Gli autori si desidera ringraziare il sostegno fornito a Morgan Philp attraverso un australiano governo ricerca formazione programma di borsa di studio.

1. preparazione delle soluzioni di reagente Test colore
Nota: Pesare 0,12 g di nitrato di rame triidrato in un becher da mL 100 asciutto. Aggiungere 30 mL di acqua deionizzata (DI) e accuratamente di turbinio a temperatura ambiente per sciogliere tutti i solidi. Versare questa soluzione in un matraccio tarato da 100 mL e riempire fino alla tacca calibrata con dell'acqua distillata. Questa soluzione preparata è il reagente 1. Nota: Reagente 1 possa essere preparato con altri sali di rame (II), per esempio cloruro di rame (II).
<ol><li>Peso 0,11 g di emiidrato 2,9-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolina (Neocuproina) in un becher da mL 100 asciutto. Aggiungere 50 mL di 0.10 mol/L di acido cloridrico (HCl) e utilizzare un bacchetta di vetro per promuovere la dissoluzione dei solidi a temperatura ambiente. Versare questa soluzione in un matraccio tarato da 100 mL e riempire fino alla tacca calibrata con 0.10 mol/L HCl. Questa soluzione preparata è reagente 2. Attenzione: Neocuproina è acutamente tossico può provocare irritazioni cutanee e gravi lesioni oculari. Indossare guanti e occhiali di sicurezza durante la manipolazione per ridurre al minimo il rischio di esposizione. Nota: Neocuproina è solo leggermente solubile in acqua, pertanto, acido diluito viene utilizzata per preparare questo reagente e garantire che tutti i solidi si dissolvono.</li>
	<li>Pesare 16,4 g di acetato di sodio in un becher da mL 100 asciutto. Aggiungere 50 mL di acqua deionizzata e utilizzare un bacchetta di vetro per favorire la dissoluzione dei solidi a temperatura ambiente. Versare questa soluzione in un matraccio tarato da 100 mL e riempire fino alla tacca calibrata con dell'acqua distillata. Questa soluzione preparata è Reagente 3. Nota: Il protocollo può essere messo in pausa qui. I reagenti sono altamente stabili e possono essere memorizzati fino a 12 mesi a temperatura ambiente.</li>
</ol>2. colore test
<ol><li>Raccogliere una porcellana pulito posto piatto, tre pipette monouso, tre soluzioni di reagenti preparate al punto 2.1, una spatola pulita, una piastra elettrica e il campione/sequestrato materiale da testare.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando la spatola, posizionare una piccola, testa di spillo dimensioni quantità (circa 0.1-0.2 mg) del campione sconosciuto in tre separati pozzetti di una piastra di porcellana spot. Lasciare tre pozzetti adiacenti vuote (controllo in bianco) e un altro tre pozzi con uguali quantità di HCl 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), un campione di riferimento di catinone sintetico (controllo positivo). Nota: La superficie di prova preferito è un piatto di porcellana spot. Se questi non sono disponibili, utilizzare piastre microtiter plastica o semi micro provette.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando una pipetta monouso, aggiungere 5 gocce della soluzione di nitrato di rame (Reagente 1) in ciascun pozzetto del campione, oltre i pozzetti di controllo vuoto e positivo.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando una pipetta monouso seconda, aggiungere 2 gocce della soluzione Neocuproina (Reagente 2) ad ogni pozzetto campione, oltre i pozzetti di controllo vuoto e positivo.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando una pipetta monouso terza, aggiungere 2 gocce di soluzione di acetato di sodio (Reagente 3) per ogni pozzetto, oltre ai pozzetti di controllo vuoto e positivo del campione. Nota: Il soluzione diventa blu chiaro.</li>
