous hydration, an intramuscular prophylactic antibiotic injection, a parietal injection of xylocaine, the administration of painkillers, and a progressive reintroduction of diet.

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass OAGB in Rats

This protocol is for the performance of one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) on rat. The operator performs a long and tubular-stapled gastric pouch followed by hand-sewn anastomosis. For this model, the operator reproduces the same ratio between biliopancreatic and common limb in humans; therefore, the biliopancreatic limb measures 35 cm.

ラットにおける 1 吻合胃バイパス (OAGB)

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical ...

Preparation of Decellularized Kidney Scaffolds in Rats

Tissue engineering is a cutting-edge discipline in biomedicine. Cell culture techniques can be applied for regeneration of functional tissues and organs to replace diseased or damaged organs. Scaffolds are needed to facilitate the generation of three-dimensional organs or tissues using differentiated stem cells in vivo. In this report, we describe a novel method for developing vascularized scaffolds using decellularized rat kidneys. Eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study, and heparin was injected into the heart to facilitate flow into the renal vessels, allowing heparin to perfuse into the renal vessels. The abdominal cavity was opened, and the left kidney was collected. The collected kidneys were perfused for 9 h using detergents, such as Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate, to decellularize the tissue. Decellularized kidney scaffolds were then gently washed with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and heparin to remove cellular debris and chemical residues. Transplantation of stem cells with the decellularized vascular scaffolds is expected to facilitate the generation of new organs. Thus, the vascularized scaffolds may provide a foundation for tissue engineering of organ grafts in the future.

This protocol introduces a method to develop a scaffold using decellularized rat kidneys. The protocol includes decellularization and recellularization processes to confirm bioavailability. Decellularization is performed using Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate.

ラットにおける脱細胞化腎臓足場の調製

Tissue engineering is a cutting-edge discipline in biomedicine. Cell culture techniques can be applied for regeneration of functional tissues and organs ...

A Protocol for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Rats using Linear Staplers

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is commonly performed for the treatment of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism of weight loss and metabolic changes are not well understood. Multiple factors are thought to play a role, including reduced caloric intake, decreased nutrient absorption, increased satiety, the release of satiety-promoting hormones, shifts in bile acid metabolism, and alterations in the gut microbiota.
The rat RYGB model presents an ideal framework to study these mechanisms. Prior work on mouse models have had high mortality rates, ranging from 17 to 52%, limiting their adoption. Rat models demonstrate more physiologic reserve to surgical stimulus and are technically easier to adopt as they allow for the use of surgical staplers. One challenge with surgical staplers, however, is that they often leave a large gastric pouch which is not representative of RYGB in humans. 
In this protocol, we present a RYGB protocol in rats that result in a small gastric pouch using surgical staplers. Utilizing two stapler fires which remove the forestomach of the rat, we obtain a smaller gastric pouch similar to that following a typical human RYGB. Surgical stapling also results in better hemostasis than sharp division. Additionally, the forestomach of the rat does not contain any glands and its removal should not alter the physiology of RYGB.
Weight loss and metabolic changes in the RYGB cohort were significant compared to the sham cohort, with significantly lower glucose tolerance at 14 weeks. Furthermore, this protocol has an excellent survival of 88.9% after RYGB. The skills described in this protocol can be acquired without previous microsurgical experience. Once mastered, this procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the mechanisms and effects of RYGB.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is performed to treat obesity and diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying RYGB's efficacy are not fully understood, and studies are limited by technical difficulty leading to high mortality in animal models. This article provides instructions on how to perform RYGB in rats with high success rates.

リニア・ステープラーを用いたラットにおけるルー・アン・Y胃バイパスのプロトコル

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is commonly performed for the treatment of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism of weight loss and ...

Robotic Central Pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y Pancreaticojejunostomy

Central pancreatectomy is a parenchyma-sparing alternative to distal pancreatectomy in patients with a benign or low-grade malignant tumor in the body of the pancreas. The aim of central pancreatectomy is to prevent postoperative life-long endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. The downside of central pancreatectomy is the high rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula, which is the main reason that many surgeons do not routinely use central pancreatectomy in eligible patients. Most studies report open or laparoscopic central pancreatectomy with a pancreatico-gastrostomy anastomosis in adults. This is the first description of a standardized approach to robotic central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction in an adolescent (16-year-old boy) with a pseudopapillary tumor in the body of the pancreas. The operation time was 248 min with 20 mL of blood loss. The postoperative course was uneventful except for the short-term medical treatment for a grade B pancreatic fistula. Robotic central pancreatectomy can be safely applied in selected patients in experienced centers.

Robotic central pancreatectomy may be used in selected patients in experienced centers. This protocol presents all steps and the feasibility of a robotic central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy in a 16-year-old adolescent patient.

ルー・アン・イ膵チコジュノミノストミーによるロボット中央汎創切術

Central pancreatectomy is a parenchyma-sparing alternative to distal pancreatectomy in patients with a benign or low-grade malignant tumor in the body of ...

ラットにおけるルー-en-Y法胃バイパス手術

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ラットにおける急性心筋梗塞

ラット同所性肝移植

胃腺癌のための腹腔鏡下手術で腫瘍局在化のための術中胃内視鏡

静脈介在モデル：バイパスグラフト開存を研究するための適切なモデル

スリーブ胃切除およびマウスにおける変更されたルーワイ胃バイパスのテクニック

マウスモデルにおける心肺バイパス: 新しいアプローチ

ラットにおける 1 吻合胃バイパス (OAGB)

ラットにおける脱細胞化腎臓足場の調製

リニア・ステープラーを用いたラットにおけるルー・アン・Y胃バイパスのプロトコル

ルー・アン・イ膵チコジュノミノストミーによるロボット中央汎創切術

ラットにおけるルー-en-Y法胃バイパス手術

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ラットにおける急性心筋梗塞

ラット同所性肝移植

胃腺癌のための腹腔鏡下手術で腫瘍局在化のための術中胃内視鏡

静脈介在モデル：バイパスグラフト開存を研究するための適切なモデル

スリーブ胃切除およびマウスにおける変更されたルーワイ胃バイパスのテクニック

マウス モデルにおける心肺バイパス: 新しいアプローチ

ラットにおける 1 吻合胃バイパス (OAGB)

ラットにおける脱細胞化腎臓足場の調製

リニア・ステープラーを用いたラットにおけるルー・アン・Y胃バイパスのプロトコル

ルー・アン・イ膵チコジュノミノストミーによるロボット中央汎創切術

マウスモデルにおける心肺バイパス: 新しいアプローチ