Quest'opera è stata sostenuta dai National Institutes of Health (NIMHD-G12MD007581) attraverso il RCMI-centro per la salute ambientale alla Jackson State University e il dipartimento della difesa, Idea Award 11-1-0205.

Nota: Il presente protocollo è descritto in McArdle et al. 11. un diario è fornito nella Figura 1.
1. preparazione della piastra di coltura
<ol><li>Lavare il piatto 35mm cultura che contiene un fondo di vetro 10 mm con 1 mL di 1 M di acido cloridrico (HCl) per 15 min abbassare l'idrofobicità del fondo di vetro.</li>
	<li>Lavare la piastra di coltura due volte con 1 mL di soluzione salina tampone fosfato (PBS) per sbarazzarsi di tutti l'HCl.</li>
	<li>Lavare la piastra di coltura due volte con 1 mL di etanolo al 70%.</li>
	<li>Sciacquare la piastra di coltura con 1 mL di terreno di coltura specifico delle cellule (qui, uso α-MEM completati con 10% calore inattivato FBS e 1% non essenziali aminoacidi). Nota: La piastra di coltura trattata contenente il terreno di coltura possa essere memorizzata nell'incubatore CO2 con un umidificatore a 37 ° C fino al giorno successivo.</li>
	<li>Crescere le cellule (MSCs e MCF-7 co-cultura) nel fondo di vetro trattato bene di piastra di coltura 35mm al confluency di 100%. Co-coltura 35.000 cellule MSC e 75.000 delle cellule MCF7 per 24 h.</li>
</ol>2. preparazione del gel collagene
<ol><li>Conservare le punte di una micropipetta utilizzate per pipettaggio il gel di collagene nel congelatore per prevenire la polimerizzazione del collagene al contatto. Nota: Questo è il punto più critico.</li>
	<li>Determinare un volume collagene coda di ratto io per essere utilizzato sulla base della concentrazione dello stock del collagene. Preparare 100 µ l di gel di collagene per questo test. Nota: Alta concentrazione di collagene di coda di ratto che Stock funziona meglio. Determinare il volume di 10 x supporto per volta Eagle di Dulbecco da utilizzare per diluire il collagene conseguenza.</li>
	<li>Combinare il collagene della coda del ratto ghiaccio I (3,8 µ g/mL di brodo), la media per volta Eagle di 10 x Dulbecco e 1 mezzo di coltura cellulare x completati con 2% di siero bovino fetale e il chemoattractant appropriato a una concentrazione finale di collagene di 2,4 mg/mL.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere il miscela 4,5% di soluzione di bicarbonato di sodio per neutralizzare il gel di collagene. Nota: Il volume di soluzione di bicarbonato di sodio aggiunto varia in base al pH esatto di altri reagenti. Si consiglia di testare la miscela con strisce di pH per assicurare la soluzione neutra, o utilizzare un indicatore di pH nel terreno di coltura.</li>
	<li>Laici 80 µ l di miscela di collagene sopra le cellule all'interno il fondo di vetro ben della piastra di coltura.</li>
	<li>Lasciare che il gel di collagene polimerizzare per 30 min in un incubatore a CO2 con un umidificatore a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Coprire il gel di collagene con 2 mL di medium di cellulare con riduttori del siero (2%) e incubare le cellule a 37 ° C in un incubatore a CO2 con un umidificatore per 24, 48 o 72 ore. Attenzione: La piastra deve essere maneggiata con cura per evitare che il gel di collagene da distaccarsi dal fondo di vetro.</li>
</ol>3. esempio di preparazione di collagene gel utilizzando uno stock di collagene coda di ratto di 3,8 µ g/ml
<ol><li>Su ghiaccio, combinare 114,5 µ l collagene coda di ratto, 16,6 µ l di 10 x DMEM e 33.1 µ l di terreno di coltura contenente il chemoattractant.</li>
	<li>Neutralizzare la miscela di collagene con 14.0 µ l di bicarbonato di sodio.</li>
	<li>Continuare come al punto 2.5.</li>
</ol>4. imaging delle cellule
<ol><li>Rimuovere delicatamente il supporto del piatto.</li>
	<li>Sciacquare delicatamente il gel con 1 mL di PBS.</li>
	<li>Fissare le cellule con 1 mL di paraformaldeide al 4% per 15 min.</li>
	<li>Lavare le cellule due volte con 1 mL di PBS.</li>
	<li>Macchia le celle con soluzione DAPI (100 ng/mL) per 20 minuti a temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Immagine delle celle utilizzando un microscopio confocale in luoghi diversi e prendere 400 µm dello stack z immagini di ogni posizione di 16 µm. Il microscopio utilizzato ha un unità che permette l'imaging confocale utilizzando una luce bianca, la sorgente di eccitazione di arco di scansione del disco. Utilizzare una lente X 20 utilizzata con apertura numerica di 0,75.</li>
	<li>Ricostituire le immagini.<ol>
<li>Aprire le immagini per un determinato gel (circa 25 immagini) e creare una serie di immagini facendo clic su immagine → pile → immagini di stack. La prima immagine corrispondeva alla parte inferiore del gel (z = 0 µm), la seconda immagine corrispondeva al primo passo nella direzione z (z = 16 µm), la terza immagine corrispondeva al secondo passaggio nella direzione z (z = 32 µm). Valutare ogni nucleo ad ogni profondità di immagine e designare la profondità alla quale il nucleo era a fuoco più nitida come la profondità di invasione per quella determinata cella.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Friedl, P., Brocker, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+of+cell+locomotion+within+three-dimensional+extracellular+matric.">The biology of cell locomotion within three-dimensional extracellular matric.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 57, 41-64 (2000).</li><li>Bissell, M. J., Rizki, A., Mian, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+architecture:+the+ultimate+regulator+of+breast+epithelial+function.">Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 15, 753-762 (2003).</li><li>Friedl, P., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-cell+invasion+and+migration:+diversity+and+escape+mechanisms.">Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3, 362-374 (2003).</li><li>Yarrow, J. C., Perlman, Z. E., Westwood, N. J., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+cell+migration+assay+using+scratch+wound+healing,+a+comparison+of+image-based+readout+methods.">A high-throughput cell migration assay using scratch wound healing, a comparison of image-based readout methods.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 4, 21 (2004).</li><li>Wolf, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compensation+mechanism+in+tumor+cell+migration:+mesenchymal-amoeboid+transition+after+blocking+of+pericellular+proteolysis.">Compensation mechanism in tumor cell migration: mesenchymal-amoeboid transition after blocking of pericellular proteolysis.</a> J Cell Biol. 160, 267-277 (2003).</li><li>Sahai, E., Marshall, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differing+modes+of+tumour+cell+invasion+have+distinct+requirements+for+Rho/ROCK+signalling+and+extracellular+proteolysis.">Differing modes of tumour cell invasion have distinct requirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 5, 711-719 (2003).</li><li>Kam, Y., Guess, C., Estrada, L., Weidow, B., Quaranta, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+circular+invasion+assay+mimics+in+vivo+invasive+behavior+of+cancer+cell+lines+and+distinguishes+single-cell+motility+in+vitro.">A novel circular invasion assay mimics in vivo invasive behavior of cancer cell lines and distinguishes single-cell motility in vitro.</a> BMC Cancer. 8, 198 (2008).</li><li>Staton, C. A., Reed, M. W., Brown, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+analysis+of+current+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+angiogenesis+assays.">A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays.</a> Int J Exp Pathol. 90, 195-221 (2009).</li><li>Poujade, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+migration+of+an+epithelial+monolayer+in+response+to+a+model+wound.">Collective migration of an epithelial monolayer in response to a model wound.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104, 15988-15993 (2007).</li><li>Noubissi, F. K., Harkness, T., Alexander, C. M., Ogle, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis-induced+cancer+cell+fusion:+a+mechanism+of+breast+cancer+metastasis.">Apoptosis-induced cancer cell fusion: a mechanism of breast cancer metastasis.</a> FASEB J. 29, 4036-4045 (2015).</li><li>McArdle, T. J., Ogle, B. M., Noubissi, F. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+In+Vitro+Inverted+Vertical+Invasion+Assay+to+Avoid+Manipulation+of+Rare+or+Sensitive+Cell+Types.">An In Vitro Inverted Vertical Invasion Assay to Avoid Manipulation of Rare or Sensitive Cell Types.</a> J Cancer. 7, 2333-2340 (2016).</li><li>Noubissi, F. K., Ogle, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+Cell+Fusion:+Mechanisms+Slowly+Unravel.">Cancer Cell Fusion: Mechanisms Slowly Unravel.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 17, (2016).</li><li>Meyvantsson, I., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+culture+models+in+microfluidic+systems.">Cell culture models in microfluidic systems.</a> Annu Rev Anal Chem. 1, 423-449 (2008).</li><li>Hooper, S., Marshall, J. F., Sahai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+cell+migration+in+three+dimensions.">Tumor cell migration in three dimensions.</a> Methods In Enzymol. 406, 625-643 (2006).</li><li>Yang, C., Tibbitt, M. W., Basta, L., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+memory+and+dosing+influence+stem+cell+fate.">Mechanical memory and dosing influence stem cell fate.</a> Nat Materials. 13, 645-652 (2014).</li></ol>

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Qui, descriviamo un'analisi semplice di invasione verticale invertito che è conveniente per una varietà di tipi di cellule, compreso le cellule che sono rare e/o dipendente da loro microambiente. In questa analisi 3D di invasione, le cellule rimangono nel loro microambiente originale e sono coperti dal gel di collagene che contiene un fattore chemiotattico. Le cellule quindi migrano e invadono nel collagene. In questa analisi, le cellule possono essere macchiate e facilmente monitorate all'interno il gel. La semplicit?...

Motilità cellulare è un processo fisiologico e dello sviluppo normale delle cellule. Tuttavia, i cambiamenti nel modello e la capacità delle cellule di migrare e invadere sono associati con patologie tra cui malattie infiammatorie e cancro metastasi1,2,3. Metastasi è senza dubbio l'aspetto più mal capito nel cancro. Per riprodurrsi per metastasi, le cellule tumorali devono degradare la matrice extracellulare (ECM), invadere il tessuto locale e intravasate. Una volta in circolazione, le cellule tumorali si diffonderanno al sito distante, MPEG e formare tumori secondari. Di conseguenza, la capacità delle cellule di degradare la ECM, migrare e invadere è relativo al loro potenziale metastatico. Diversi approcci sono stati sviluppati per analizzare e quantificare le funzionalità di migrazione e invasione delle cellule. Gli approcci più utilizzati comprendono la cicatrizzazione di dosaggio, time-lapse microscopia e analisi dell'alloggiamento di Boyden. La ferita guarigione dosaggio4 e tempo lapse microscopia sono analisi semplice e conveniente che vi darà luce preliminare nella migrazione cellulare. Tuttavia, entrambi sono le analisi 2D che non riflettono l'ambiente 3D in cui le cellule si trovano in vivo. Gli studi hanno indicato che le cellule rispondono in modo diverso in un ambiente 3D rispetto ad un 2D si5,6. Inoltre, saggi di guarigione della ferita sono difficili da riprodurre e a produrre risultati quantitativi7,8,9. Analisi della zona di esclusione di cella, che è una modifica 3D della ferita guarigione saggio, è un test più fisiologicamente rilevanti, ma non è adatto per le celle in basse in numero, ad esempio cellule ibride derivanti dalla cella fusione eventi10,11 .
L'analisi della camera di Boyden è un dosaggio di 3-dimensionale che fornisce microambienti rilevanti per gli studi cellulari. Tuttavia, esso richiede le cellule per essere rimosso dal loro microambiente originale e ad essere depositati nella camera superiore del sistema di dosaggio Boyden di migrare e invadere verso il basso verso il chemoattractant contenente il mezzo. Questo approccio 3D non è appropriato nell'analizzare la capacità di migrazione e l'invasione delle cellule vulnerabili a loro microambiente e/o limitata nel numero10,11,12. Un approccio più recente per analizzare l'invasione e la migrazione cellulare è la microfluidica gradiente camera dosaggio13. Anche se adatto e affidabile negli studi di migrazione e invasione, questo dosaggio è più costoso e potrebbe essere tecnicamente difficile per un tipico laboratorio. Descriviamo qui un saggio di semplice invasione verticale invertito che è compatibile con molti tipi di cellule tra cui cellule sensibili alla loro microambiente e/o ristretta nel numero. Questo test è stato adattato dal protocollo proposto da Hooper et al. 14. in questa analisi, le cellule rimangono nella loro microambiente originale e loro migrazione e invasione è monitorato mentre si muovono verso l'alto nel gel collagene contenente un chemoattractant11. Questo test è riproducibile ed è stato ottimizzato e convalidato nella piastra di coltura di 35 mm. Esso potrebbe essere adattato a diverse metodiche tra cui formati di cella diversa cultura, diverse matrici o forza di adesione e chemiotattici differenti. Questo test potrebbe fungere da piattaforma in vitro per lo screening iniziale nel processo di scoperta di farmaci.

<table><tbody><tr><td>MatTek P35G-1.5-10C</td><td>MatTek Corporation, Ashland, MA</td><td>P35G-1.5-10-C</td><td>mattek glass bottom dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Rat tail collagen I</td><td>Corning, Corning, NY, USA</td><td>354236</td><td>Collagen gel</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA</td><td>H1758</td><td>HCl</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Whaltham, MA, USA</td><td>10010023</td><td>PBS</td></tr><tr><td>10X Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle&#039;s Medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA</td><td>D2429</td><td>10X DMEM</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA</td><td>S5761</td><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Fluorescent microscope</td><td>Olympus America, Center Valley, PA, USA</td><td>Olympus IX81</td><td>Confocal&amp;nbsp; microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Defined Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences HyClone Laboratories, Utah, USA</td><td>SH30070.03</td><td>FBS</td></tr><tr><td>Ti:Sapphire multi-photon laser scanning microscope</td><td>Prarie Technologies, Sioux Falls, SD, USA</td><td>40x NA 0.8 objective</td><td>MPLSM</td></tr><tr><td>Imaris software</td><td>Bitplane Inc. Zurich, CH</td><td>Imaris 7.5.2</td><td>Imaris software</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178, USA</td><td>D9542</td><td>DAPI</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Whaltham, MA, USA</td><td>50980487</td><td>PFA</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-minimum essential medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178, USA</td><td>M0894</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MDA-MB-231</td><td>ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA</td><td>HBT-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MSC</td><td>Trivedi and Hematti, 2007</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20X lens UPLAPO</td><td>Olympus America, Center Valley, PA, USA</td><td>36-064</td><td>Olympus UPLSAPO 20X Objective</td></tr></tbody></table>

moving upwards: a simple and flexible in vitro three-dimensional invasion assay protocol

Sebbene siano state sviluppate le analisi 3D invasione, la sfida rimane per studiare le cellule senza intaccare l'integrità del loro microambiente. 3D tradizionali dosaggi come la camera di Boyden richiedono che le cellule vengono spostate dalla posizione originale cultura e spostate in un nuovo ambiente. Non solo fa questo interferire con i processi cellulari che sono intrinsechi al microambiente, ma spesso risulta in una perdita di cellule. Questi problemi sono particolarmente impegnativi, quando si tratta di cellule che sono rari, o estremamente sensibili alla loro microambiente. Qui, descriviamo lo sviluppo di un saggio di invasione 3D che evita entrambi preoccupazioni. In questo saggio, cellule sono placcate bene all'interno di una piccola e una matrice di ECM contenente un chemoattractant è disposto in cima le cellule. Ciò non richiede alcun spostamento di cella e permette alle cellule di invadere verso l'alto nella matrice. In questa analisi, l'invasione delle cellule, come pure la morfologia delle cellule può essere valutata all'interno del gel di collagene. Usando questa analisi, ci caratterizzano la capacità invasiva delle cellule rare e sensibile; le cellule di ibrido risultante dalla fusione tra cellule di cancro al seno MCF7 e mesenchimali/multipotenti staminali/stroma cellule (MSCs).

Abbiamo usato una piastra di coltura di 35mm con un vetro inferiore e ratto coda collagene I a sviluppare e ottimizzare un'invasione in vitro 3D analisi di protocollo. Usando questa analisi, abbiamo ha mostrato quel seno cancro cellule MCF7 e MSC cellule potrebbero invadere in gel di collagene per una distanza media di 0,04 ± 1,8 µm e 41,3 ± 76,0 µm rispettivamente dopo 48 h quando IGF1 (18,6 ng/mL) è stato usato come chemoattractant (Figura 2)....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol at JoVE.com

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Questo protocollo descrive un'analisi di invasione verticale invertito che potrebbe essere utilizzata per quantificare le funzionalità di migrazione e invasione delle cellule in un ambiente tridimensionale, preservando il microambiente cellulare. Questo test è adatto per le cellule rare e/o sensibili.

Lo spostamento verso l'alto: Un semplice e flessibile In Vitro tridimensionale invasione protocollo di analisi

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. ...

moving-upwards-simple-flexible-vitro-three-dimensional-invasion-assay

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

6.0K Views.  University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. Questo protocollo descrive un'analisi di invasione verticale invertito che potrebbe essere utilizzata per quantificare le funzionalità di migrazione e invasione delle cellule in un ambiente tridimensionale, preservando il microambiente cellulare. Questo test è adatto per le cellule rare e/o sensibili.

Video: Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

Saggio sferoide Misura TGF-β-indotta Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modellazione e imaging 3-Dimensional Invasion cella Collettiva

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Fully Human Tumor-based Matrix in Three-dimensional Spheroid Invasion Assay

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor microenvironment. To obtain more reliable in vitro results, several three-dimensional (3D) cell culture assays have been introduced. These assays allow cancer cells to interact with the extracellular matrix. This interaction affects cell behavior, such as proliferation and invasion, as well as cell morphology. Additionally, this interaction could induce or suppress the expression of several pro- and anti-tumorigenic molecules. Spheroid invasion assay was developed to provide a suitable 3D in vitro method to study cancer cell invasion. Currently, animal-derived matrices, such as mouse sarcoma-derived matrix (MSDM) and rat tail type I collagen, are mainly used in the spheroid invasion assays. Taking into consideration the differences between the human tumor microenvironment and animal-derived matrices, a human myoma-derived matrix (HMDM) was developed from benign uterus leiomyoma tissue. It has been shown that HMDM induces migration and invasion of carcinoma cells better than MSDM. This protocol provided a simple, reproducible, and reliable 3D human tumor-based spheroid invasion assay using the HMDM/fibrin matrix. It also includes detailed instructions on imaging and analysis. The spheroids grow in a U-shaped ultra-low attachment plate within the HMDM/fibrin matrix and invade through it. The invasion is daily imaged, measured, and analyzed using ilastik and Fiji ImageJ software. The assay platform was demonstrated using human laryngeal primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. However, the protocol is suitable also for other solid cancer cell lines.

Tumor microenvironment is an essential part of cancer growth and invasion. To mimic carcinoma progression, a biologically relevant human matrix is needed. This protocol introduces an improvement for the in vitro three-dimensional spheroid invasion assay by applying a human leiomyoma-based matrix. The protocol also introduces a computer-based cell invasion analysis.

Matrice a base di tumore umano in un saggio di invasione sferoide tridimensionale

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor ...

Ricerca sul cancro

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to both secrete proteases that break down the basement membrane as well as migrate in order to be invasive. BD BioCoat Tumor Invasion System provides cells with conditions that allow assessment of their invasive property in vitro1,2. It consists of a BD Falcon FluoroBlok 24-Multiwell Insert Plate with an 8.0 micron pore size PET membrane that has been uniformly coated with BD Matrigel Matrix. This uniform layer of BD Matrigel Matrix serves as a reconstituted basement membrane in vitro providing a true barrier to non-invasive cells while presenting an appropriate protein structure to study invasion. The coating process occludes the pores of the membrane, blocking non-invasive cells from migrating through the membrane. In contrast, invasive cells are able to detach themselves from and migrate through the coated membrane. Quantitation of cell invasion can be achieved by either pre- or post-cell invasion labeling with a fluorescent dye such as DiIC12(3) or calcein AM, respectively, and measuring the fluorescence of invading cells. Since the BD FluoroBlok membrane effectively blocks the passage of light from 490-700 nm at &gt;99% efficiency, fluorescently-labeled cells that have not invaded are not detected by a bottom-reading fluorescence plate reader. However, cells that have invaded to the underside of the membrane are no longer shielded from the light source and are detected with the respective plate reader. This video demonstrates an endpoint cell invasion assay, using calcein AM to detect invaded cells.

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

This video demonstrates how to measure cell invasion through cell culture inserts using a fluorescence-based methodology.

Un In vitro FluoroBlok Tumore Assay Invasion

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to ...

Biologia

In Vitro Assays to Evaluate the Migration, Invasion, and Proliferation of Immortalized Human First-trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines

Cell movement is a critical property of trophoblasts during placental development and early pregnancy. The significance of proper trophoblast migration and invasion is demonstrated by pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, which are associated with inadequate trophoblast invasion of the maternal vasculature. Unfortunately, our understanding of the mechanisms by which the placenta develops from migrating trophoblasts is limited. In vitro analysis of cell migration via the scratch assay is a useful tool in identifying factors that regulate trophoblast migratory capacity. However, this assay alone does not define the cellular changes that can result in altered cell migration. This protocol describes three different in vitro assays that are used collectively to evaluate trophoblast cell movement: the scratch assay, the invasion assay, and the proliferation assay. The protocols described here may also be modified for use in other cell lines to quantify cell movement in response to stimuli. These methods allow investigators to identify individual factors that contribute to the cell movement and provide a thorough examination of potential mechanisms underlying apparent changes in cell migration.

Here, we present a highly accessible protocol for evaluating the cell movement in human trophoblast cells using three in vitro assays: the scratch assay, the transwell invasion assay, and the cell proliferation assay.

Test in Vitro per valutare la migrazione, invasione e la proliferazione di linee cellulari immortalizzate umano primo-acetonide Trophoblast

Cell movement is a critical property of trophoblasts during placental development and early pregnancy. The significance of proper trophoblast migration ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

A Modified<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Invasion test per determinare il ruolo potenziale di ormoni, citochine e / o fattori di crescita nella mediazione Cancer Invasion cellulare

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Modelli 3D in Biologia del Cancro: Dinamiche di Invasione negli Eterosferoidi

Alternative Strategy to Analyze In Vitro Cell Invasion of 3D Cultures

Spheroid culture is a 3D model that provides an improved replication of the in vivo microenvironment compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Invasion is a cellular outcome of utmost interest in cancer biology. In this protocol, we have devised an alternative strategy for evaluating cancer cell invasion in vitro, employing heterospheroids comprised of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), and monocytes. These heterospheroids aim to mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME), including two relevant non-neoplastic cell types alongside the cancer cells. Each cell type was labeled with vital fluorescent markers emitting in distinct wavelengths before spheroid formation. Once formed, heterospheroids were seeded onto a layer of human leiomyoma-derived extracellular matrix in the upper compartment of a microporous membrane. Invasion was assessed in the z-axis using confocal microscopy. Digital images were obtained in the corresponding fluorescent channels at 10 &#181;m intervals, covering a depth of 90 &#181;m in the z-axis. Analysis was performed using freeware image software by calculating the integrated fluorescence intensity in each image and fluorescence channel. This approach enables a more dynamic analysis of cell invasion patterns in a multilayered context, as well as the examination of spatial co-localization of different cell types during invasion.

Autore in primo piano: Decifrare il crosstalk tra cancro e cellule immunitarie durante la progressione del cancro della testa e del collo

Invasion is a major biological phenomenon in the development and progression of cancer. This process is influenced by non-neoplastic cells and components of the tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this study is to describe an alternative method for analyzing tumor cell invasion in vitro using three-dimensional (3D) cultures.

Strategia alternativa per analizzare l'invasione cellulare in vitro di colture 3D

Spheroid culture is a 3D model that provides an improved replication of the in vivo microenvironment compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Tridimensionale (3D) Tumore Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Lo spostamento verso l'alto: Un semplice e flessibile In Vitro tridimensionale invasione protocollo di analisi

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Saggio sferoide Misura TGF-β-indotta Invasion

Modellazione e imaging 3-Dimensional Invasion cella Collettiva

Matrice a base di tumore umano in un saggio di invasione sferoide tridimensionale

Un In vitro FluoroBlok Tumore Assay Invasion

Test in Vitro per valutare la migrazione, invasione e la proliferazione di linee cellulari immortalizzate umano primo-acetonide Trophoblast

A Modified

Strategia alternativa per analizzare l'invasione cellulare in vitro di colture 3D

Strategia alternativa per analizzare l'invasione cellulare in vitro di colture 3D

Strategia alternativa per analizzare l'invasione cellulare in vitro di colture 3D

Tridimensionale (3D) Tumore Spheroid Invasion Assay