	<li>Posizionare la porcellana piatto posto direttamente su una piastra elettrica impostata a 80 ° C. Nota: Non riscaldare piastre microtiter plastica direttamente sulla piastra riscaldante. Preparare un bagno di acqua bollente poco profonde per impostare la piastra di plastica. Calore semi-micro provette in un piccolo bagno d'acqua bollente. Il preciso tempo necessario per osservare che un cambiamento di colore dipenderà lo spessore e la composizione del piatto posto. Attenzione: fare attenzione durante la movimentazione piastre piatte per evitare ustioni.</li>
	<li>Dopo il riscaldamento per 10 min, osservare ad occhio nudo e si noti il cambiamento di colore finale o scattare una foto della modifica del colore finale. Nota: Utilizzare uno sfondo bianco per meglio visualizzare i cambiamenti di colore.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Research priorities for new psychoactive substances and human enhancement drugs.</a> Int. J. Drug Policy. 40, 1-5 (2017).</li><li>Reuter, P., Pardo, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+psychoactive+substances:+Are+there+any+good+options+for+regulating+new+psychoactive+substances?.">New psychoactive substances: Are there any good options for regulating new psychoactive substances?.</a> Int. J. Drug Policy. 40, 117-122 (2017).</li><li>Elie, M. P., Elie, L. E., Baron, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keeping+pace+with+NPS+releases:+fast+GC-MS+screening+of+legal+high+products.">Keeping pace with NPS releases: fast GC-MS screening of legal high products.</a> Drug Test. 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E., Gizzi, M. C., Mulligan, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balancing+the+utility+and+legality+of+implementing+portable+mass+spectrometers+coupled+with+ambient+ionization+in+routine+law+enforcement+activities.">Balancing the utility and legality of implementing portable mass spectrometers coupled with ambient ionization in routine law enforcement activities.</a> Anal Methods-UK. 9 (34), 5015-5022 (2017).</li><li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials. , (2006).</li><li>Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Vol. 7.1. , (2016).</li><li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cathinones in seized materials. , (2015).</li><li>Philp, M., Shimmon, R., Tahtouh, M., Fu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+a+presumptive+color+spot+test+method+for+the+detection+of+synthetic+cathinones+in+seized+illicit+materials.">Development and validation of a presumptive color spot test method for the detection of synthetic cathinones in seized illicit materials.</a> Forensic Chem. 1, 39-50 (2016).</li><li>Al-Obaid, A. M., Al-Tamrah, S. A., Aly, F. A., Alwarthan, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+(S)(&#8722;)-cathinone+by+spectrophotometric+detection.">Determination of (S)(&#8722;)-cathinone by spectrophotometric detection.</a> J Pharmaceut Biomed. 17 (2), 321-326 (1998).</li><li>Namera, A., Kawamura, M., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., Nagao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+review+of+the+detection+methods+for+synthetic+cannabinoids+and+cathinones.">Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones.</a> Forensic Toxicol. 33 (2), 175-194 (2015).</li><li>Isaacs, R. C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+structure-reactivity+relationship+driven+approach+to+the+identification+of+a+color+test+protocol+for+the+presumptive+indication+of+synthetic+cannabimimetic+drugs+of+abuse.">A structure-reactivity relationship driven approach to the identification of a color test protocol for the presumptive indication of synthetic cannabimimetic drugs of abuse.</a> Forensic Sci. Int. 242, 135-141 (2014).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla a rivelare.

