Name: evaluation of planar-cell-polarity phenotypes in ciliopathy mouse mutant cochlea
Uploaded: 2016-02-21T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 7 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea at JoVE.com

L&#39;autore ringrazia Matthew Kelley, Tiziana Cogliati, Jessica Gumerson, Uwe Wolfrum, Rivka Levron, Viola Kretschmer e Zoe Mann e per la loro valutazione critica del manoscritto. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dalla Sofja Kovalevskaya Award (Humbodlt Foundation) e l&#39;Università Johannes Gutenberg-, Mainz, Germania.

<ol>
	<li>Waters, A. M., Beales, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliopathies:+an+expanding+disease+spectrum.">Ciliopathies: an expanding disease spectrum.</a> Pediatr Nephrol. 26, 1039-1056 (2011).</li><li>May-Simera, H. L., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cilia,+Wnt+signaling,+and+the+cytoskeleton.">Cilia, Wnt signaling, and the cytoskeleton.</a> Cilia. 1, 7 (2012).</li><li>Ross, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+Bardet-Biedl+syndrome+ciliary+proteins+perturbs+planar+cell+polarity+in+vertebrates.">Disruption of Bardet-Biedl syndrome ciliary proteins perturbs planar cell polarity in vertebrates.</a> Nat Genet. 37, 1135-1140 (2005).</li><li>Ezan, J., Montcouquiol, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+planar+cell+polarity+in+the+inner+ear.">Revisiting planar cell polarity in the inner ear.</a> Seminars in cell &amp; developmental biology. 24, 499-506 (2013).</li><li>Semenov, M. V., Habas, R., Macdonald, B. T., He, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SnapShot:+Noncanonical+Wnt+Signaling+Pathways.">SnapShot: Noncanonical Wnt Signaling Pathways.</a> Cell. 131, 1378 (2007).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+polarized+extension+and+planar+cell+polarity+in+the+cochlea+by+the+vertebrate+PCP+pathway.">Regulation of polarized extension and planar cell polarity in the cochlea by the vertebrate PCP pathway.</a> Nat Genet. 37, 980-985 (2005).</li><li>Montcouquiol, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Vangl2+and+Scrb1+as+planar+polarity+genes+in+mammals.">Identification of Vangl2 and Scrb1 as planar polarity genes in mammals.</a> Nature. 423, 173-177 (2003).</li><li>May-Simera, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+proteins+Bbs8+and+Ift20+promote+planar+cell+polarity+in+the+cochlea.">Ciliary proteins Bbs8 and Ift20 promote planar cell polarity in the cochlea.</a> Development. 142, 555-566 (2015).</li><li>Jones, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+proteins+link+basal+body+polarization+to+planar+cell+polarity+regulation.">Ciliary proteins link basal body polarization to planar cell polarity regulation.</a> Nat Genet. 40, 69-77 (2008).</li><li>Lim, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+structure+of+the+organ+of+Corti:+a+review.">Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review.</a> Hearing research. 22, 117-146 (1986).</li><li>Nayak, G. D., Ratnayaka, H. S., Goodyear, R. J., Richardson, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+hair+bundle+and+mechanotransduction.">Development of the hair bundle and mechanotransduction.</a> The International journal of developmental biology. 51, 597-608 (2007).</li><li>Denman-Johnson, K., Forge, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+hair+bundle+polarity+and+orientation+in+the+deveoping+vestibular+system+of+the+mouse.">Establishment of hair bundle polarity and orientation in the deveoping vestibular system of the mouse.</a> J. Neurocytol. , 821-835 (1999).</li><li>Sobkowicz, H. M., Slapnick, S. M., August, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinocilium+of+auditory+hair+cells+and+evidence+for+its+morphogenetic+role+during+the+regeneration+of+stereocilia+and+cuticular+plates.">The kinocilium of auditory hair cells and evidence for its morphogenetic role during the regeneration of stereocilia and cuticular plates.</a> Journal of neurocytology. 24, 633-653 (1995).</li><li>Denman-Johnson, K., Forge, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+hair+bundle+polarity+and+orientation+in+the+developing+vestibular+system+of+the+mouse.">Establishment of hair bundle polarity and orientation in the developing vestibular system of the mouse.</a> Journal of neurocytology. 28, 821-835 (1999).</li><li>van Dam, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+SYSCILIA+gold+standard+(SCGSv1)+of+known+ciliary+components+and+its+applications+within+a+systems+biology+consortium.">The SYSCILIA gold standard (SCGSv1) of known ciliary components and its applications within a systems biology consortium.</a> Cilia. 2, 7 (2013).</li><li>Blacque, O. E., Sanders, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartments+within+a+compartment:+what+C.+elegans+can+tell+us+about+ciliary+subdomain+composition,+biogenesis,+function,+and+disease.">Compartments within a compartment: what C. elegans can tell us about ciliary subdomain composition, biogenesis, function, and disease.</a> Organogenesis. 10, 126-137 (2014).</li><li>Wallingford, J. B., Mitchell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strange+as+it+may+seem:+the+many+links+between+Wnt+signaling,+planar+cell+polarity,+and+cilia.">Strange as it may seem: the many links between Wnt signaling, planar cell polarity, and cilia.</a> Genes &amp; development. 25, 201-213 (2011).</li><li>Borovina, A., Ciruna, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IFT88+plays+a+cilia-+and+PCP-independent+role+in+controlling+oriented+cell+divisions+during+vertebrate+embryonic+development.">IFT88 plays a cilia- and PCP-independent role in controlling oriented cell divisions during vertebrate embryonic development.</a> Cell reports. 5, 37-43 (2013).</li><li>Huang, P., Schier, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dampened+Hedgehog+signaling+but+normal+Wnt+signaling+in+zebrafish+without+cilia.">Dampened Hedgehog signaling but normal Wnt signaling in zebrafish without cilia.</a> Development. 136, 3089-3098 (2009).</li><li>Ocbina, P. J., Tuson, M., Anderson, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilia+are+not+required+for+normal+canonical+Wnt+signaling+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Primary cilia are not required for normal canonical Wnt signaling in the mouse embryo.</a> PloS one. 4, e6839 (2009).</li><li>Jones, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scanning+electron+microscopy:+preparation+and+imaging+for+SEM.">Scanning electron microscopy: preparation and imaging for SEM.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 915, 1-20 (2012).</li><li>Curtin, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutation+of+Celsr1+disrupts+planar+polarity+of+inner+ear+hair+cells+and+causes+severe+neural+tube+defects+in+the+mouse.">Mutation of Celsr1 disrupts planar polarity of inner ear hair cells and causes severe neural tube defects in the mouse.</a> Current biology : CB. 13, 1129-1133 (2003).</li><li>Wang, Y., Guo, N., Nathans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+Frizzled3+and+Frizzled6+in+neural+tube+closure+and+in+the+planar+polarity+of+inner-ear+sensory+hair+cells.">The role of Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 in neural tube closure and in the planar polarity of inner-ear sensory hair cells.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 26, 2147-2156 (2006).</li><li>Montcouquiol, M., Jones, J. M., Sans, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+planar+polarity+proteins+in+mammalian+cochlea.">Detection of planar polarity proteins in mammalian cochlea.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 468, 207-219 (2008).</li><li>May-Simera, H., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examining+planar+cell+polarity+in+the+mammalian+cochlea.">Examining planar cell polarity in the mammalian cochlea.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 839, 157-171 (2012).</li><li>Yin, H., Copley, C. O., Goodrich, L. V., Deans, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+phenotypes+between+different+vangl2+mutants+demonstrates+dominant+effects+of+the+Looptail+mutation+during+hair+cell+development.">Comparison of phenotypes between different vangl2 mutants demonstrates dominant effects of the Looptail mutation during hair cell development.</a> PloS one. 7, e31988 (2012).</li><li>Rachel, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+Cep290+and+Mkks+ciliopathy+alleles+in+mice+rescues+sensory+defects+and+restores+ciliogenesis.">Combining Cep290 and Mkks ciliopathy alleles in mice rescues sensory defects and restores ciliogenesis.</a> J Clin Invest. 122, 1233-1245 (2012).</li><li>Jagger, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alstrom+Syndrome+protein+ALMS1+localizes+to+basal+bodies+of+cochlear+hair+cells+and+regulates+cilium-dependent+planar+cell+polarity.">Alstrom Syndrome protein ALMS1 localizes to basal bodies of cochlear hair cells and regulates cilium-dependent planar cell polarity.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 466-481 (2011).</li><li>Collin, G. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Alstrom+Syndrome+Protein,+ALMS1,+Interacts+with+alpha-Actinin+and+Components+of+the+Endosome+Recycling+Pathway.">The Alstrom Syndrome Protein, ALMS1, Interacts with alpha-Actinin and Components of the Endosome Recycling Pathway.</a> PloS one. 7, e37925 (2012).</li><li>Copley, C. O., Duncan, J. S., Liu, C., Cheng, H., Deans, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+refinement+of+auditory+hair+cell+planar+polarity+deficits+occurs+in+the+absence+of+Vangl2.">Postnatal refinement of auditory hair cell planar polarity deficits occurs in the absence of Vangl2.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 33, 14001-14016 (2013).</li><li>Sorusch, N., Wunderlich, K., Bauss, K., Nagel-Wolfrum, K., Wolfrum, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usher+syndrome+protein+network+functions+in+the+retina+and+their+relation+to+other+retinal+ciliopathies.">Usher syndrome protein network functions in the retina and their relation to other retinal ciliopathies.</a> Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 801, 527-533 (2014).</li><li>Hebert, J. M., McConnell, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+of+cre+to+the+Foxg1+(BF-1)+locus+mediates+loxP+recombination+in+the+telencephalon+and+other+developing+head+structures.">Targeting of cre to the Foxg1 (BF-1) locus mediates loxP recombination in the telencephalon and other developing head structures.</a> Dev Biol. 222, 296-306 (2000).</li><li>Willott, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+8,+Measurement+of+the+auditory+brainstem+response+(ABR)+to+study+auditory+sensitivity+in+mice.">Chapter 8, Measurement of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to study auditory sensitivity in mice.</a> Current protocols in neuroscience. , Unit8 21B (2006).</li><li>Martin, G. K., Stagner, B. B., Lonsbury-Martin, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+8,+Assessment+of+cochlear+function+in+mice:+distortion-product+otoacoustic+emissions.">Chapter 8, Assessment of cochlear function in mice: distortion-product otoacoustic emissions.</a> Current protocols in neuroscience. , Unit8 21C (2006).</li><li>Finetti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraflagellar+transport+is+required+for+polarized+recycling+of+the+TCR/CD3+complex+to+the+immune+synapse.">Intraflagellar transport is required for polarized recycling of the TCR/CD3 complex to the immune synapse.</a> Nature cell biology. 11, 1332-1339 (2009).</li><li>Sedmak, T., Wolfrum, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraflagellar+transport+molecules+in+ciliary+and+nonciliary+cells+of+the+retina.">Intraflagellar transport molecules in ciliary and nonciliary cells of the retina.</a> J Cell Biol. 189, 171-186 (2010).</li><li>Yuan, S., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expanding+horizons:+ciliary+proteins+reach+beyond+cilia.">Expanding horizons: ciliary proteins reach beyond cilia.</a> Annual review of genetics. 47, 353-376 (2013).</li><li>Tarchini, B., Jolicoeur, C., Cayouette, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+molecular+blueprint+at+the+apical+surface+establishes+planar+asymmetry+in+cochlear+hair+cells.">A molecular blueprint at the apical surface establishes planar asymmetry in cochlear hair cells.</a> Developmental cell. 27, 88-102 (2013).</li><li>Ezan, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilium+migration+depends+on+G-protein+signalling+control+of+subapical+cytoskeleton.">Primary cilium migration depends on G-protein signalling control of subapical cytoskeleton.</a> Nature cell biology. 15, 1107-1115 (2013).</li></ol>

The author declares no competing financial interests.

Quando si prepara il tessuto cocleare per l&#39;analisi, ci sono alcuni punti chiave da tenere a mente. In primo luogo, le differenze di background genetico possono modificare il fenotipo cocleare, rendendo necessario analizzare e confrontare solo i controlli littermate. In secondo luogo, la rimozione completa della membrana tectorial è necessaria per ottenere le migliori immagini con immunoistochimica ed è essenziale per SEM. La membrana tectorial è una struttura opaca e può oscurare le cellule dell&#39;epitelio se...

cilia primarie sono lunghe appendici microtubuli-based che si estendono dalla superficie della maggior parte delle cellule di mammifero. cilia primaria sono spesso confusi con cilia motilità, di cui ci sono sempre di più per cella, e il cui scopo è quello di spostare il fluido attraverso le superfici della membrana. cilia primaria, in contrasto, adottare ruoli sensoriali e sono quindi anche denominato cilia come sensoriale. Una volta lungo dimenticato, questo organello stato recentemente &#39;riscoperto&#39; a causa della sua associazione con una moltitudine di malattie genetiche umane 1. Idealmente posizionato come un organello segnalazione, il ciglio primario è stato dimostrato che regolano numerose vie di segnalazione, molti dei quali sono importanti non solo nella omeostasi tissutale e la malattia, ma anche durante lo sviluppo 2. Una delle prime vie di segnalazione dimostrato di essere associato con una disfunzione delle ciglia è stata la via di segnalazione Wnt non canonico, conosciuta anche come la polarità planare delle cellule (PCP) percorso <sup<html> &gt; 3. Questa cascata di segnali inizialmente identificata in Drosophila, è fondamentale per l&#39;embriogenesi; in particolare per processi di convergenza ed estensione e per il corretto orientamento delle cellule nel piano di epiteli 4. La segnalazione sequenziale di un nucleo insieme di proteine ​​regolatrici traduce indicazioni direzionali che in definitiva portano a riarrangiamenti del citoscheletro e determinano la polarizzazione coordinata di cellule epiteliali in un piano 5. Il processo di convergenza ed estensione è assolutamente necessaria per il condotto cocleare per allungare e per una corretta patterning cellulare 6. Dato che questo è regolato attraverso l&#39;attivazione del pathway PCP, uno dei fenotipi più suggestivi della coclea mutanti PCP è un condotto cocleare accorciato con disorganizzato epiteli sensoriali 7. Allo stesso modo, i mutanti di topo, che mancano di cilia, mostrano anche una tale convergenza ed estensione fenotipo 8,9, anche se con precisione come questo è regolata ancora da chiarire. ve_content &quot;&gt; Poiché i processi di convergenza ed estensione sono fondamentali per la conseguenza del condotto cocleare, e patterning cellulare del epiteli sensoriali all&#39;interno del condotto cocleare, la coclea in via di sviluppo è un organo ideale in cui esaminare la segnalazione PCP durante lo sviluppo dei vertebrati. L&#39;organo di Corti, il termine dato al dell&#39;epitelio sensoriale specializzato che le linee del condotto cocleare, è composto di cellule di supporto non-sensoriali e cellule ciliate meccanosensoriali che devono essere orientati in modo uniforme per la coclea di funzionare 10. le cellule ciliate meccanosensoriali sono così chiamati a causa della fasci stereociliary che si estendono dalla piastra cuticolare (superficie apicale) di ciascuna cella capelli sensoriale 11. Questi agiscono come trasduttori primari di mechanosensation e nonostante loro nomenclatura come stereocilia, sono in realtà costituiti da actina modificato microvilli filamento-based. da ogni capelli a forma di chevron fascio, tre file di stereocilia sono organizzati in un pa altamente ordinata e regolaresag o ma in un modo simile-scalinata. Reale cilia microtubuli base, kinocilia chiamati, sono necessari per lo sviluppo e l&#39;orientamento dei fasci stereociliary 12. Su ogni cella di capelli, una singola kinocilium è fisicamente collegato al fascio stereocilia, in posizione centrale adiacente alla più alta fila di stereocilia. La funzione precisa della kinocilium non è chiara, e uno ipotesi è che la kinocilium &#39;tira&#39; stereocilia in forma man mano che maturano da microvilli 12. Nei vertebrati, kinocilia nella coclea sono presenti solo transitoriamente e si ritraggono dalle cellule ciliate nei topi prima della comparsa di sentire 11,13,14. Completa perdita delle ciglia nello sviluppo risultati coclea in condotti cocleari severamente accorciati, mis-formato e mis-orientato bundle stereociliary, così come corpi basali mis-posizionati 8,9. Un cilium funzionale non è solo composto dal axoneme ciliare. Molte proteine ​​associate con ciliafunzione di verifica in complessi localizzate a sottodomini cilia-correlate, quali il corpo basale, zona di transizione, o ciliare axoneme 15. Il corpo basale, derivato dalla centriolo madre del centrosoma, è anche un centro microtubuli organizzando per microtubuli che si estendono lontano dal ciglio nel corpo cellulare e può regolare il traffico intracellulare e il traffico ciliare. La zona ciliare transizione è un&#39;altra regione in cui la funzione ciliare è regolata in termini di organizzazione importazione ed esportazione di composti ciliari 16. Diversi studi hanno identificato un legame tra ciglia e Wnt non canonica (segnalazione PCP), anche se il meccanismo preciso non è chiaro 17. Ridondanza di ciliari e PCP geni e la sensibilità della polarità delle cellule di anomalie cellulari generalizzate, rendono difficile per collegare direttamente una mutazione a deficit specifici PCP. Uno dei outs di lettura di segnalazione PCP è il posizionamento del corpo basale e primary cilium, quindi segregare il primario dai difetti secondari è impegnativo. Alcuni studi in zebrafish e topo mutanti hanno suggerito alcuna connessione tra le ciglia e Wnt segnalazione 18-20. Le discrepanze nei dati possono riflettere specie, tessuto, o le differenze temporali-dipendente dei contributi ciliari verso segnalazione Wnt. Inoltre, normale risposta Wnt potrebbe essere mantenuta se i corpi basali rimangono funzionale. Uno sguardo più in profondità il ruolo delle proteine ​​ciliari nei percorsi di segnalazione cellulare e altri fenomeni biologici è fondamentale per la nostra comprensione della biologia cellulare e dello sviluppo, nonché per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche mirate.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Tools/Equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone elastomere - Sylgard 184</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>761028-5EA</td><td>See Note 2</td></tr><tr><td>Micro dissecting scissors-straight blade</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps (no. 5 and 55) and blunt forceps</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope.</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uncoated glass microscope slides</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope cover slips (22 mm &amp;times; 40 mm &amp;times; 0.15 mm)</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transfer pipettes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minutien pins</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEM sample holder</td><td>tousimis</td><td>8762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning electron microscopy studs</td><td>TED PELLA</td><td>16111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PELCO Tabs: Carbon adhesive</td><td>TED PELLA</td><td>16084-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent Microscope</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Critical Point Dryer</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass microscope slides</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslips</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipe Tissue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine Paint Brush</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reagents</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&amp;times; Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td><td>10010023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp; (PFA) (EM Grade Required for EM)</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>Prepare a 4% solution in 1&amp;times; PBS made fresh each time. EM Grade Required for EM.</td></tr><tr><td>2.5% Glutaraldehyde Grade1</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5882</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl 2</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Normal Goat Serum</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AffiniPure Fab Fragment Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>715-007-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount-G Mounting media</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>0100-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times; Hanks&amp;rsquo; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td><td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td><td>14065</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hepes</td><td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Osmium tetroxide (OsO4 )</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich/Fluka Analytical</td><td>75632</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tannic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>403040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 200 proof</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibodies</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti Arl13b</td><td>Protein Tech</td><td>17711-1-AP</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>anti acetylated tubulin (611-B1)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6793</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:800</td></tr><tr><td>anti gamma tubulin (GTU-88)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6557</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:200</td></tr><tr><td>anti Zo_1&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>40-2300</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>Myosin VI</td><td>Proteus Biosciences</td><td>25-6791</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:1000</td></tr><tr><td>Myosin VIIa</td><td>Proteus Biosciences</td><td>25-6790</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>anti Vangl2</td><td>Merk Millipore</td><td>ABN373</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:250</td></tr><tr><td>anti G&amp;alpha;i3</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G4040</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:250</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor&amp;reg; 488 Phalloidin</td><td>Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td><td>A12379</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:300 - 1,000</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor&amp;reg; 568 Phalloidin</td><td>Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td><td>A12380</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:300 - 1,000</td></tr></tbody></table>

evaluation of planar-cell-polarity phenotypes in ciliopathy mouse mutant cochlea

In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest signaling pathways shown to be associated with ciliary function was the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, also referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. One of the best places in which to study the effects of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling during vertebrate development is the mammalian cochlea. PCP signaling disruption in the mouse cochlea disrupts cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, all of which are affected by cilia dysfunction. The goal of this protocol is to describe the analysis of PCP signaling in the developing mammalian cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Defects in convergence and extension are manifested as a shortening of the cochlear duct and/or changes in cellular patterning, which can be quantified following dissection from developing mouse mutants. Changes in stereociliary bundle orientation and kinocilia length or positioning can be observed and quantitated using either immunofluorescence or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A deeper insight into the role of ciliary proteins in cellular signaling pathways and other biological phenomena is crucial for our understanding of cellular and developmental biology, as well as for the development of targeted treatment strategies.

Coclea dissezione e Preparazione del tessuto Dopo la rimozione del cervello, dopo mezzeria dissezione sagittale di una testa P0 mouse, labirinto osseo, visto da dietro, può essere visualizzato (Figura 1A, freccia bianca) e rimosso. Figura 1B mostra i labirinti ossee isolate con i capelli cocleare rivolto verso l&#39;alto, ventrale, (a sinistra) e da dietro, dorsale (a destra)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Valutazione della Planar-Cell-polarità fenotipi in Ciliopathy mouse Mutant Coclea

Primary cilia influence various signaling pathways. The mammalian cochlea is ideal for examining planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Cilia dysfunction affects cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, readouts of PCP. Our goal is to analyze PCP signaling in mouse cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.

In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest ...

evaluation-planar-cell-polarity-phenotypes-ciliopathy-mouse-mutant

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.4K Views.  Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Primary cilia influence various signaling pathways. The mammalian cochlea is ideal for examining planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Cilia dysfunction affects cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, readouts of PCP. Our goal is to analyze PCP signaling in mouse cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.

Video: Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

Cultura della embrionali di topo cocleari espianti e Gene Transfer con elettroporazione

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Isolating LacZ-expressing Cells from Mouse Inner Ear Tissues using Flow Cytometry

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues presents a unique challenge because of the paucity of cells of interest and few transgenic reporter mouse models. Here, we describe a protocol using fluorescence-conjugated probes to selectively label LacZ-positive cells from the neonatal cochleae.
The most common underlying pathology of sensorineural hearing loss is the irreversible damage and loss of cochlear sensory hair cells, which are required to transduce sound waves to neural impulses. Recent evidence suggests that the murine auditory and vestibular organs harbor stem/progenitor cells that may have regenerative potential1,2. These findings warrant further investigation, including identifying specific cell types with stem/progenitor cell characteristics. The Wnt signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a critical role in maintaining stem/progenitor cell populations in several organ systems3-7. We have recently identified Wnt-responsive Axin2-expressing cells in the neonatal cochlea, but their function is largely unknown8.
To better understand the behavior of these Wnt-responsive cells in vitro, we have developed a method of isolating Axin2-expressing cells from cochleae of Axin2-LacZ reporter mice9. Using flow cytometry to isolate Axin2-LacZ positive cells from the neonatal cochleae, we could in turn execute a variety of experiments on live cells to interrogate their behavior as stem/progenitor cells. Here, we describe in detail the steps for the microdissection of neonatal cochlea, dissociation of these tissues, labeling of the LacZ-positive cells using a fluorogenic substrate, and cell sorting. Techniques for dissociating cochleae into single cells and isolating cochlear cells via flow cytometry have been described2,10-12. We have made modifications to these techniques to establish a novel protocol to isolate LacZ-expressing cells from the neonatal cochlea.

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool allowing for the isolation and study of specific cell populations. This protocol describes steps for isolating LacZ-expressing cells from cochlear tissues from neonatal transgenic mice. Dissociated cochlear cells were labeled using fluorescent-conjugated substrates of &#946;-galactosidase prior to separation via flow cytometry.

Isolando LacZ cellule che esprimono da tessuti dell&#39;orecchio interno del mouse in citometria a flusso

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues ...

Neuroscienze

Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.

Three-dimensional organotypic cultures of the murine utricle and cochlea in optically clear collagen I gels preserve innate tissue morphology, allow for mechanical stimulation through adjustment of matrix stiffness, and permit virus-mediated gene delivery.

Colture organotipiche tridimensionale degli organi sensoriali uditivi e vestibolari

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. ...

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a spiral shape and have a tonotopic gradient for sound detection. The mouse cochlea is approximately 6 mm long and often divided into three turns (apex, middle, and base) for analysis. To investigate cell loss, cell division, or mosaic gene expression, the whole mount or surface preparation of the cochlea is useful. This dissection method allows visualization of all cells within the organ of Corti when combined with immunostaining and confocal microscopy to image cells at different planes in the z-axis. Multiple optical cross-sections can also be obtained from these z-stack images. In addition, the whole mount dissection method can be used for scanning electron microscopy, although a different fixation method is needed. Here, we present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). This method can be used for mice ranging from one week of age through adulthood and differs from the technique used for neonatal samples where calcification of the cochlea is incomplete. A slightly modified version can be used for dissection of the rat cochlea. We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies.

We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

Tutta Monte dissezione e immunofluorescenza del topo adulto Coclea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

This protocol details general histology methods for preparing inner ear samples from embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a straightforward and standardized method for inner ear tissue processing for researchers, possibly new to the field, interested in working with the mouse cochlea. Included here are protocols for dissection, fixation, embedding, cryosectioning, and immunostaining. Section immunostaining is one of the best methods for examining individual cells within the context of the entire cochlea.
Key steps include dissecting the inner ear away from the skull, fixing the tissue using 4% paraformaldehyde, embedding with Optimal Cutting Temperature compound, cryosectioning, and immunostaining with antibodies targeting specific proteins expressed by the cochlea.
Included in our methods are special considerations made for the cochlea given its 
shape and structure.&#160;Reasonably good focus and dissection skills are needed, as tissue damage can affect the quality of immunostaining and consistency among samples. However, with the procedures we outline, most users can be trained in a few weeks to make beautiful preparations. Overall, this protocol offers a valuable way to promote research to understand auditory development, function, and disease in mouse models.

This protocol, intended for novice users of mouse inner ear tissue, comprehensively details steps for processing mouse inner ears at different developmental stages for section immunostaining.

Criosezione e immunocolorazione del tessuto dell'orecchio interno del topo: dagli stadi embrionali a quelli adulti

This protocol details general histology methods for preparing inner ear samples from embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice. The purpose of this protocol is ...

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) transmit acoustic signals to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) through ribbon synapses. Several experimental studies have indicated that hair cell synapses may be the initial targets in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Such studies have proposed the concept of cochlear &#34;synaptopathy&#34;, which refers to alterations in ribbon synapse number, structure, or function that result in abnormal synaptic transmission between IHCs and SGNs. While cochlear synaptopathy is irreversible, it does not affect the hearing threshold. In noise-induced experimental models, restricted damage to IHC synapses in select frequency regions is employed to identify the environmental factors that specifically cause synaptopathy, as well as the physiological consequences of disturbing this inner ear circuit. Here, we present a protocol for analyzing cochlear synaptic morphology and function at a specific frequency region in adult mice. In this protocol, cochlear localization of specific frequency regions is performed using place-frequency maps in conjunction with cochleogram data, following which the morphological characteristics of ribbon synapses are evaluated via synaptic immunostaining. The functional status of ribbon synapses is then determined based on the amplitudes of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I. The present report demonstrates that this approach can be used to deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction in the cochlea, which may aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

This manuscript describes an experimental protocol for evaluating the morphological characteristics and functional status of ribbon synapses in normal mice. The present model is also suitable for noise-induced and age-related cochlear synaptopathy-restricted models. The correlative results of previous mouse studies are also discussed.

Valutazione morfologica e funzionale delle sinapsi del nastro nelle specifiche regioni di frequenza della Coclea del topo

Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) transmit acoustic signals to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) through ribbon synapses. Several experimental studies have ...

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Auditory processing in the cochlea depends on the integrity of the mechanosensory hair cells. Over a lifetime, hearing loss can be acquired from numerous etiologies such as exposure to excessive noise, the use of ototoxic medications, bacterial or viral ear infections, head injuries, and the aging process. Loss of sensory hair cells is a common pathological feature of the varieties of acquired hearing loss. Additionally, the inner hair cell synapse can be damaged by mild insults. Therefore, surface preparations of cochlear epithelia, in combination with immunolabeling techniques and confocal imagery, are a very useful tool for the investigation of cochlear pathologies, including losses of ribbon synapses and sensory hair cells, changes in protein levels in hair cells and supporting cells, hair cell regeneration, and determination of report gene expression (i.e., GFP) for verification of successful transduction and identification of transduced cell types. The cochlea, a bony spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, holds the auditory sensory end organ, the organ of Corti (OC). Sensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells in the OC are contained in the cochlear duct and rest on the basilar membrane, organized in a tonotopic fashion with high-frequency detection occurring in the base and low-frequency in the apex. With the availability of molecular and genetic information and the ability to manipulate genes by knockout and knock-in techniques, mice have been widely used in biological research, including in hearing science. However, the adult mouse cochlea is miniscule, and the cochlear epithelium is encapsulated in a bony labyrinth, making microdissection difficult. Although dissection techniques have been developed and used in many laboratories, this modified microdissection method using cell and tissue adhesive is easier and more convenient. It can be used in all types of adult mouse cochleae following decalcification.

This article presents a modified cochlear surface preparation method that requires decalcification and use of a cell and tissue adhesive to adhere the pieces of cochlear epithelia to 10 mm round cover slips for immunohistochemistry in adult mouse cochleae.

Preparazione della superficie cocleare nel topo adulto

Auditory processing in the cochlea depends on the integrity of the mechanosensory hair cells. Over a lifetime, hearing loss can be acquired from numerous ...

Whole Neonatal Cochlear Explants as an In vitro Model

Untreated hearing loss imposes significant costs on the global healthcare system and impairs individuals' quality of life. Sensorineural hearing loss is characterized by the cumulative and irreversible loss of sensory hair cells and auditory nerves in the cochlea. Entire and vital cochlear explants are one of the fundamental tools in hearing research to detect hair cell loss and to characterize the molecular mechanisms of the inner ear cells. Many years ago, a protocol for neonatal cochlear isolation was developed, and although it has been modified over time, it still holds potential for improvement. 
This paper presents an optimized protocol for isolating and culturing whole neonatal cochlear explants in multi-well culture chambers that enables the study of hair cells and spiral ganglion neuron cells along the entire length of the cochlea. The protocol was tested using cochlear explants from mice and rats. Healthy cochlear explants were obtained to study the interaction between hair cells, spiral ganglion neuron cells, and the surrounding supporting cells. 
One of the main advantages of this method is that it simplifies the organ culture steps without compromising the quality of the explants. All three turns of the organ of Corti are attached to the bottom of the chamber, which facilitates in vitro experiments and the comprehensive analysis of the explants. We provide some examples of cochlear images from different experiments with live and fixed explants, demonstrating that the explants retain their structure despite exposure to ototoxic drugs. This optimized protocol can be widely used for the integrative analysis of the mammalian cochlea.

Whole Neonatal Cochlear Explants as an In vitro Model

The current protocol updates previous protocols and incorporates relatively straightforward approaches for culturing high-quality cochlear explants. This provides reliable data acquisition and high-resolution imaging in live and fixed cells. This protocol supports the ongoing trend of studying inner ear cells.

Espianti cocleari neonatali interi come modello in vitro

Untreated hearing loss imposes significant costs on the global healthcare system and impairs individuals' quality of life. Sensorineural hearing loss is ...

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.

We present a protocol to isolate the auditory bulla, capsule, and ossicles from postnatal mice for whole mount and histological analysis.

La dissezione del Auditory Bulla nei topi postnatale: Isolamento delle ossa dell&#39;orecchio medio e l&#39;analisi istologica

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called ...

Biologia

Dissection of the Endolymphatic Sac from Mice

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the human phenotypes. Although important progress has been done in the understanding of the development and function of the neurosensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibula, limited knowledge is available regarding the development, cellular composition, molecular pathways and functional characteristics of the endolymphatic sac. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty of visualizing and microdissecting this tissue, which is an epithelium comprised of only one cell layer. The study presented here describes an approach to access and microdissect the endolymphatic sac from the wild-type mouse inner ear at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in a pendrin-deficient mouse model of enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent endolymphatic sac is presented. This reporter mouse can be used to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac with limited dissection and determine its size. It can also be used as an educational tool to teach how to dissect the endolymphatic sac. These dissection procedures should facilitate further characterization of this understudied part of the inner ear.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Dissezione del sacco endolinfatico da topi

This study describes how to dissect the endolymphatic sac from the inner ear of the mouse at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in an Slc26a4-null mouse model of enlargement of the endolymphatic sac. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent reporter expressed in the endolymphatic sac is presented as a model to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac, and educational tool.

Dissezione del sacco endolinfatico da topi

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the ...

Valutazione della Planar-Cell-polarità fenotipi in Ciliopathy mouse Mutant Coclea

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video