Ricerca riportata in questa pubblicazione è stata sostenuta dal National Institute of Dental e Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) e il National Cancer Institute (NCI) dei National Institutes of Health, sotto Premio numero R56 DE025098, UG3 DE027695 e F30 CA206296. Il contenuto è di esclusiva responsabilità degli autori e non rappresentano necessariamente il punto di vista ufficiale del National Institutes of Health. Quest'opera fu appoggiata anche dalla NSF DMR 1206219 e l'innovazione di IADR in Oral Care Award (2016).
Vorremmo ringraziare il Dr. Eri Maruyama e Andrew Hollomon per la loro assistenza con raccolta di saliva. Vorremmo ringraziare Weng Pei-Lun per la sua assistenza con la dissezione della ghiandola. Vorremmo ringraziare Matthew Ingalls per la sua assistenza nella preparazione di figura. Vorremmo ringraziare Dr. Elaine Smolock ed Emily Wu per la lettura critica di questo manoscritto.

Tutte le procedure in vivo descritte di seguito sono state approvate dal Comitato Università sulle risorse animali presso l'Università di Rochester, Rochester. NY.
1. preparazione
<ol><li>Utilizzando una bilancia analitica, pesano 20 mg di pilocarpina. Scioglierli in 2 mL di soluzione fisiologica sterile in una microcentrifuga. Nota: Poiché Pilocarpina è sensibile alla luce e perde l'attività nel corso del tempo, questa soluzione dovrebbe essere preparata il giorno dell'iniezione e al riparo dalla luce fino a quando somministrato.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando una bilancia analitica, pesare e identificare tutte le provette per il prelievo e tubi capillari in vetro. Il numero di provette per la raccolta e tubi capillari in vetro deve corrispondere al numero di topi.</li>
</ol>2. tracheostomia
<ol><li>Pesare topi C57/BL6 utilizzando una bilancia analitica.</li>
	<li>Usando una siringa da 0,5 mL con ago 29 x ½", anestetizzare i topi con una soluzione salina sterile intraperitonealmente iniettato di 100 mg/kg ketamina e 10 mg/kg xylazina. Procedere con il passaggio seguente quando il mouse non risponde agli stimoli (cioè assenza del riflesso del pedale ritiro), che generalmente si verifica entro 5-10 min dopo l'iniezione.</li>
	<li>Dopo l'erogazione di lubrificante su un applicatore con punta di cotone, applicare agli occhi delicatamente e posizionare il mouse in una posizione supina sul palco. L'animale anestetizzato deve essere mantenuto sulla superficie calda. Nota: Tutti i passaggi vengono eseguiti a temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Fissare il naso, gli arti e la coda alla fase utilizzando nastro chirurgico.</li>
	<li>Pulire e bagnare il collo con un batuffolo imbevuto di alcool. Nota: Questo vi aiuterà a impedire l'ingresso di incisioni successive di pelliccia.</li>
	<li>Sollevare la pelle del collo del midline ventrale con il forcipe, fare un piccolo taglio superficiale usando le forbici per dissezione. Guida le forbici nell'apertura e aprire lentamente le lame per via sottocutanea per separare aerei del tessuto.</li>
	<li>Mantenendo la pelle sollevata, accuratamente tagliato a 1 cm sotto la bocca.</li>
	<li>Fare due incisioni laterali inferiori e superiori gli aspetti del primo taglio. Usando il forcipe, delicatamente riflettere via la pelle per consentire l'accesso alle strutture del collo e della testa.</li>
	<li>Uso del microscopio per dissezione a ingrandimento X 8, visualizzare le ghiandole sottomandibolari (linea mediana: Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Utilizzando una pinzetta, sollevare delicatamente le ghiandole per esporre quattro muscoli sottoioidei (cinghia) che ricopre la trachea. Evitare strappi o danneggiarne il vasculature circostante o dotti escretori.</li>
	<li>Se raccolta saliva da più di un mouse, ripetere i passaggi 2.1-2.10 con ogni mouse prima di continuare. Nota: Questa procedura può essere effettuata sicuro su fino a 5 topi simultaneamente.</li>
	<li>Con piccole forbici per dissezione, rimuovere la parte mediale dei muscoli della cinghia durante il vostro soggiorno più vicino alla linea mediana come possibile. Tagliare solo quanto necessario visualizzare trachea e muscoli della cinghia di mezzo durante la procedura. Evitare di intaccare le navi nelle vicinanze perché se c'è secondaria all'emorragia significativa deplezione di volume, Pilocarpina non sarà efficace a indurre la secrezione.</li>