Questo protocollo di prova colore è stato adattato da lavoro sperimentale pubblicato da Al-Omari et al. 18 in cui gli autori hanno dimostrato un cambiamento di colore si verifica in presenza di catinone estratte dalla pianta del khat. Modifiche al protocollo pubblicato sono state necessarie per prevedere la sua applicazione nella diagnosi presuntiva di droghe illecite. La considerazione più importante era quello di ridurre la scala della reazione. Il protocollo descritto nel presente do...

Il mercato delle droghe illecite opera alla stregua di un esercizio commerciale tradizionale continuando ad evolversi e adattarsi a un mercato in evoluzione. Avanzamenti nella tecnologia moderna, in particolare, la proliferazione globale di comunicazione potente ha visto aumentato gli acquisti online via il buio netto1 e vasta conoscenza condivisione tra gli utenti tramite forum online2. In combinazione con gli avanzamenti nella chimica, il rapido emergere di nuove sostanze psicoattive (NPS) creata una seria sfida per il controllo della droga nazionale ed internazionale.
NPS sono potenzialmente pericolose sostanze d'abuso che hanno effetti simili alle droghe sotto controllo internazionale. Inizialmente commercializzato come alternative "legali", 739 NPS sono stati segnalati all'ufficio delle Nazioni Unite su droghe e crimine (UNODC) tra il 2009 e il 20163. Secondo la più recente relazione annuale, un numero record di NPS sono stato sequestrato alla frontiera australiana, con la maggior parte di quelli analizzati, ulteriormente identificato come sintetico cathinones4. Su scala globale, sequestri di cathinones sintetici sono in costante aumento dal primo segnalato nel 2010 e sono uno dei più comunemente sequestrati NPS5.
Le sfide posate dalla NPS sono state un argomento largamente pubblicato di discussione6,7. Laboratori forensi e forze dell'ordine sono stati lasciati in una situazione di svantaggio senza metodi adeguati per rilevare e identificare dei criteri di rete durante la loro emersione rapida. Ricerca approfondita per la rilevazione di NPS, inclusa cathinones sintetico, nel materiale sequestrato, ha impiegato la spettrometria della cromatografia-massa del gas (GC-MS)8 e liquido cromatografia-alta risoluzione spettrometria di massa (LC-HRMS)9 per analisi di conferma. La crescente domanda di preparazione minima del campione ha visto infrarossi e Raman spettroscopia10 studi, nonché analisi spettrometria di massa, ionizzazione ambientale, quali analisi diretta in tempo reale spettrometria di massa (DART-MS)11, 12. la necessità per l'analisi rapida e precisa nel campo ha visto anche l'incorporazione di carta spray ionizzazione-spettrometria totale (PSI-MS) in dispositivi portatili per uso di applicazione della legge13. Molte tecniche strumentali offrono analisi di conferma con rivelazione sensibile e risultati quantitativi. Tuttavia, per analisi di alto-rendimento, possono essere che richiede tempo, a causa della preparazione del campione, tempi di esecuzione e strumento formazione e manutenzione.
Presuntiva colore test sono progettati per suggerire la presenza o l'assenza di alcune classi di farmaci in un campione di prova14. Il gruppo di lavoro scientifico per l'analisi di farmaci sequestrati (SWGDRUG) classifica colore test come la tecnica di potere più basso discriminante, al fianco di spettroscopia ultravioletta e test immunologici15. Tuttavia, sono ancora ampiamente impiegati da forze dell'ordine e altro personale di sicurezza come un mezzo per fornire risultati in tempi rapidi ad un costo significativamente inferiore rispetto ad altre tecniche. Il vantaggio principale offerto da macchia di colore metodi di prova è la capacità di eseguire tali operazioni nel campo usando i corredi della prova portatile.
La selettività delle prove colore si basa su singole reazioni chimiche che avvengono tra il reagente e la classe di farmaco di interesse per creare un cambiamento di colore. Protocolli di prova presuntivi attuali mancano un particolare test per la rilevazione sintetica cathinones solo; i reagenti comunemente usati che mancano di specificità e contengono sostanze pericolose sono spesso impiegati. Altri reagenti consigliati non sono stati proiettati su un gran numero di possibili catinone sintetico sostanze16.
Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di presentare un protocollo di test semplice di colore che possa essere facilmente impiegato dalle parti interessate per lo screening preliminare di cathinones sintetico in sostanze illecite di composizione sconosciuta. Parti interessate dovrebbe includere forze dell'ordine, agenzie di protezione del bordo, laboratori forensi e altro personale di sicurezza pertinenti. I metodi proposti impiegano una reazione di riduzione-ossidazione che si verificano tra il reagente complesso rame accettare elettroni e le molecole di droga catinone sintetico ricco di elettroni. Utilizzando questi metodi chimici sviluppati, si può applicare a loro sotto forma di una prova presuntiva colore per suggerire la presenza di cathinones sintetico.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reagents and solvents&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>neocuproine hemihydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>72090</td><td>&amp;ge;99.0%. Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>copper(II) nitrate trihydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>61197</td><td>98.0%-103%</td></tr><tr><td>sodium acetate</td><td>Ajax Finechem</td><td>AJA680</td><td>anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>hydrochloric acid</td><td>RCI Labscan</td><td>RP 1106</td><td>36%. Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Powders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ascorbic acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>104</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>benzocaine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E1501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>benzoic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>242381</td><td>&amp;ge;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>boric acid</td><td>Silform Chemicals</td><td>R27410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>caffeine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cellulose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>435236</td><td>microcrystalline</td></tr><tr><td>calcium chloride</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>citric acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>codeine phosphate</td><td>Glaxo</td><td>-</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>168149</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>dimethylsulfone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M81705</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>ephedrine HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>285749</td><td>99%. Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>glucose</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>783</td><td>D, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>glutathione</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>234</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glycine</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>1083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lactose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L254</td><td>D, monohydrate</td></tr><tr><td>levamisole HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>PHR1798</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>magnesium sulphate</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>MA0080</td><td>anhydrous, extra pure</td></tr><tr><td>maltose</td><td>AJAX Finechem LABCHEM</td><td>1126</td><td>Bacteriological</td></tr><tr><td>mannitol</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O-acetylsalicylic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5376</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>241008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenolphthalein</td><td>AJAX Finechem LABCHEM</td><td>368</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>potassium carbonate</td><td>Chem-Supply</td><td>PA021</td><td>AR, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>sodium carbonate</td><td>Chem-Supply</td><td>SA099</td><td>AR, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Rowe Scientific</td><td>CC10363</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>starch</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>1254</td><td>soluble</td></tr><tr><td>stearic acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>1255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tartaric acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>537</td><td>(+)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Household products&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>artificial sweetener</td><td>ALDI Be Light</td><td>n/a</td><td>Contains aspartame</td></tr><tr><td>brown sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>icing sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>caster sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paracetamol tablet</td><td>Panadol</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>protein powder</td><td>Aussie Bodies ProteinFX</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>self-raising</td><td>Woolworths Australia Homebrand</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plain flour</td><td>Woolworths Australia Homebrand</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reference compounds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>controlled or illegal substances</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cathinone-type substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone HCl (MOPPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1024</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one HCl</td><td>Lipomed</td><td>PTD-1507-HC</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,3-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,3-DMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10970.12</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,4,5-trimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4,5-TMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10927.13</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4-DMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10971.12</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-benzylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-butanone HCl (BMDB)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10925.18</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoromethcathinone HCl (2-FMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1275.64</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-methylmethcathinone HCl (2-MMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.02</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxy-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP) HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D973</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (DMMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D962</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone HCl (MDMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D942</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D977</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone HCl (MDPV)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D951b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-bromomethcathinone HCl (3-BMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1035</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-fluoromethcathinone HCl (3-FMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D947b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-methylmethcathinone HCl (3-MMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.03</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromomethcathinone HCl (4-BMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.11</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoromethcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D969</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxymethcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D952</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D968</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D937b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-N-benzylcathinone&amp;nbsp;HCl (4-MBC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1026</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D964</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D974</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>cathinone HCl (bk-amphetamine)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D929</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>dibutylone HCl (bk-DMBDB)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1027</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>iso-ethcathinone HCl</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10922.11</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D724</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methylenedioxy-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D960</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-diethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D957</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D958</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>naphthylpyrovalerone HCl (naphyrone)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D981</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D959</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethylbuphedrone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1013</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D938b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>pentylone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D992</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>pyrovalerone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D985</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-dimethylaminobutyrophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1011</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-dimethylaminopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1006</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-ethylaminopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1005</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl (&amp;alpha;-PBP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1012</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D986b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D956</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-keto-N-methyl-3,4-benzodioxyolylbutanamine HCl (bk-MBDB)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D948</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(-)-ephedrine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M924</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(-)-methylephedrine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M243</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+)-cathine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M297</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D842</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)- N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D792c</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-methamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D816e</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDEA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D739c</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D450a</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-phenylpropanolamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M296</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(2S*,3R*)-2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid methyl ester</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D903</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine HCl (mCPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D907</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine HCl (TFMPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D906</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-benzylpiperazine HCl (BZP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D905</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenylethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D922</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl (DOM)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D470b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthio-phenylethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D919</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D749</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-bromo-4-methylpropiophenone</td><td>Synthesised in-house</td><td>n/a</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoroamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D946</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoromethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D933</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D453b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D810b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D396b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D758b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoroamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D943b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluorococaine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D854b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoromethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D934</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-hydroxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D824b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxyamphetamine HCl (PMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D756</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxymethamphetamine HCl (PMMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D908b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylmethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D963</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylpropiophenone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>517925</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D954</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>amphetamine sulphate</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D420d</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>cocaine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D747b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>dimethamphetamine (DMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D693d</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>gamma-hydroxy butyrate</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D812b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>heroin HCl</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 0037.20</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>ketamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D686b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methoxetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D989</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methylamine HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M0505</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>phencyclidine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D748</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>phentermine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D781</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>triethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0886</td><td>Acute toxicity, corrosive, flammable</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-well porcelain spot plates</td><td>HomeScienceTools</td><td>CE-SPOTP12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well microplates</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>650201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>Industrial Equipment and Control Pty Ltd.</td><td>CH1920 (Scientrific)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mL glass volumetric flasks</td><td>Duran</td><td>24 678 25 54</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soda lime glass Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Marienfeld-Superior</td><td>3233050</td><td>230 mm length</td></tr></tbody></table>

color spot test as a presumptive tool for the rapid detection of synthetic cathinones

Cathinones sintetici sono una vasta classe di nuove sostanze psicoattive (NPS) che sono sempre più diffusi in sequestri di droga fatti da forze dell'ordine e altre autorità di protezione di frontiera a livello globale. Colore test è una tecnica di identificazione presuntiva che indica la presenza o l'assenza di una classe particolare farmaco utilizzando metodi chimici rapidi e senza complicazioni. A causa della loro emersione relativamente recente, una prova di colore per l'identificazione specifica di cathinones sintetico non è attualmente disponibile. In questo studio, presentiamo un protocollo per l'identificazione presuntiva di cathinones sintetico, impiegando tre soluzioni reagenti acquosi: nitrato di rame (II), 2,9-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolina (Neocuproina) e sodio acetato. Dimensioni capocchia piccola quantità (circa 0.1-0.2 mg) dei farmaci sospetti vengono aggiunti ai pozzetti di una porcellana spot piastra e ciascun reagente viene quindi aggiunto goccia a goccia in sequenza prima di riscaldamento su una piastra riscaldante. Un cambiamento di colore da blu molto chiaro a giallo-arancio dopo 10 min indica la probabile presenza di cathinones sintetico. Il reagente di prova altamente stabile e specifica ha il potenziale per uso nella selezione presuntiva dei campioni sconosciuti per sintetico cathinones in un laboratorio forense. Tuttavia, il fastidio di una fase di Riscaldamento aggiunto per il risultato del cambiamento di colore limita il test per applicazioni di laboratorio e diminuisce la probabilità di una semplice traduzione di prove sul campo.

Il protocollo dei test è stato convalidato attraverso diversi studi, i cui risultati sono descritti in Philp et al. 17. il metodo di prova di colore è in grado di riconoscere presuntivamente sintetico cathinones in un campione sconosciuto attraverso un colore cambiare dal blu chiaro al giallo-arancio (Figura 1). Il colore arancione e giallo cambia occuring dopo il periodo di riscaldamento sono considerati risultati positivi ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones at JoVE.com

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Colore Spot Test come strumento presuntivo per la rilevazione rapida di Cathinones sintetico

Qui presentiamo un protocollo di test posto chimico semplice, poco costoso e selettiva per l'individuazione di cathinones sintetico, una classe delle nuove sostanze psicoattive. Il protocollo è adatto ad uso in varie aree di applicazione della legge che incontrano materiale illecito.

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and ...

color-spot-test-as-presumptive-tool-for-rapid-detection-synthetic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

24.6K Views.  University of Technology Sydney (UTS). Qui presentiamo un protocollo di test posto chimico semplice, poco costoso e selettiva per l'individuazione di cathinones sintetico, una classe delle nuove sostanze psicoattive. Il protocollo è adatto ad uso in varie aree di applicazione della legge che incontrano materiale illecito.

Video: Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with electron-donors, and the other with electron-acceptors, cruciforms&#39; HOMO will localize along the electron-rich and LUMO along the electron-poor axis. This spatial isolation of cruciforms&#39; frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) is essential to their use as sensors, since analyte binding to the cruciform invariably changes its HOMO-LUMO gap and the associated optical properties. Using this principle, Bunz and Miljani&#263; groups developed 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole cruciforms, respectively, which act as fluorescent sensors for metal ions, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, phenols, amines, and anions. The emission colors observed when these cruciform are mixed with analytes are highly sensitive to the details of analyte&#39;s structure and - because of cruciforms&#39; charge-separated excited states - to the solvent in which emission is observed. Structurally closely related species can be qualitatively distinguished within several analyte classes: (a) carboxylic acids; (b) boronic acids, and (c) metals. Using a hybrid sensing system composed from benzobisoxazole cruciforms and boronic acid additives, we were also able to discern among structurally similar: (d) small organic and inorganic anions, (e) amines, and (f) phenols. The method used for this qualitative distinction is exceedingly simple. Dilute solutions (typically 10-6 M) of cruciforms in several off-the-shelf solvents are placed in UV/Vis vials. Then, analytes of interest are added, either directly as solids or in concentrated solution. Fluorescence changes occur virtually instantaneously and can be recorded through standard digital photography using a semi-professional digital camera in a dark room. With minimal graphic manipulation, representative cut-outs of emission color photographs can be arranged into panels which permit quick naked-eye distinction among analytes. For quantification purposes, Red/Green/Blue values can be extracted from these photographs and the obtained numeric data can be statistically processed.

Cross-conjugated cruciform fluorophores based on 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole nuclei can be used to qualitatively identify diverse Lewis acidic and Lewis basic analytes. This method relies on the differences in emission colors of the cruciforms that are observed upon analyte addition. Structurally closely related species can be distinguished from each other.

Identificazione qualitativa di acidi carbossilici, acidi bo e ammine Utilizzando Fluorofori Cruciform

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, and that these chemical fingerprints can be used for plant species identification. The mass spectral data can be acquired rapidly and in a high throughput manner without the need for sample extraction, derivatization or pH adjustment steps. The use of this technique bypasses challenges presented by more conventional techniques including lengthy chromatography analysis times and resource intensive methods. The high throughput capabilities of the direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry protocol, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis processing of the data, provide not only class characterization of plants, but also yield species and varietal information. Here, the technique is demonstrated with two psychoactive plant products, Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and Datura (Jimsonweed), which were subjected to direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry followed by statistical analysis processing of the mass spectral data. The application of these tools in tandem enabled the plant materials to be rapidly identified at the level of variety and species.

A method for species identification of botanical material by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis is presented.

Rapid high-throughput Specie Identificazione del materiale botanico Utilizzando l&#39;analisi diretta in tempo reale ad alta risoluzione Spettrometria di Massa

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...

Fluorescent Paper Strips for the Detection of Diesel Adulteration with Smartphone Read-out

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate the content of kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends, a wide-spread activity to adulterate fuel. In solvents with low viscosity, the dyes rapidly deactivate via a so-called twisted intramolecular charge transfer state, efficiently quenching the fluorescence. Measurements of diesel/kerosene blends revealed a good linear correlation between the decrease in fluorescence and the increase of the fraction of the less viscous kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends. Immobilization of the hydroxy derivative 4-DNS-OH in cellulose paper yielded test strips that preserve the fluorescent indicator&#39;s behavior. Combination of the strips with a reader based on a smartphone and a controlling app allowed to create a simple field test. The method can reliably detect the presence of kerosene in diesel from 7 to 100%, outperforming present standard methods for diesel adulteration.

Here, we present a protocol to detect the adulteration of diesel with kerosene using test strips coated with a fluorescent viscosity probe together with a smartphone-based analysis system.

Strisce di carta fluorescente per la rilevazione dell'adulterazione di Diesel con lettura di Smartphone

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate ...

Ambiente

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and related diseases, but their precise measurement is still a challenge. Many protocols have been described for neurotransmitter measurement by a variety of instruments, including high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, there are shortcomings, such as complicated operation or hard-to-detect multiple targets, which cannot be avoided, and presently, the dominant analysis technique is still HPLC coupled with sensitive electrochemical or fluorimetric detection, due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the pretreatment and detection of catecholamines with high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) in real urine samples of infants, using electrospun composite nanofibers composed of polymeric crown ether with polystyrene as adsorbent, also known as the packed-fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) method. We show how urine samples can be easily precleaned by a nanofiber-packed solid phase column, and how the analytes in the sample can be rapidly enriched, desorbed, and detected on an ECD system. PFSPE greatly simplifies the pretreatment procedures for biological samples, allowing for decreased time, expense, and reduction of the loss of targets. 
Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for solid-phase extraction coupled to an HPLC-ECD system for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA)) and two of their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) in infants' urine. The established protocol was applied to assess the differences of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites between high-risk infants with perinatal brain damage and healthy controls. Comparative analysis revealed a significant difference in urinary MHPG between the two groups, indicating that the catecholamine metabolites may be an important candidate marker for early diagnosis of cases at risk for brain damage in infants.

We present a convenient solid-phase extraction coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters and two of their metabolites in infants' urine. We also identify the metabolite MHPG as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of brain damage for infants.

Un metodo pratico per estrazione ed analisi con cromatografia liquida dei neurotrasmettitori della catecolamina e loro metaboliti

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug crisis in public health. Conventional urine drug testing based on a two-tier immunoassay screen followed by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method are expensive and prone to bias while being limited to targeted panels of known drugs of abuse (DoA). Herein, we outline an improved method for drug surveillance that allows for the resolution and detection of an expanded panel of DoA and their metabolites when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Multiplexed separations of ten urine samples with a quality control by CE (&lt; 3 min/sample) in conjunction with full-scan data acquisition using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) under positive ion mode detection allows for the identification and quantification of DoA above recommended cut-off levels. An excellent resolution of drug isomers and isobars, including background interferences, are achieved when using MSI-CE-MS with an electrokinetic spacer between sample segments, where accurate mass/molecular formula together with the comigration of a matching deuterated internal standard and the detection of one or more bio-transformed metabolites facilitate DoA identification over a wider detection window. Additionally, urine samples can be analyzed directly without enzyme deconjugation for the rapid screening without complicated sample workup. MSI-CE-MS enables the surveillance of a broad spectrum of DoA that is required for the treatment monitoring of high-risk patients, including confirming prescribed drug adherence, revealing illicit drug use/substitution, and evaluating optimal dosage regimes as required for new advances in precision medicine.

Here we describe a high-throughput method for comprehensive drug surveillance that allows for the improved resolution and detection of large panels of drugs of abuse and their metabolites, with quality control based on multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Sorveglianza dei medicinali ad alta produttività e completa usando la spettrometria totale multisegmento elettroforesi di iniezione-capillare

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug ...

Development of a Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Small Molecule Compounds

Membrane-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (ICSs) are useful tools for low-cost self-diagnosis and have been efficiently applied to toxin, physiological index and clinical biomarker detection. In this protocol, we provide a detailed description of the steps to develop a rapid, sensitive and quantitative lateral-flow immunoassay (using AuNPs as a marker and mAbs as a probe). The procedure describes the preparation and characterization of colloidal gold, synthesis of the AuNP-mAb conjugate, assembly of the immunochromatographic strip, and methodological investigation of the assay. The results showed that the final strips can be further utilized for the rapid and convenient self-diagnosis of a small molecule, which may provide an alternative tool in the rapid and precise analysis of physiological and biological indices.

Sviluppo di una striscia immunocromatografica a flusso laterale per la rilevazione rapida e quantitativa di composti di piccole molecole

Membrane-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (ICSs) are useful tools for low-cost self-diagnosis and have been efficiently applied to toxin, ...

Biochimica

DetectSyn: A Rapid, Unbiased Fluorescent Method to Detect Changes in Synapse Density

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is characteristic of disease states like major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional techniques to investigate synapse numbers include genetic expression of fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP)), dyes that fill a neuron (e.g., carbocyanine dye, DiI), and immunofluorescent detection of spine markers (e.g., postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95)). A major caveat to these proxy techniques is that they only identify postsynaptic changes. Yet, a synapse is a connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic spine. The gold standard for measuring synapse formation/elimination requires time-consuming electron microscopy or array tomography techniques. These techniques require specialized training and costly equipment. Further, only a limited number of neurons can be assessed and are used to represent changes to an entire brain region. DetectSyn is a rapid fluorescent technique that identifies changes to synapse formation or elimination due to a disease state or drug activity. DetectSyn utilizes a rapid proximity ligation assay to detect juxtaposed pre- and postsynaptic proteins and standard fluorescent microscopy, a technique readily available to most laboratories. Fluorescent detection of the resulting puncta allows for quick and unbiased analysis of experiments. DetectSyn provides more representative results than electron microscopy because larger areas can be analyzed than a limited number of fluorescent neurons. Moreover, DetectSyn works for in vitro cultured neurons and fixed tissue slices. Finally, a method is provided to analyze the data collected from this technique. Overall, DetectSyn offers a procedure for detecting relative changes in synapse density across treatments or disease states and is more accessible than traditional techniques.

DetectSyn is an unbiased, rapid fluorescent assay that measures changes in relative synapse (pre- and postsynaptic engagement) number across treatments or disease states. This technique utilizes a proximity ligation technique that can be used both in cultured neurons and fixed tissue.

DetectSyn: un metodo fluorescente rapido e imparziale per rilevare i cambiamenti nella densità delle sinapsi

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is ...

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

Rapido<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Ibridazione utilizzando oligonucleotidi sonde su Paraformaldeide prefissa cervello di ratti con Sindrome serotoninergica

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

Neuroscienze

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Raccolta dell'ortogonalità di LC e TIMS-TOF MS/MS per lo screening degli analoghi del fentanil

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

The use of fentanyl and the emergence of fentanyl analogs over recent decades has become an increasing concern to the community at large. Fentanyl and its analogs are the major contributors to fatal and nonfatal overdoses in the United States. Most recent cases of fentanyl-related overdose are linked to illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its associated extreme potency. In the present work, we describe a high-throughput analytical protocol for the screening of fentanyl analogs. The use of complementary liquid chromatography, trapped ion mobility spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry allow for the separation and assignment of hundreds of fentanyl analogs from a single sample in a single scan. The described approach takes advantage of the recent development of data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition using parallel accumulation in the mobility trap followed by sequential fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation. The fentanyl analogs are confidently assigned based on their retention time, mobility, and MS fragmentation pattern.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autore in primo piano: Una metodologia efficiente per differenziare e caratterizzare con sicurezza gli analoghi del fentanil

A method for the screening of fentanyl analogs based on their retention time, mobility, and mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern.

Screening analogico del fentanil mediante LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

The use of fentanyl and the emergence of fentanyl analogs over recent decades has become an increasing concern to the community at large. Fentanyl and its ...

Colore Spot Test come strumento presuntivo per la rilevazione rapida di Cathinones sintetico

Riepilogo

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Un metodo pratico per estrazione ed analisi con cromatografia liquida dei neurotrasmettitori della catecolamina e loro metaboliti

Sorveglianza dei medicinali ad alta produttività e completa usando la spettrometria totale multisegmento elettroforesi di iniezione-capillare

Sviluppo di una striscia immunocromatografica a flusso laterale per la rilevazione rapida e quantitativa di composti di piccole molecole

DetectSyn: un metodo fluorescente rapido e imparziale per rilevare i cambiamenti nella densità delle sinapsi

Rapido

Screening analogico del fentanil mediante LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Screening analogico del fentanil mediante LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS