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Tutte le procedure sono state approvate dal comitato etico della associazione medica dello Stato Renania-Palatinato e eseguite in conformità con la Dichiarazione di Helsinki. 1. atomizzatore 4 <ol><li> Rimuovere il set dalla confezione. Controllare il prodotto per garantire non vi siano danni. NOTA: Il dispositivo è destinato ad essere utilizzato una sola volta. Si prega di fare riferimento alle istruzioni per l&#39;uso per ulteriori informazioni su immagazzinamento e distribuzione (vedi Materiali e attrezzature Tabella). </li></ol> 2. Preparazione generale del paziente <ol><li> Amministrare premedicazione, ad esempio, Lorazepam 1 - 2,5 mg la sera prima e / o 2-4 mg 1 - 2 ore prima dell&#39;intervento (con attenzione ai controindicazioni). </li><li> Stabilire il monitoraggio di parametri quali pulsossimetria (SpO2), elettrocardiogramma (ECG) e la pressione arteriosa non invasiva (PNI). NOTA: Monitor sedazione del paziente con standard quali Ramsay sedazione Scala e Bispectmonitoraggio Index ral. Un attento monitoraggio del livello di sedazione può aiutare a prevenire potenziali complicazioni come la depressione respiratoria. </li><li> Fissare una periferica di accesso per via endovenosa. </li></ol> 3. topica anestesia delle vie aeree superiori <ol><li> Applicare 1 miscela mL di lidocaina 2% con fenilefrina 0,25% per ogni narice. </li><li> Applicare lidocaina 10% spruzzo due volte direttamente sulla mucosa dell&#39;orofaringe, spruzzo dalla punta alla parte posteriore della lingua. Chiedi al paziente di gargarismi lidocaina in bocca a lungo possibile. NOTA: anestesia delle vie respiratorie sopraglottiche può essere effettuata in alternativa con tamponi di cotone con punta o delle vie aeree nasofaringeo, gocce, gel, Swish e gargarismi, aspirando e spruzzare anestetici locali. </li></ol> 4. analgo-sedazione <ol><li> Inizia analgo-sedazione con farmaci IV, ad esempio in bolo sufentanile iniziale (&lt;60 kg: 5 mcg;&gt; 60 kg: 10 mg;&gt; 100 kg: 15 mcg). NOTA: Dose farmaco-indotta la sedazione al livello più basso possibile al fine di evitare l&#39;apnea o costrizione delle vie aeree. </li><li> Dare un ulteriore bolo di sufentanil IV, ad esempio, 5 mg, come trattamento di &#39;salvataggio&#39; fino a quando un Ramsay sedazione punteggio di 2 (cooperativa, orientata, tranquillo) è raggiunto. </li></ol> 5. Apparecchiatura Preparazione <ol><li> Assemblare e verificare l&#39;endoscopio flessibile intubazione secondo gli standard istituzionali. </li><li> Collegare il tubo dell&#39;ossigeno dell&#39;atomizzatore all&#39;ossigeno flussometro direttamente. Attenzione! misuratori di portata di ossigeno con bottiglie umidificatore non devono essere utilizzati. </li><li> Attaccare il tubo di collegamento al Luer sul canale di lavoro dell&#39;endoscopio. Impostare la velocità di flusso di ossigeno al 10 L / min, come raccomandato nel manuale di istruzioni. </li><li> Collegare una siringa da 1 ml contenente la soluzione di lidocaina al 2% a tre vie Raccordo arma da fianco. NOTA: lidocaina 2% con il suo profilo di efficacia favorevole è un un idoneoestetico. </li></ol> Tecnica 6. atomizzatore <ol><li> Chiudere l&#39;apertura di controllo di flusso con un dito. Rapidamente iniettare il farmaco. Rilasciare immediatamente l&#39;apertura di controllo di flusso. NOTA: Una siringa deve essere collegato a tre vie Raccordo sidearm per ottenere un flusso di ossigeno basso continuo attraverso il canale di lavoro. </li><li> Mentre avanza l&#39;endoscopio flessibile nelle vie aeree, iniettare l&#39;anestetico locale utilizzando l&#39;atomizzatore nei seguenti siti: all&#39;interno narice, sulla narici posteriori; epiglottide; glottide; e corde vocali. </li><li> Ripetere questi passaggi numero di volte necessario, mentre avanza l&#39;endoscopio ( &quot;spray-as-you-go&quot;). Prima di passare attraverso le corde vocali, attendere 2 minuti per consentire effetto di droga sufficiente al sito. NOTA: Monitorare livello di sedazione di pazienti e rabboccare la sedazione con farmaci IV (ad es sufentanil 5 mg), a seconda delle necessità. </li></ol> 7. flessibile endoscopica intubazione <ol><li> Far avanzare il endoscope attentamente la glottide nella trachea e la posizione della punta dell&#39;endoscopio appena sopra la carena. Ferrovia un dimensioni, tubo endotracheale adatto ammanettato e lubrificato flessibile sopra l&#39;endoscopio nella trachea in rotazione. NOTA: Evitare l&#39;avanzamento accidentale della punta dell&#39;endoscopio in un bronco fusto principale. </li><li> Confermare il posizionamento del tubo endotracheale nella trachea appena sopra la carena dal controllo visivo attraverso l&#39;endoscopio. Rimuovere l&#39;endoscopio, lasciando il tubo endotracheale sul posto. </li><li> Confermare la posizione endotracheale del tubo misurando fine di CO 2 di marea utilizzando capnografia nel paziente in respiro spontaneo. </li><li> Indurre l&#39;anestesia generale, ad esempio per via endovenosa di Propofol 2 peso mg / kg / corpo. Avviare la ventilazione dei pazienti secondo le norme vigenti. </li></ol> NOTA: Il set di Enk atomizzatore non è attualmente disponibile da Cook Medical.

<ol>
	<li>Simmons, S. T., Schleich, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+regional+anaesthesia+for+awake+fibreoptic+intubation.">Airway regional anaesthesia for awake fibreoptic intubation.</a> Reg Anesth Pain Med. 27, 180-192 (2002).</li><li>Benumof, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+the+difficult+adult+airway.+With+special+emphasis+on+awake+tracheal+intubation.">Management of the difficult adult airway. With special emphasis on awake tracheal intubation.</a> Anesthesiology. 75, 1087-1110 (1991).</li><li>Piepho, T., Thierbach, A. R., G&#246;bler, S. M., Maybaur, M. O., Werner, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+two+different+techniques+of+fiberoptic+intubation.">Comparison of two different techniques of fiberoptic intubation.</a> Eur J Anaesthesiol. 26, 328-332 (2009).</li><li>Pirlich, N., Lohse, J. A., Schmidtmann, I., Didion, N., Piepho, T., Noppens, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+atomizer+with+boluses+of+topical+anaesthesia+for+awake+fibreoptic+intubation.">A comparison of the atomizer with boluses of topical anaesthesia for awake fibreoptic intubation.</a> Anaesthesia. 71, 814-822 (2016).</li><li>Malcharek, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+Enk+Fibreoptic+Atomizer+with+translaryngeal+injection+for+topical+anaesthesia+for+awake+fibreoptic+intubation+in+patients+at+risk+of+secondary+cervical+injury:+a+randomised+controlled+trial.">Comparison of the Enk Fibreoptic Atomizer with translaryngeal injection for topical anaesthesia for awake fibreoptic intubation in patients at risk of secondary cervical injury: a randomised controlled trial.</a> Eur J Anaesthesiol. 32, 615-623 (2015).</li><li>Williams, K. A., Barker, G. L., Harwood, R. J., Woodall, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+nebulization+and+spray-as-you-go+topical+anaesthesia+of+the+airway.">Combined nebulization and spray-as-you-go topical anaesthesia of the airway.</a> Br J Anaesth. 95, 549-553 (2005).</li><li>O'Hare, D. O., Harwood, R., Woodall, N., Barker, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+administering+topical+anaesthesia+for+flexible+airway+endoscopy.">A method of administering topical anaesthesia for flexible airway endoscopy.</a> Anaesthesia. 55, 616 (2000).</li><li>Long, T. R., Wass, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+alternative+to+transtracheal+injection+for+fiberoptic+intubation+in+awake+patients:+A+novel+noninvasive+technique+using+a+standard+multiorifice+epidural+catheter+through+the+bronchoscope+suction+port.">An alternative to transtracheal injection for fiberoptic intubation in awake patients: A novel noninvasive technique using a standard multiorifice epidural catheter through the bronchoscope suction port.</a> Anaesthesiology. 101, 1253 (2004).</li><li>Xue, F. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spray-as-you-go+airway+topical+anesthesia+in+patients+with+a+difficult+airway:+a+randomized,+double-blind+comparison+of+2%+and+4%+lidocaine.">Spray-as-you-go airway topical anesthesia in patients with a difficult airway: a randomized, double-blind comparison of 2% and 4% lidocaine.</a> Anesth Analg. 108, 536-543 (2009).</li><li>Hershey, M. D., Hannenberg, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+distension+and+rupture+from+oxygen+insufflation+during+fiberoptic+intubation.">Gastric distension and rupture from oxygen insufflation during fiberoptic intubation.</a> Anesthesiology. 85, 1479-1480 (1996).</li><li>Ho, C. M., Yin, I. W., Tsou, K. F., Chow, L. H., Tsai, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+rupture+after+awake+fiberoptic+intubation+in+a+patient+with+laryngeal+carcinoma.">Gastric rupture after awake fiberoptic intubation in a patient with laryngeal carcinoma.</a> Br J Anaesth. 94, 856-858 (2005).</li><li>Chapman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+rupture+and+pneumoperitoneum+caused+by+oxygen+insufflation+via+a+fibreoptic+bronchoscope.">Gastric rupture and pneumoperitoneum caused by oxygen insufflation via a fibreoptic bronchoscope.</a> Anesth Analg. 106, 1592 (2008).</li><li>Ovassapian, A., Mesnick, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+insufflation+through+the+fiberscope+to+assist+intubation+is+not+recommended.">Oxygen insufflation through the fiberscope to assist intubation is not recommended.</a> Anesthesiology. 87, 183 (1997).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare. Il set-Enk atomizzatore non è attualmente disponibile da Cook Medical. Secondo l&#39;inventore (comunicazione personale) un dispositivo analogo sarà disponibile in futuro.

Qui mostriamo anestesia topica utilizzando un atomizzatore con alto flusso di ossigeno per l&#39;intubazione da sveglio-endoscopica. Il primo studio per valutare la tecnica atomizzatore confrontato con boli classici di anestesia topica tramite il canale di lavoro dell&#39;endoscopio intubazione flessibile 5. I pazienti nel gruppo atomizzatore valutato il loro livello di comfort migliori rispetto a quelli del gruppo di controllo e sperimentato un minor numero di colpi di tosse e gli episodi di tosse distinti. ...

anestesia topica delle vie aeree per l&#39;intubazione da sveglio è generalmente consigliato per migliorare il comfort del paziente, che contribuirà a rendere la procedura di un successo. La tecnica spray-as-you-go con alto flusso di ossigeno è un concetto semplice e sicura che sta trovando un alto livello di accettazione tra i pazienti. L&#39;atomizzazione dell&#39;anestetico locale ossigeno ad una portata di 10 L / min risultati in meno stimolazione della tosse e gag reflex. Di fronte a un feedback negativo da diversi pazienti, abbiamo deciso di affinare la tecnica istituzionale spray-as-you-go standard. Questa applicazione bolo classica di anestetico locale consisteva di due iniezioni, ciascuna di 5 ml di lidocaina 2% più 5 mL di aria in una siringa da 10 ml, prima nelle corde vocali e poi, dopo un tempo di attesa di 2 min, nella trachea. I pazienti si sono lamentati per la sensazione di essere sommerso da Splash del bolo che colpisce la loro mucosa delle vie aeree. La tecnica spray-as-you-goè comunemente usato in tutto il mondo 1. Questa tecnica comporta l&#39;applicazione di anestetico locale attraverso il canale di lavoro di un endoscopio flessibile intubazione mentre avanza la punta attraverso le vie aeree superiori e inferiori con l&#39;obiettivo di intubazione della trachea del paziente. Ci sono diversi approcci nella pratica e diverse descrizioni dei metodi nella letteratura. Le prime esperienze con lo spray-as-you-go-tecnica in combinazione con l&#39;applicazione di un flusso di ossigeno costante attraverso il canale di lavoro è stato pubblicato nel 1990 2. Il fuoco qui era in effetti dei flussi di ossigeno, come la pulizia della lente disperdendo secrezioni di muco e sangue lontano dall&#39;obiettivo ed elevando la consegna di ossigeno inspiratorio. Il vantaggio del flusso di ossigeno nel favorire atomizzazione di anestetico locale è stato mostrato in precedenza dal Piepho e colleghi 3. Hanno descritto una tecnica di vaporizzazione, dove la fornitura di 3 L / min di ossigeno ha provocato meno tosse dai pazienti. Supponendo che unflusso di 10 L / min sarebbe nebulizzare l&#39;agente locale in particelle più sottili che evocano ancora meno tosse, abbiamo testato con successo l&#39;atomizzatore di questo passo fiore più alto. L&#39;atomizzatore è costituito da un piccolo volume,,, tubo di ossigeno pressione certificata flessibile nodo-resistente e un tubo di collegamento. Questi sono collegati ad un raccordo a tre vie sidearm con una piccola apertura di controllo di flusso. La tecnica atomizzatore può essere utilizzato per tutte le situazioni vie aeree. Tuttavia, il dispositivo deve essere usato con cautela distale dal più alto grado di stenosi delle vie aeree causata da condizioni come masse tumorali. La mancanza di riflusso di ossigeno potrebbe causare un aumento della pressione delle vie aeree e aumenta il rischio di barotrauma. Inoltre, l&#39;atomizzatore è uno strumento utile in un contesto di emergenza. La preparazione del set richiede meno di un minuto e l&#39;utente non ha bisogno di addestramento speciale. Di seguito vi presentiamo le istruzioni operative dettagliate per la tecnica spray-as-you-go con il flusso di ossigeno, che illustra la separatafasi di lavoro.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lidocaine 10% pump spray&amp;nbsp;</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; AstraZeneca</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opiod for i.v. administration</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any opiod can be used. We prefer either Sufentanil or Fentanyl</td></tr><tr><td>Enk Fiberoptic Atomizer Set&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cook Medical</td><td>C-EFNS-100</td><td>The Enk Atomizer set is currently not available from Cook Medical</td></tr><tr><td>Lidocaine 2%&amp;nbsp;</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; AstraZeneca</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Intubation endoscope</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; Karl Storz Endoscope</td><td></td><td>We prefer a fibrescope with an outer diamter of 5 mm and a working channel with a diamter of 2 mm&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Endotracheal tube</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; R&amp;uuml;sch</td><td></td><td>Size of the endotracheal tube needs to be adjusted to the patient. We prefer a ID 6.5 mm for nasal approach and ID 7.0 mm for oral approach</td></tr><tr><td>Anesthetic drug, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; Propofol 1%</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; AstraZeneca</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

topical airway anesthesia for awake-endoscopic intubation using the spray-as-you-go technique with high oxygen flow

la volontà di un paziente di cooperare è un presupposto assoluto per il successo intubazione da sveglio della trachea. Mentre farmaci sedazione dei pazienti può mettere a repentaglio la loro respirazione spontanea, anestesia topica delle vie aeree è una tecnica popolare. La tecnica spray-as-you-go rappresenta una delle opportunità più semplici per anestetizzare la mucosa delle vie aeree. L&#39;applicazione di anestetico locale attraverso il canale di lavoro dell&#39;endoscopio flessibile è prassi diffusa per anestesisti e pulmonologists. Non c&#39;è né necessità di dispositivi aggiuntivi né training speciale come un pre-requisito per eseguire questa tecnica. Tuttavia, un problema clinico noto è la tosse e conati di vomito riflesso che può verificarsi quando l&#39;anestetico liquido colpisce la mucosa delle vie aeree e altre strutture sensibili come le corde vocali. Ciò può essere evitato l&#39;uso di ossigeno applicato attraverso il canale di lavoro al fine di appannamento l&#39;anestetico locale in particelle più fini. per di più, Il flusso di ossigeno fornisce un apporto di ossigeno elevato e contribuisce ad una migliore visione, disperdendo secrezioni di muco e sangue dal lente. L&#39;utilizzo di un atomizzatore con un flusso elevato di ossigeno di 10 L / min abbiamo massimizzato questi vantaggi, ha causato meno tosse e aveva i pazienti più soddisfatti e, pertanto, di cooperazione. Possibile, ma molto rare complicazioni di utilizzare il flusso di ossigeno compresa insufflazione gastrica, la rottura organo o barotrauma non si pone. Attribuiamo l&#39;uso senza complicazione del flusso di ossigeno al disegno dell&#39;insieme, che permette il rilascio di flusso e pressione.

<html> Abbiamo eseguito intubazione endoscopica flessibile utilizzando la tecnica di anestesia topica presentata in 48 pazienti. Siamo riusciti a intubazione tutti i pazienti tranne uno, che soffriva di un tumore stenosante della faringe, che ha reso impossibile per far avanzare il tubo. La qualità del comfort intubazione da sveglio è stata valutata dai pazienti, anestesisti e infermieri che utilizzano una scala analogica vis...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow at JoVE.com

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

The topical anesthetic lidocaine was atomized using a high oxygen flow through the working channel of a flexible intubating endoscope to achieve topical airway anesthesia for awake endotracheal intubation. We prefer this modified spray-as-you-go technique for endoscopic intubation to classical bolus application because of higher patient satisfaction and better compliance.

Topico Airway Anestesia per intubazione da sveglio-endoscopica Utilizzando la Spray-as-you-go Tecnica con alto flusso di ossigeno

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can ...

topical-airway-anesthesia-for-awake-endoscopic-intubation-using-spray

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.5K Views.  University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University. The topical anesthetic lidocaine was atomized using a high oxygen flow through the working channel of a flexible intubating endoscope to achieve topical airway anesthesia for awake endotracheal intubation. We prefer this modified spray-as-you-go technique for endoscopic intubation to classical bolus application because of higher patient satisfaction and better compliance.

Video: Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

A Novel Rescue Technique for Difficult Intubation and Difficult Ventilation

We describe a novel non surgical technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in a case of difficult intubation and difficult ventilation, which works especially well with poor mask fit.
Can not intubate, can not ventilate" (CICV) is a potentially life threatening situation. In this video we present a simulation of the technique we used in a case of CICV where oxygenation and ventilation were maintained by inserting an endotracheal tube (ETT) nasally down to the level of the naso-pharynx while sealing the mouth and nares for successful positive pressure ventilation.
A 13 year old patient was taken to the operating room for incision and drainage of a neck abcess and direct laryngobronchoscopy. After preoxygenation, anesthesia was induced intravenously. Mask ventilation was found to be extremely difficult because of the swelling of the soft tissue. The face mask could not fit properly on the face due to significant facial swelling as well. A direct laryngoscopy was attempted with no visualization of the larynx. Oxygen saturation was difficult to maintain, with saturations falling to 80%. In order to oxygenate and ventilate the patient, an endotracheal tube was then inserted nasally after nasal spray with nasal decongestant and lubricant. The tube was pushed gently and blindly into the hypopharynx. The mouth and nose of the patient were sealed by hand and positive pressure ventilation was possible with 100% O2 with good oxygen saturation during that period of time. Once the patient was stable and well sedated, a rigid bronchoscope was introduced by the otolaryngologist showing extensive subglottic and epiglottic edema, and a mass effect from the abscess, contributing to the airway compromise. The airway was secured with an ETT tube by the otolaryngologist.This video will show a simulation of the technique on a patient undergoing general anesthesia for dental restorations.

We describe a technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation using an endotracheal tube inserted nasally to the level of the naso-pharynx while sealing the mouth and nares for successful positive pressure ventilation.

Una nuova tecnica di soccorso per l&#39;intubazione e ventilazione Difficile Difficile

We describe a novel non surgical technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in a case of difficult intubation and difficult ventilation, which ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small babies will desaturate very quickly if ventilation is interrupted mainly to high metabolic rate. We describe guidelines to perform a safe fiberoptic intubation while maintaining spontaneous breathing throughout the procedure. Steps requiring the use of propofol pump, fentanyl, glycopyrrolate, red rubber catheter, metal insuflation hook, afrin, lubricant and lidocaine spray are shown.

We describe guidelines to perform a safe and efficient elective fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients while maintaining spontaneous ventilation.

Linee guida per elettive intubazione pediatrica a fibre ottiche

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small ...

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

Intubazione endotracheale in Mouse<em&gt; Via</em&gt; Laringoscopia diretta usando un otoscopio

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Un metodo migliore per Rapid intubazione della trachea nei topi

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to differentiate obstruction patterns in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Target-controlled infusion (TCI) of the sedative propofol was combined with real-time monitoring of the depth of sedation using bispectral analysis.
In an observational study 57 patients (mean age 44.8 years, &#177; SD 10.5; mean apnea hypopnea Index (AHI) 30.8/hr, &#177; SD 21.6, mean BMI 28.2 kg/m2, &#177; SD 5.3) underwent cardiorespiratory polysomnography followed by DISE with TCI and bispectral analysis. Sleep was induced solely by the intravenous infusion of propofol with a TCI-pump, with an initial target plasma level of 2.0 &#181;g/ml. Under continuous monitoring of the patient&#39;s respiration, state of consciousness and value of the bispectral analysis, the target plasma propofol level was raised in steps of 0.2 &#181;g/ml/2 min until the desired depth of sedation was reached. The mean value of the bispectral analysis at the target depth of sedation was determined and the obstruction patterns during DISE-TCI-bispectral analysis then classified according to the VOTE-system. Subsequently the results were analyzed according to polysomnographic and anthropometric data. The occurrence of multilevel obstruction sites across all degrees of severity of OSA clarifies the need for sleep endoscopy prior to upper airway surgery.
The advantage of this technique is the reproducibility of the protocol even for heterogeneous groups of patients. In addition, the gradual controlled and standardized increase of the plasma level of propofol with real-time control of the bispectral index leads to a precisely controllable depth of sedation. The DISE-TCI-bispectral analysis procedure is a step towards a required reproducible protocol of sleep endoscopy &#8212; capable of standardization. However it is not yet known whether these observed obstruction patterns also correspond to findings in natural sleep.

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for sleep endoscopy to differentiate obstruction patterns in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Target-controlled infusion (TCI) of the sedative was combined with real-time monitoring of the depth of sedation using bispectral analysis.

Farmaco-indotta sonno Endoscopia (DISE) con target infusione controllata (TCI) e analisi Bispectral in apnea ostruttiva del sonno

The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to differentiate obstruction patterns in ...

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent need to find effective therapies. Preclinical studies have shown that inhaled halogenated agents may have beneficial effects in animal models of ARDS. The development of new devices to administer halogenated agents using modern intensive care unit (ICU) ventilators has significantly simplified the dispensing of halogenated agents to ICU patients. Because previous experimental and clinical research suggested potential benefits of halogenated volatiles, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, for lung alveolar epithelial injury and inflammation, two pathophysiologic landmarks of diffuse alveolar damage during ARDS, we designed an animal model to understand the mechanisms of the effects of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair. After general anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and the initiation of mechanical ventilation, ARDS was induced in piglets via the intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid. Then, the piglets were sedated with inhaled sevoflurane or isoflurane using an ICU-type device, and the animals were ventilated with lung-protective mechanical ventilation during a 4 h period. During the study period, blood and alveolar samples were collected to evaluate arterial oxygenation, the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, alveolar fluid clearance, and lung inflammation. Mechanical ventilation parameters were also collected throughout the experiment. Although this model induced a marked decrease in arterial oxygenation with altered alveolar-capillary permeability, it is reproducible and is characterized by a rapid onset, good stability over time, and no fatal complications.
We have developed a piglet model of acid aspiration that reproduces most of the physiological, biological, and pathological features of clinical ARDS, and it will be helpful to further our understanding of the potential lung-protective effects of halogenated agents delivered through devices used for inhaled ICU sedation.

We describe a model of hydrochloric acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in piglets receiving sedation with halogenated agents, isoflurane and sevoflurane, through a device used for inhaled intensive care sedation. This model can be used to investigate the biological mechanisms of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair.

Somministrazione di agenti alogenati in modelli suini di sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto tramite un dispositivo di tipo unità di terapia intensiva

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

Intubazione endotracheale utilizzando un endoscopio per intubazione flessibile come modello standardizzato per la gestione sicura delle vie aeree nei suini

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...

Image Acquisition using Portable Sonography for Emergency Airway Management

With its increasing popularity and accessibility, portable ultrasonography has been rapidly adapted not only to improve the perioperative care of patients, but also to address the potential benefits of employing ultrasound in airway management. The benefits of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) include its portability, the speed at which it can be utilized, and its lack of invasiveness or exposure of the patient to radiation of other imaging modalities.
Two primary indications for airway POCUS include confirmation of endotracheal intubation and identification of the cricothyroid membrane in the event a surgical airway is required. In this article, the technique of using ultrasound to confirm endotracheal intubation and the relevant anatomy is described, along with the associated ultrasonographic images. In addition, identification of the anatomy of the cricothyroid membrane and the ultrasonographic acquisition of appropriate images to perform this procedure are reviewed.
Future advances include utilizing airway POCUS to identify patient characteristics that might indicate difficult airway management. Traditional bedside clinical exams have, at best, fair predictive values. The addition of ultrasonographic airway assessment has the potential to improve this predictive accuracy. This article describes the use of POCUS for airway management, and initial evidence suggests that this has improved the diagnostic accuracy of predicting a difficult airway. Given that one of the limitations of airway POCUS is that it requires a skilled sonographer, and image analysis can be operator dependent, this paper will provide recommendations to standardize the technical aspects of airway ultrasonography and promote further research utilizing sonography in airway management. The goal of this protocol is to educate researchers and medical health professionals and to advance the research in the field of airway POCUS.

Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly being utilized in airway management. Presented here are some clinical utilities of POCUS, including differentiating endotracheal and esophageal intubation, identification of the cricothyroid membrane in the event a surgical airway is required, and measuring anterior neck soft tissue to predict difficult airway management.

Acquisizione di immagini mediante ecografia portatile per la gestione delle vie aeree di emergenza

With its increasing popularity and accessibility, portable ultrasonography has been rapidly adapted not only to improve the perioperative care of ...

Un protocollo di non intubazione per la chirurgia toracoscopica video-assistita con respirazione autonomica preservata

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Double-lumen intubation under general anesthesia is currently the most commonly performed intubation technique for pneumonectomy, wedge resection of the lung, and lobectomy. However, there is a high incidence of pulmonary complications arising from general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. Non-intubation with the preservation of voluntary breathing is an alternative to anesthesia. Non-intubation procedures minimize the adverse effects of tracheal intubation and general anesthesia, such as intubation-related airway trauma, ventilation-induced lung injury, residual neuromuscular blockade, and post-operative nausea and vomiting. However, the steps for non-intubation procedures are not detailed in many studies. Here, we present a concise non-intubated protocol for the performance of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with preserved autonomic breathing. This article identifies the conditions necessary to convert from non-intubated to intubated anesthesia and also discusses the advantages and limitations of non-intubated anesthesia. In this work, this intervention was performed on 58 patients. In addition, the results of a retrospective study are presented. Compared with intubated general anesthesia, patients in the non-intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery group had lower rates of post-operative pulmonary complications, shorter operative times, less intraoperative blood loss, shorter PACU stays, a lower number of days to chest drain removal, less post-operative drainage, and shorter hospital stays.

Autore in primo piano: Chirurgia toracoscopica video-assistita non intubata con analgesia multimodale e anestesia per inalazione di sevoflurano 

Here, we present a non-intubated protocol for performing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with preserved autonomic breathing.

Chirurgia toracoscopica video-assistita non intubata

Double-lumen intubation under general anesthesia is currently the most commonly performed intubation technique for pneumonectomy, wedge resection of the ...

Topico Airway Anestesia per intubazione da sveglio-endoscopica Utilizzando la Spray-as-you-go Tecnica con alto flusso di ossigeno

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