	<li>Riflettere i muscoli della cinghia dalla trachea.</li>
	<li>Visualizzare la laringe, la trachea e la ghiandola tiroide. Assicurarsi che la trachea sia chiara del tessuto sovrastante.</li>
	<li>Fare un'incisione orizzontale nella trachea inferiore/posteriore alla tiroide utilizzando piccole forbici per dissezione. Assicurarsi che le vie respiratorie siano brevetto e chiaro del fluido.</li>
</ol>3. saliva Collection
<ol><li>Rimuovere il nastro vicino a bocca e l'angolo verso il basso la fase di dissezione (45°, cranialmente) per assistere con flusso della saliva.</li>
	<li>Usando una siringa da 0,5 mL con ago 29 x ½", eseguire l'iniezione intraperitoneale di Pilocarpina peso di 10 µ l/g corpo per una dose totale di 100 mg/kg.</li>
	<li>Avviare un timer. Se il dosaggio più mouse, riduzione del lead time spostando rapidamente e di avere un assistente iniettare contemporaneamente i topi restanti.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando standard forcipe, aprire la bocca per l'accesso a tubo capillare.</li>
	<li>Una volta una perlina di saliva è osservata in bocca, è possibile inserire l'estremità prossimale del tubo capillare nel fluido, con l'estremità distale inserito in un tubo di raccolta posizionato sotto il palcoscenico per dissezione (entrambi i tubi pre-pesati). Nota: Nei topi femmina C57/BL6 6-10 settimane di età, salivazione lordo si verifica entro 2 minuti di iniezione di pilocarpina.</li>
	<li>Se la saliva è costruzione in bocca, ma non che scorre attraverso il tubo, tentare nuovamente il passaggio precedente. Assicurarsi che il tubo non è posizionato direttamente contro una superficie mucosa, che possa ostruire l'ingresso.</li>
	<li>Raccogliere saliva per un totale di 12 min dopo stimolazione con pilocarpina. Assicurarsi che lo stoma rimane chiaro. Nota: Aumento del volume tidal e secrezioni (salivari, urinarie e fecale) sono normali in questo periodo.</li>
	<li>Se i topi hanno depresso la funzione della saliva (ad es., a causa di infortunio o intervento), trasferire il liquido rimanente dalla bocca al tubo di raccolta mediante una micropipetta P200. Se raccogliendo da più mouse, assicurarsi che suggerimenti sono modificati.</li>
	<li>Registrare il peso della saliva raccolta più tubi 12 min dopo l'iniezione di pilocarpina.</li>
</ol>4. ghiandola dissezione
<ol><li>Eutanasia di topi di CO2 eutanasia (come descritto nelle linee guida AVMA per l'eutanasia degli animali: edizione 2013) seguita dal thoracotomy, avendo cura di preservare le strutture della testa e del collo. Per questo motivo, evitare di dislocazione cervicale come metodo di eutanasia.</li>
	<li>Posizionare il mouse in una posizione supina sul palco. Riposizionare le ghiandole nel sito originale sulla trachea (Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Usando un microscopio per dissezione sotto ingrandimento 8x, visualizzare le principali ghiandole: il PG e la SMG SLG. Per distinguere le ghiandole durante la dissezione, identificare che il PG è diffuso, che si trova laterale alla SMG e SLG. Nota: Se il PG di dissezione, questo dovrebbe essere fatto prima perché è il meno definito e più probabilità di essere strappato.</li>
	<li>Afferrare la coda del PG con la pinzetta, distanziando strutture sottostanti e applicare una leggera tensione prima di tagliare la testa del PG con forbici di dissezione.</li>
	<li>Violazione la capsula che circonda il SMGs usando il forcipe. Separare delicatamente la SMG destro e sinistro.</li>
	<li>Gratis la funzione dorsale del SMG dal tessuto nonglandular aderito usando il forcipe.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere la SMG dal collo disegno dotto di Wharton teso con il forcipe e tagliando il condotto con forbici di dissezione.</li>
	<li>Separare delicatamente la SLG da SMG usando il forcipe. Nota: La SLG è nella funzione superolateral del SMG.</li>
	<li>Con una bilancia analitica, registrare pesi SMG.</li>
</ol>

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Presentiamo un metodo multistep per valutare la funzione della ghiandola salivaria, che può essere applicata a studiare terapeutica e lesioni della ghiandola. La nostra procedura prevede tracheostomia, raccolta di saliva e la dissezione della ghiandola, ognuno dei quali ha applicazioni sperimentali che possono supportare uno studio integrato di biologia della ghiandola salivaria. Ad esempio, tracheostomy murino è stato utilizzato per la gestione generale delle vie aeree durante le procedure che ostruisce la cavità ora...

Ghiandola salivare disturbi includono le sindromi di dysregulated o secrezione alterata che conduce alla sovrapproduzione (scialorrea) o sottoproduzione (xerostomia e hyposalivation) di saliva1. In entrambi i casi, c'è un interesse nel migliorare la nostra comprensione della biologia della ghiandola salivaria verso l'obiettivo finale di sviluppo terapeutico2.
Le ghiandole salivari sono organi altamente radiosensibili e spesso sono danneggiate durante la radioterapia cancro testa e del collo, che porta a permanente secchezza delle fauci (xerostomia)3,4. A differenza di altri tessuti radiosensibili, tuttavia, il tasso di turnover della ghiandola salivaria è relativamente basso e il meccanismo di perdita secretiva è capita male5,6. In questa cornice unica ferita, strategie di rigenerazione e protezione dalle radiazioni del tessuto richiedono valutazione funzionale salivare. Sperimentalmente, raccolta di saliva murino è uno strumento particolarmente valido nel valutare la risposta della ghiandola alla radiazione sia agenti terapeutici.
Qui, presentiamo un metodo per l'esecuzione e quantificare la secrezione di saliva stimolata utilizzando pilocarpina, un potente agonista muscarinico7. Pilocarpina stimola il sistema nervoso autonomo per indurre la secrezione della ghiandola8,9. Per completare questo test in modo appropriato, un tracheostomy è necessario per garantire che il mouse mantiene pervietà durante tutta la procedura e di ridurre i rischi di soffocamento e di aspirazione dalle secrezioni riunite nella cavità orale10.
Si tratta di una procedura di terminale, che si conclude con la rimozione delle ghiandole salivarie principali tre: parotide (PG), la sottomandibolare (SMG) e sublingual (SLG). Per gli studi funzionali, ghiandola pesi vengono registrati e sono spesso utilizzati per normalizzare saliva misura11,12,13. Questi dati sono particolarmente importanti negli studi di radiazione, in cui l'atrofia della ghiandola è un risultato atteso14,15
Non c'è variabilità nella letteratura per quanto riguarda la secrezione di saliva come stimolata viene eseguita e segnalato16. Ad esempio, dosi di Pilocarpina all'interno della letteratura span almeno tre ordini di grandezza17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo di Pilocarpina ottimizzato ad alte dosi con l'intento di una migliore riproducibilità in esecuzione del metodo, come pure fornendo una piattaforma modulare di tecniche (tracheostomia, raccolta di saliva e la dissezione della ghiandola) che può essere adattato come necessari.
Oltre alla dimostrazione di protocollo, includiamo dati rappresentativi funzionali del flusso della saliva a 2 settimane che seguono radioterapia frazionata (4 dosi di 6.85 Gy) nella regione di SMG.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="690">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P6503</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Pilocarpine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91500-9</td>
			<td>Spring Scissors for Tracheostomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Sterile Saline Solution</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RDI30296H</td>
			<td>Saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:219px;">Dumont #7 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11274-20</td>
			<td>Curved Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:219px;">Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-10</td>
			<td>Straight Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:219px;">Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11000-12</td>
			<td>Blunt Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Fine Scissors- Tungsten Carbide</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14568-09</td>
			<td>Dissection Scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Microhematocrit Heparinized Capillary Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22362566</td>
			<td>Capillary tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Lubricant Eye Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Refresh</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Refresh Lacri-Lube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Goat polyclonal anti-Nkcc1</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC-21545</td>
			<td>Nkcc1 Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1306</td>
			<td>DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">GraphPad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ver6.0</td>
			<td>Statistical Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Cotton tipped applicator</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MDS202000</td>
			<td>Applicator for eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">0.5cc Insulin Syringe, 29G x 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7629</td>
			<td>Syringe for intraperitoneal injection</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine salivary functional assessment via pilocarpine stimulation following fractionated radiation

Hyposalivation è osservata comunemente nella reazione autoimmune di sindrome di Sjögren o seguente lesione da radiazioni alla ghiandole salivarie principali. In questi casi, domande rimangono per quanto riguarda la patogenesi della malattia e interventi efficaci. Una tecnica ottimizzata che consente la valutazione funzionale delle ghiandole salivari è preziosa per indagare terapeutica, la disfunzione e la biologia della ghiandola exocrine. Qui, presentiamo un approccio passo per passo all'esecuzione di Pilocarpina ha stimolato la secrezione di saliva, compreso il tracheostomy ed la dissezione delle tre principali ghiandole salivari murine. Dettagliamo anche l'appropriato anatomia di testa e collo di murino letta durante queste tecniche. Questo approccio è scalabile, che consente più topi da elaborare simultaneamente, migliorando così l'efficienza del flusso di lavoro. Puntiamo a migliorare la riproducibilità di questi metodi, ognuno dei quali ha ulteriori applicazioni all'interno del campo. Oltre alla raccolta della saliva, discutiamo metriche per quantificare e normalizzare la capacità funzionale di questi tessuti. Dati rappresentativi sono inclusi da ghiandole sottomandibolari con funzione della ghiandola salivaria depresso 2 settimane che seguono la radiazione frazionata (4 dosi di 6.85 Gy).

Quando eseguire Pilocarpina dose elevata stimolato raccolta della saliva, è importante mantenere le vie respiratorie per impedire l'aspirazione o soffocamento dalle secrezioni nella cavità orale. Lo schema del tracheostomy è fornito (Figura 1). A seguito di incisione tracheale, lo stoma deve rimanere chiaro dei tessuti e dei fluidi.
Per migliorare l'azione capillare durante la raccolta della sali...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation at JoVE.com

Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Valutazione funzionale salivare murina attraverso dopo stimolazione Pilocarpina frazionato radiazione

Vi presentiamo un approccio dettagliato dell'esecuzione di raccolta della saliva, compreso il tracheostomy murino ed all'isolamento di tre ghiandole salivari maggiori.

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In ...

murine-salivary-functional-assessment-via-pilocarpine-stimulation

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.0K Views.  University of Rochester. Vi presentiamo un approccio dettagliato dell'esecuzione di raccolta della saliva, compreso il tracheostomy murino ed all'isolamento di tre ghiandole salivari maggiori.

Video: Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their head and neck regions for cancer treatment. Both groups of patients experience symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia 
(impaired chewing and swallowing), severe dental caries, altered taste, oro-pharyngeal infections (candidiasis), mucositis, pain and discomfort.
One innovative approach of regenerative medicine for the treatment of salivary gland hypo-function is speculated in RS Redman, E Mezey 
et al. 2009: stem cells can be directly deposited by cannulation into the gland as a potent method in reviving the functions of the impaired organ. Presumably, 
the migrated foreign stem cells will differentiate into glandular cells to function as part of the host salivary gland. Also, this cannulation technique is an 
expedient and effective delivery method for clinical gene transfer application.
Here we illustrate the steps involved in performing the cannulation procedure on the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct 
(Fig 1). C3H mice (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) are used for this experiment, which have been kept under clean conventional conditions at 
the McGill University animal resource center. All experiments have been approved by the University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the 
guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
For this experiment, a trypan blue solution is infused into the gland through the opening of the Wharton's duct using a 
insulin syringe with a 29-gauge needle encased inside a polyethylene tube. Subsequently, the mouse is dissected to show that the infusions migrated 
into the gland successfully.

A protocol for the cannulation of the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct is described. For this experiment, the trypan blue solution is used as a dyer to demonstrate how this technique effectively delivers infusions into the targeted gland, and to suggest the reliability of this new approach as a potential clinical drug/cell therapy for the regeneration of salivary glands.

Incannulazione della ghiandola salivare sottomandibolare del mouse tramite il Duct Wharton

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

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Medicina

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

Un modello murino della formazione muscolare da stimolazione elettrica neuromuscolare

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive biologic markers of stress. This article we present the steps for collection and analysis of two salivary assays in research with frail, community residing older adults-salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase. The field of salivary bioscience is rapidly advancing and the purpose of this presentation is to provide an update on the developments for investigators interested in integrating these measures into research on aging. Strategies are presented for instructing family caregivers in collecting saliva in the home, and for conducting laboratory analyses of salivary analytes that have demonstrated feasibility, high compliance, and yield quality specimens. The protocol for sample collection includes: (1) consistent use of collection materials; (2) standardized methods that promote adherence and minimize subject burden; and (3) procedures for controlling certain confounding agents. We also provide strategies for laboratory analyses include: (1) saliva handling and processing; (2) salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase assay procedures; and (3) analytic considerations.

We demonstrate: (1) procedures for collection of salivary samples in cognitive impaired older adults by family caregivers in the home setting, (2) procedures for measuring stress activity via salivary cortisol and alpha amylase, and (3) representative profiles. Protocols that allow researchers to study stress-linked processes advance our understanding of biological sensitivity and susceptibility.

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research  that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive  biologic markers of ...

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

Infarto miocardico e funzionale Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is effective for Parkinson&#8217;s disease, improving symptoms and reducing power consumption compared to conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS). In aDBS we track a local field potential biomarker (beta oscillatory amplitude) in real time and use this to control the timing of stimulation.

Controllo della Malattia di Parkinson con Adaptive stimolazione cerebrale profonda

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Assessment of Acute Ionizing Radiation Induced Skin Toxicity Using a Mouse Model

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and negatively impact patient quality of life and long term survival. Advances in the understanding of the biological pathways associated with normal tissue toxicities have allowed for the development of interventional drugs, however, current response studies are limited by a lack of quantitative metrics for assessing the severity of skin reactions. Here we present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe the instrumentation design of the DOS system as well as the inversion algorithm for extracting the optical parameters. Finally, to demonstrate clinical utility, we present representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema and compare the results with a commonly employed visual scoring. The described DOS method offers an objective, high through-put evaluation of skin toxicity via functional response that is translatable to the clinical setting.

We present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe DOS instrumentation design, optical parameters extraction algorithms and the animal handling procedures required to yield representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema.

Diffuse spettroscopia ottica per la valutazione quantitativa di acuta radiazioni ionizzanti tossicità cutanee indotte Utilizzando un modello di topo

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and ...

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. 
Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)1, and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.

Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

Retroductal ghiandola sottomandibolare instillazione e localizzati frazionato irradiazione in un modello murino di salivare Ipofunzione

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and electrophysiological phenotype in the atria. That encourages us to utilize a genetically-engineered mouse model to elucidate the mechanism of AF. However, it is difficult to evaluate the electrophysiological properties in murine atria due to their small size. This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of atria using an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution in Langendorff perfused murine hearts. The optical mapping system is assembled with dual high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and high magnification objective lenses, to detect the fluorescence of a voltage-sensitive dye and Ca2+ indicator. To focus on the assessment of murine atria, optical mapping is performed with an area of 2 mm &#215; 2 mm or 10 mm x 10 mm, with a 100 &#215; 100 resolution (20 &#181;m/pixel or 100 &#181;m/pixel) and sampling rate of up to 10 kHz (0.1 ms) at maximum. A 1-French size quadripolar electrode pacing catheter is placed into the right atrium through the superior vena cava avoiding any mechanical damage to the atrium, and pacing stimulation is delivered through the catheter. An electrophysiological study is performed with programmed stimulation including constant pacing, burst pacing, and up to triple extrastimuli pacing. Under a spontaneous or pacing rhythm, the optical mapping recorded the action potential duration, activation map, conduction velocity, and Ca2+ transient individually in the right and left atria. In addition, the programmed stimulation also determines the inducibility of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Precise activation mapping is performed to identify the propagation of the excitation in the atrium during an induced atrial tachyarrhythmia. Optical mapping with a specialized setting enables a thorough electrophysiological evaluation of the atrium in murine pathological models.

This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of murine atria utilizing an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution, including dual recordings of the membrane voltage and Ca2+ transient under programmed stimulation through a specialized electrode catheter.

Valutazione elettrofisiologica di Atria murino con Mapping ottico ad alta risoluzione

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and ...

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state against self-antigens as well as antigens derived from commensal organisms. The disruption of this immune homeostasis can lead to chronic inflammation and to the development of autoimmunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system involved in activating na&#239;ve T cells to initiate immune responses against foreign antigens. However, DCs can also be differentiated into TolDCs that act to maintain and promote T cell tolerance and to suppress effector cells contributing to the development of either autoimmune or chronic inflammation conditions. The recent advancement in our understanding of TolDCs suggests that DC tolerance can be achieved by modulating their differentiation conditions. This phenomenon has led to tremendous growth in developing TolDC therapies for numerous immune disorders caused due to break in immune tolerance. Successful studies in preclinical autoimmunity murine models have further validated the immunotherapeutic utility of TolDCs in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Today, TolDCs have become a promising immunotherapeutic tool in the clinic for reinstating immune tolerance in various immune disorders by targeting pathogenic autoimmune responses while leaving protective immunity intact. Although an array of strategies has been proposed by multiple labs to induce TolDCs, there is no consistency in characterizing the cellular and functional phenotype of these cells. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide for the development of bone marrow-derived DCs in large numbers, a unique method used to differentiate them into TolDCs with a synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-difluoro-propyl-amide (CDDO-DFPA), and the techniques used to confirm their phenotype, including analyses of essential molecular signatures of TolDCs. Finally, we show a method to assess TolDC function by testing their immunosuppressive response in vitro and in vivo in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and characterize tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs) and evaluate their immunotherapeutic utility.

Sviluppo e caratterizzazione funzionale delle cellule dendritiche tollerogeniche murino

The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state ...

Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.

Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures to visualize morphology and functional markers of salivary glands may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of tissue damage following radiation. Described here is a protocol to section, culture, irradiate, stain, and image 50&#8211;90 &#956;m thick salivary gland sections prior to and following exposure to ionizing radiation.

Trattamento radiante delle colture organotipiche da ghiandole salivari Sottomandibulari e parotidi modelli chiave in vivo caratteristiche

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with ...