我々は、リフォールディング条件を最適化することで助けを博士Naidenkoに感謝。この作品は、ローランBrossayにNIHの研究助成金AI58181によってサポートされていました。シンディあるbanhはNIH NRSA F31 AI080230によってサポートされています。 ステファニーTerrizziとシンディあるbanhはこの作品にも同様に寄与する。

封入体の調製<ol><li> TBの4 × 500ミリリットルのフラスコに接種する各KLRG1プラスミド構築物を発現している細菌の一晩培養では50μg/カルベニシリンとのクロラムフェニコールを含む。 ODが600 nmで0.6 Åに達すると、37℃で0.4 M IPTGの添加により誘導と握手さらに4時間培養液を、C. </li><li>再懸濁緩衝液pH = 8.0（50mMトリス- HCl、25％（W / V）ショ糖、1mMのEDTA、10mMのDTT）で採取された細胞を再懸濁します。注：ペレットがこの段階で凍結することができます。 </li><li>ポリプロピレンのビーカー内の細菌resuspensionsを60mlよりプールこれ以上ない。必要な場合は、TE緩衝液pH8.0で60 mlに調整し、半分の速度で混合物をかき混ぜる。 </li><li>攪拌混合物に滴下して加える：リゾチーム（最終= 1 mg / ml）を、MgCl2の（最後の= 5 mM）を、2 mgをDNase Iでは50％グリセロール、75 mM NaClを、トリトン- X100を（最後の= 1％）含まれて、DTTを（最後の= 10 mM）を。 </li><li> 1.5分間氷上でソリューションを超音波処理し、4℃で10分間、5,000 rpmでライセートを遠心℃に<ol class="lalpha"><li>上清をデカント。 </li><li>洗浄緩衝液の15 mlを加え= 8.0（50mMトリス- HCl、0.5％トリトンX - 100、100mMのNaCl、1mMのEDTA、1mMのDTT）。 </li><li>ペレットが完全に再懸濁されるまで氷上で、1.5分間のソリューションを超音波処理。 </li><li>で10分間4℃でサンプルを5,000 rpmで遠心する</li><li>洗濯5回を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li><li> TEバッファー4mlのトリトンX - 100、遠心分離と再懸なく、洗浄バッファーで5bを繰り返します。 </li><li> 30から100 mg / mlの濃度で湿重量の封入体のスラリーとTEバッファーに格納してください。 </li></ol> KLRG1のリフォールディング<ol><li>バッファーのpHをリフォールディングの1 Lを作る= 8.0（0.4 Mアルギニン塩酸、0.1 MトリスpHは8〜8.3、2mMのEDTA、0.2mMのPMSF、3 EDTA -フリープロテアーゼ阻害剤の錠剤、5mMのGSHおよび0.5mM GSSG）とチル〜4℃、攪拌しながら。 </li><li>折り畳み式の混合物への注入のために封入体を準備する：これは、タンパク質の最終濃度が2 3μMとなるように0.25 0.5μMの濃度で各5 10注射をするのに最適です。 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 10mMのβ-メルカプトエタノールで7 M GnHClにおける封入体のスラリーの50mgの量を溶かす。 </li><li> 37℃で封入体/ GnHCl混合物を保持℃で30用のC - 40分と渦完全な溶融を確実にするために5分ごとに（完全に溶融するときにスラリーが明らかになる）。 </li><li> 4で微量遠心機で30分間最大速度で遠心° Cと15 ml遠心チューブに上清を移す。小さな黒っぽいペレットのいずれかを転送するためにしないでください。 </li></ol></li><li>インジェクションバッファー（3 M GnHCl、10mMの酢酸ナトリウム、pHは4.2,10 mMのEDTA）で音量を調整します。 </li><li>希薄化後の封入体時間ごとの1mlを注入する。注入するときは、各ドロップの間に2秒でドロップによる希薄化後の封入体の降下の1 mlを追加する、高速でかき混ぜる。注入が完了すると、低速でかき混ぜる。 </li><li>一晩4℃で低速で撹拌し続ける℃に</li></ol>リフォールディング反応の濃度<ol><li>ミリポアのプロトコールに従い、アミコンを使用して（0.22μmのフィルタ処理）フィルタの適用前のリフォールディング反応の1 Lを集中〜10 mlに細胞とYM10 NMWL 10K限外ろ過膜（Millipore）を攪拌。 </li><li> Centriplus YM - 10 10K MWCOを（ミリポア）を使用して≤2 mlに集中する。 </li></ol> KLRG1四量体の精製<ol><li> 4時AKTAFPLCをセットアップ° C GEヘルスケアのマニュアルにしたがって。 </li><li> 20mMのHEPES、150 mMのNaClでセファクリルS - 200 60分の16の高分解能カラム（GE Healthcare）を用いたサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーによってKLRG1の単量体の形を浄化する。 （図1を参照してください）​​。 </li><li> Centriplus YM - 10 10K MWCOを（ミリポア）を使用して1mlに濃縮する。 </li><li> KLRG1モノマーをビオチニル化するために親和力のプロトコルに従ってのBirA酵素を使用してください。 </li><li>遊離ビオチンは、2のようにサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーによって除去される。 </li><li> KLRG1分子を4倍モル過剰PE結合ストレプトアビジン（BD Biosciences社）でKLRG1モノマーを混合することによりtetramerizedている。 </li></ol>代表的な結果 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/1702/1702fig1.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1702/1702fig1tmb.jpg" alt="図1" border="0" /></a> 図1代表的なリフォールディングKLRG1のAKTA FPLCのサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーからの肯定的な結果を。グラフは、モノマーの分離（83.52ミリリットル）、ダイマー（56.36ミリリットル）、およびリフォールディングKLRG1のマルチマー（36.26ミリリットル）の形式を示しています。 94.25ミリリットルのピークは、バッファの交換を表します。

<ol>
	<li>Tessmer, M. S., Fugere, C., Stevenaert, F., Naidenko, O. V., Chong, H. J., Leclercq, G., Brossay, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KLRG1+binds+cadherins+and+preferentially+associates+with+SHIP-1.">KLRG1 binds cadherins and preferentially associates with SHIP-1.</a> Int Immunol. 19, 391-400 (2007).</li><li>Grundemann, C., Bauer, M., Schweier, O., von Oppen, N., Lassing, U., Saudan, P., Becker, K. F., Karp, K., Hanke, T., Bachmann, M. F., Pircher, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+identification+of+E-cadherin+as+a+ligand+for+the+murine+killer+cell+lectin-like+receptor+G1.">Cutting edge: identification of E-cadherin as a ligand for the murine killer cell lectin-like receptor G1.</a> J Immunol. 176, 1311-1315 (2006).</li><li>Ito, M., Maruyama, T., Saito, N., Koganei, S., Yamamoto, K., Matsumoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Killer+cell+lectin-like+receptor+G1+binds+three+members+of+the+classical+cadherin+family+to+inhibit+NK+cell+cytotoxicity.">Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 binds three members of the classical cadherin family to inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity.</a> J Exp Med. 203, 289-295 (2006).</li><li>Li, Y., Hofmann, M., Wang, Q., Teng, L., Chlewicki, L. K., Pircher, H., Mariuzza, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+natural+killer+cell+receptor+KLRG1+bound+to+E-cadherin+reveals+basis+for+MHC-independent+missing+self+recognition.">Structure of natural killer cell receptor KLRG1 bound to E-cadherin reveals basis for MHC-independent missing self recognition.</a> Immunity. 31, 35-46 (2009).</li><li>Nakamura, S., Kuroki, K., Ohki, I., Sasaki, K., Kajikawa, M., Maruyama, T., Ito, M., Kameda, Y., Ikura, M., Yamamoto, K., Matsumoto, N., Maenaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.+Molecular+basis+for+E-cadherin+recognition+by+killer+cell+lectin-like+receptor+G1+(KLRG1).">K. Molecular basis for E-cadherin recognition by killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1).</a> J Biol Chem. , .</li></ol>

このプロトコルでは、ビオチニル化する、精製する方法が示され、tetramerize KLRG1ている。 KLRG1四量体はフローサイトメトリーでKLRG1リガンドを標識するために使用することができます。リフォールディング条件は各タンパク質のために経験的にテストされる必要があるものの、他のC型レクチンは、同様のプロトコルを使用してtetramerizedすることができます。プローブとしてtetramerizedタンパク?...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>BirA Enzyme and Buffer</td>
<td>Biotinylation Kit</td>
<td>Avidity</td>
<td>BIRA500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Complete Mini Protease Inhibitor Tablets, EDTA Free</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>11 836 170 001</td>
<td>or equivalent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amicon Stirred Cell</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>Model #8400</td>
<td>or equivalent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>YM10 NMWL 10K ultrafiltration membrane</td>
<td>Filtration Supply</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>13642</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>15 ml YM10 concentrator</td>
<td>Filtration Supply</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>4411</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>AKTAFPLC</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>18-1900-26</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sephacryl S-200 16/60 high-resolution column</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>17-1166-01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Strepavidin PE</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>BD Biosciences</td>
<td>554061</td>
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a protocol for the production of klrg1 tetramer

キラー細胞レクチン様受容体のG1（KLRG1）はC型レクチン様スーパーファミリーに属するII型膜貫通糖タンパク質抑制性受容体である。 KLRG1は、モノマーとして、及びジスルフィド結合ホモダイマーとしても存在する。このよく保存された受容体は、最も成熟し、最近では活性化NK細胞だけでなく、エフェクター/メモリーT細胞のサブセットに記載されています。 KLRG1四量体だけでなく、他の方法を使用して、E -、N -、およびR -カドヘリンはKLRG1リガンドとして同定された。これらのCa 2 +依存性細胞間接着分子は細胞間相互作用、膜貫通ドメインとアクチン細胞骨格にリンクされている細胞質ドメインの責任fiveカドヘリンリピートを含む細胞外ドメインで構成する。 KLRG1四量体の生成はKLRG1リガンドの同定に不可欠でした。 KLRG1四量体はまた、免疫応答と組織の整合性の調節に役割のカドヘリンとKLRG1プレイを解明するユニークなツールです。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer at JoVE.com

A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer

このプロトコルは、KLRG1リガンドの分析のための強力なツールですKLRG1四量体、の製造を説明します。

KLRG1テトラマーの生産のためのプロトコル

Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein inhibitory receptor belonging to the C type lectin-like superfamily. ...

a-protocol-for-the-production-of-klrg1-tetramer

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.9K ビュー.  Brown University. このプロトコルは、KLRG1リガンドの分析のための強力なツールですKLRG1四量体、の製造を説明します。

ビデオ: A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night cycle. For this procedure, you'll need mosquito cages, 10% sterile sucrose solution, paper towels, beaker, whatman filter paper, glass feeders, human blood and serum, water bath, parafilm, distilled water, clean plastic trays, mosquito food (described below), mosquito net to cover the trays, vacuum, and a collection chamber to collect adults.

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing A. gambiae

This video illustrates the general techniques used to rear Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. The methods for caring for laboratory mosquitoes are demonstrated through all stages of the organism's life cycle from larvae to pupae to blood-feeding adults.

モスキート子育てのためのプロトコル（A. gambiae）

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night ...

生物学

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers allow the direct visualization of antigen specific CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry.  This method relies on the highly specific interaction between peptide loaded MHC and the corresponding T-cell receptor.  While the affinity of a single MHC/peptide molecule is low, cross-linking MHC/peptide complexes with streptavidin increases the avidity of the interaction, enabling their use as staining reagents.  Because of the relatively low frequencies of CD4+ T cells (~1 in 300,000 for a single specificity) this assay utilizes an in vitro amplification step to increase its threshold of detection.  Mononuclear cells are purified from peripheral blood by Ficoll underlay.  CD4+ cells are then separated by negative selection using biotinylated antibody cocktail and anti-biotin labeled magnetic beads.  Using adherent cells from the CD4- cell fraction as antigen presenting cells, CD4+ T cells are expanded in media by adding an antigenic peptide and IL-2.  The expanded cells are stained with the corresponding class II tetramer by incubating at 37 C for one hour and subsequently stained using surface antibodies such as anti-CD4, anti-CD3, and anti-CD25.  After labeling, the cells can be directly analyzed by flow cytometry.  The tetramer positive cells typically form a distinct population among the expanded CD4+ cells.  Tetramer positive cells are usually CD25+ and often CD4 high.  Because the level of background tetramer staining can vary, positive staining results should always be compared to the staining of the same cells with an irrelevant tetramer.  Multiple variations of this basic assay are possible.  Tetramer positive cells may be sorted for further phenotypic analysis, inclusion in ELISPOT or proliferation assays, or other secondary assays.  Several groups have also demonstrated co-staining using tetramers and either anti-cytokine or anti-FoxP3 antibodies.  

This procedure demonstrates the purification and in vitro expansion of antigen specific CD4+ T cells from whole peripheral blood and their visualization using MHC class II tetramers. Tetramers permit the direct visualization of T cells with a single antigen specificity and defined MHC class II restriction.

抗原特異的CD4 + T細胞はMHCクラスIIテトラマーを用いての可視化

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers allow the direct visualization of antigen specific CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry.  This method ...

The Production of C. elegans Transgenes via Recombineering with the galK Selectable Marker

The creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized in C. elegans research including the use of GFP fusion proteins to study the regulation and expression pattern of genes of interest or generation of tandem affinity purification (TAP) tagged versions of specific genes to facilitate their purification. Typically transgenes are generated by placing a promoter upstream of a GFP reporter gene or cDNA of interest, and this often produces a representative expression pattern. However, critical elements of gene regulation, such as control elements in the 3' untranslated region or alternative promoters, could be missed by this approach. Further only a single splice variant can be usually studied by this means. In contrast, the use of worm genomic DNA carried by fosmid DNA clones likely includes most if not all elements involved in gene regulation in vivo which permits the greater ability to capture the genuine expression pattern and timing. To facilitate the generation of transgenes using fosmid DNA, we describe an E. coli based recombineering procedure to insert GFP, a TAP-tag, or other sequences of interest into any location in the gene. The procedure uses the galK gene as the selection marker for both the positive and negative selection steps in recombineering which results in obtaining the desired modification with high efficiency. Further, plasmids containing the galK gene flanked by homology arms to commonly used GFP and TAP fusion genes are available which reduce the cost of oligos by 50% when generating a GFP or TAP fusion protein. These plasmids use the R6K replication origin which precludes the need for extensive PCR product purification. Finally, we also demonstrate a technique to integrate the unc-119 marker on to the fosmid backbone which allows the fosmid to be directly injected or bombarded into worms to generate transgenic animals. This video demonstrates the procedures involved in generating a transgene via recombineering using this method.

The Production of C. elegans Transgenes via Recombineering with the galK Selectable Marker

The ability to produce transgenes for Caenorhabditis elegans using genomic DNA carried by fosmids is particularly attractive as all of the native regulatory elements are retained. Described is a simple and robust procedure for the production of transgenes via recombineering with the galK selectable marker.

の生産 C.エレガンス</emとRecombineering経由>トランスジーン galK選択可能なマーカー

The creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized in C. elegans research including the use of GFP fusion proteins to study the regulation and ...

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number gains and losses and DNA methylation. Advances in high-throughput, genome-wide profiling technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly improved our ability to identify and detect these specific alterations. However as technology continues to improve, a limiting factor remains sample quality and availability. Furthermore, follow-up clinical information and disease outcome are often collected years after the initial specimen collection. Specimens, typically formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), are stored in hospital archives for years to decades. DNA can be efficiently and effectively recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens if the appropriate method of extraction is applied. High quality DNA extracted from properly preserved and stored specimens can support quantitative assays for comparisons of normal and diseased tissues and generation of genetic and epigenetic signatures 1. To extract DNA from paraffin-embedded samples, tissue cores or microdissected tissue are subjected to xylene treatment, which dissolves the paraffin from the tissue, and then rehydrated using a series of ethanol washes. Proteins and harmful enzymes such as nucleases are subsequently digested by proteinase K. The addition of lysis buffer, which contains denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), facilitates digestion 2. Nucleic acids are purified from the tissue lysate using buffer-saturated phenol and high speed centrifugation which generates a biphasic solution. DNA and RNA remain in the upper aqueous phase, while proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are sequestered in the inter- and organic-phases respectively. Retention of the aqueous phase and repeated phenol extractions generates a clean sample. Following phenol extractions, RNase A is added to eliminate contaminating RNA. Additional phenol extractions following incubation with RNase A are used to remove any remaining enzyme. The addition of sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitates DNA, and high speed centrifugation is used to pellet the DNA and facilitate isopropanol removal. Excess salts carried over from precipitation can interfere with subsequent enzymatic assays, but can be removed from the DNA by washing with 70% ethanol, followed by centrifugation to re-pellet the DNA 3. DNA is re-suspended in distilled water or the buffer of choice, quantified and stored at -20&deg;C. Purified DNA can subsequently be used in downstream applications which include, but are not limited to, PCR, array comparative genomic hybridization 4 (array CGH), methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and sequencing, allowing for an integrative analysis of tissue/tumor samples.

This video demonstrates the protocol for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. This is a multi-day procedure in which tissue sections are deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with ethanol and treated with proteinase K to purify and isolate DNA for subsequent gene-specific or genome-wide analysis.

遺伝学的およびエピジェネティクス解析のためのパラフィン包埋材料からのDNA抽出

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

A Convenient and General Expression Platform for the Production of Secreted Proteins from Human Cells

Recombinant protein expression in bacteria, typically E. coli, has been the most successful strategy for milligram quantity expression of proteins. However, prokaryotic hosts are often not as appropriate for expression of human, viral or eukaryotic proteins due to toxicity of the foreign macromolecule, differences in the protein folding machinery, or due to the lack of particular co- or post-translational modifications in bacteria. Expression systems based on yeast (P. pastoris or S. cerevisiae) 1,2, baculovirus-infected insect (S. frugiperda or T. ni) cells 3, and cell-free in vitro translation systems 2,4 have been successfully used to produce mammalian proteins. Intuitively, the best match is to use a mammalian host to ensure the production of recombinant proteins that contain the proper post-translational modifications. A number of mammalian cell lines (Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293, CV-1 cells in Origin carrying the SV40 larget T-antigen (COS), Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO), and others) have been successfully utilized to overexpress milligram quantities of a number of human proteins 5-9. However, the advantages of using mammalian cells are often countered by higher costs, requirement of specialized laboratory equipment, lower protein yields, and lengthy times to develop stable expression cell lines. Increasing yield and producing proteins faster, while keeping costs low, are major factors for many academic and commercial laboratories.
Here, we describe a time- and cost-efficient, two-part procedure for the expression of secreted human proteins from adherent HEK 293T cells. This system is capable of producing microgram to milligram quantities of functional protein for structural, biophysical and biochemical studies. The first part, multiple constructs of the gene of interest are produced in parallel and transiently transfected into adherent HEK 293T cells in small scale. The detection and analysis of recombinant protein secreted into the cell culture medium is performed by western blot analysis using commercially available antibodies directed against a vector-encoded protein purification tag. Subsequently, suitable constructs for large-scale protein production are transiently transfected using polyethyleneimine (PEI) in 10-layer cell factories. Proteins secreted into litre-volumes of conditioned medium are concentrated into manageable amounts using tangential flow filtration, followed by purification by anti-HA affinity chromatography. The utility of this platform is proven by its ability to express milligram quantities of cytokines, cytokine receptors, cell surface receptors, intrinsic restriction factors, and viral glycoproteins. This method was also successfully used in the structural determination of the trimeric ebolavirus glycoprotein 5,10.
In conclusion, this platform offers ease of use, speed and scalability while maximizing protein quality and functionality. Moreover, no additional equipment, other than a standard humidified CO2 incubator, is required. This procedure may be rapidly expanded to systems of greater complexity, such as co-expression of protein complexes, antigens and antibodies, production of virus-like particles for vaccines, or production of adenoviruses or lentiviruses for transduction of difficult cell lines.

In the post-human genomics era, the availability of recombinant proteins in native conformations is crucial to structural, functional and therapeutic research and development. Here, we describe a test- and large-scale protein expression system in human embryonic kidney 293T cells that can be used to produce a variety of recombinant proteins.

ヒト細胞から分泌タンパク質の生産のための便利で一般式プラットフォーム

Recombinant protein expression in bacteria, typically E. coli, has been the most successful strategy for milligram quantity expression of proteins. ...

A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars

Insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle 1. In larval stages of insects belonging to the orders of Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (true flies), hemocytes are formed from the lymph gland (a specialized hematopoietic organ) or embryonic cells and can be carried through to the adult stage. Embryonic hemocytes are involved in cell migration during development and chemotaxis regulation during inflammation. They also take part in cell apoptosis and are essential for embryogenesis 2. Hemocytes mediate the cellular arm of the insect innate immune response that includes several functions, such as cell spreading, cell aggregation, formation of nodules, phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign invaders 3. They are also responsible for orchestrating specific insect humoral defenses during infection, such as the production of antimicrobial peptides and other effector molecules 4, 5. Hemocyte morphology and function have mainly been studied in genetic or physiological insect models, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster 6, 7, the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae 8, 9 and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta 10, 11. However, little information currently exists about the diversity, classification, morphology and function of hemocytes in non-model insect species, especially those collected from the wild 12.
Here we describe a simple and efficient protocol for extracting hemocytes from wild caterpillars. We use penultimate instar Lithacodes fasciola (yellow-shouldered slug moth) (Figure 1) and Euclea delphinii (spiny oak slug) caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) and show that sufficient volumes of hemolymph (insect blood) can be isolated and hemocyte numbers counted from individual larvae. This method can be used to efficiently study hemocyte types in these species as well as in other related lepidopteran caterpillars harvested from the field, or it can be readily combined with immunological assays designed to investigate hemocyte function following infection with microbial or parasitic organisms 13.

Insect hemocytes carry out many important functions, both immune and non-immune, throughout all stages of insect development. Our present knowledge of hemocyte types and function comes from studies on insect genetic models. Here, we present a method for extracting, quantifying and visualizing hemocytes from wild caterpillars.

ワイルド毛虫から血液細胞を抽出するための単純なプロトコル

Insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle ...

SIVQ-LCM Protocol for the ArcturusXT Instrument

SIVQ-LCM is a new methodology that automates and streamlines the more traditional, user-dependent laser dissection process.&#160;It aims to create an advanced, rapidly customizable laser dissection platform technology. In this report, we describe the integration of the image analysis software Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization (SIVQ) onto the ArcturusXT instrument. The ArcturusXT system contains both an infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) laser, allowing for specific cell or large area dissections. The principal goal is to improve the speed, accuracy, and reproducibility of the laser dissection to increase sample throughput. This novel approach facilitates microdissection of both animal and human tissues in research and clinical workflows.

SIVQ-LCM is an innovative approach that harnesses a computer algorithm, Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization (SIVQ), to drive the laser capture microdissection (LCM) process. The SIVQ-LCM workflow greatly improves the speed and accuracy of microdissection, with applications in both the research and clinical settings.

ArcturusXT楽器のSIVQ-LCMプロトコル

SIVQ-LCM is a new methodology that automates and streamlines the more traditional, user-dependent laser dissection process.&#160;It aims to create an ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

外酸生産の測定と解析は、解糖速度を決定するために

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

A novel dried bacterial consortium of Lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba 2012 and Streptococcus thermophilus C106 is cultured in 1 L of milk. This fresh starter can be used for the production of fermented milk and other fermented foods either at home or at small-scale in rural settings. For the fresh starter, 1 L of milk is pasteurized in a pan that fits into a larger pan containing water, placed on a source of heat. In this water bath, the milk is heated and incubated at 85 &#176;C for 30 min. Thereafter, the milk is cooled down to 45 &#176;C, transferred to a vacuum flask, inoculated with the dried bacteria and left for at least 16 hr between 30 &#176;C and 45 &#176;C. For the purpose of frequent home production, the fresh starter is frozen into ice cubes, which can be used for the production of small volumes of up to 2 L of fermented milk. For the purpose of small-scale production in resource-poor countries, pasteurization of up to 100 L of milk is conducted in milk cans that are placed in a large sauce pan filled with water and heated on a fire at 85 &#176;C for 30 min, and subsequently cooled to 45 &#176;C. Next, the 100 L batch is inoculated with the 1 L freshly prepared starter mentioned before. To assure an effective fermentation at a temperature between 30 and 45 &#176;C, the milk can is covered with a blanket for 12 hr. For the production of non-dairy fermented foods, the fresh starter is left in a cheese cloth for 12 hr, and the drained-off whey can be subsequently used for the inoculation of a wide range of food raw materials, including vegetables and cereal-based foods.

A production protocol is described for the small-scale production of probiotic fermented dairy drink with the aid of a novel bacterial starter culture.

プロバイオティクス発酵食品の小規模製造のための新規生産プロトコル

A novel dried bacterial consortium of Lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba 2012 and Streptococcus thermophilus C106 is cultured in 1 L of milk. This fresh starter ...

A Multi-hole Cryovial Eliminates Freezing Artifacts when Muscle Tissues are Directly Immersed in Liquid Nitrogen

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible cytoplasmic compartments. Another hurdle is the tight apposition of myofibers to the surrounding tissues. Because the process of tissue fixation and paraffin embedding leads to the shrinkage of muscle fibers, freezing is an optimal means of hardening muscle tissue for sectioning. However, a commonly encountered issue, the formation of ice crystals, occurs during the preparation of frozen sections because of the high water content of muscle. The protocol presented here first describes a simple and efficient method for properly freezing muscle tissues by immersing them in liquid nitrogen. The problem with using liquid nitrogen alone is that it causes the formation of a nitrogen gas barrier next to the tissue, which acts as an insulator and inhibits the cooling of the tissues. To avoid this "vapor blanket" effect, a new cryovial was designed to increase the speed of liquid flow around the tissue surface. This was achieved by punching a total of 14 inlet holes in the wall of the vial. According to bubble dynamics, a higher rate of liquid flow results in smaller bubbles and fewer chances to form a gas barrier. When liquid nitrogen flows into the cryovial through the inlet holes, the flow velocity around the tissue is fast enough to eliminate the gas barrier. Compared to the method of freezing muscle tissues using pre-chilled isopentane, this protocol is simpler and more efficient and can be used to freeze muscle in a throughput manner. Furthermore, this method is optimal for institutions that do not have access to isopentane, which is extremely flammable at room temperature.

This protocol describes a procedure to freeze muscle tissues by plunging them directly into liquid nitrogen. This protocol also highlights a new cryovial that can avoid the &#34;blanket effect&#34; of nitrogen gas when liquid nitrogen contacts the tissue surface of a specimen.

筋肉組織を直接液体窒素中に浸漬されたときにアーティファクトを凍結マルチホールクライオバイアルが不要

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible ...