Gli autori desiderano ringraziare il Dr. Paul Witting e la signora Genevieve Fong per la loro assistenza con estrazione mRNA e PCR, e Garnett Passe e Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation per il supporto.

Etica Dichiarazione: Tutte le procedure descritte qui di seguito sono stati approvati dalla University of Sydney Comitato etico degli animali. 1. Gli animali NOTE: 1 e 8-9 mesi topi (C57 / BL6) sono stati ottenuti dalla Animal Resources Centre (Perth, Australia). I topi sono stati alloggiati in Facility Bosch Roditore presso l&#39;Università di Sydney. <ol><li> Casa topi in gabbie standard del mouse su un 12/12 luce hr / ciclo scuro con accesso a cibo e acqua ad libitum. </li><li> Topi Divide in ogni fascia d&#39;età in vicino infrarosso (NIR) trattati, o sham trattati (controllo) gruppi per il confronto. </li></ol> 2. vicino infrarosso (NIR) irradiazione e Sham trattamento <ol><li> Accorciare il pelo sulla regione della testa e del collo del mouse con un rasoio elettrico più vicino possibile impedire rapida ricrescita dei capelli prima del completamento del regime di trattamento. Per mantenere lo stato privo di patogeni dei topi, utilizzare etanolo al 70%per pulire strumenti tra gli animali da trucco e F10 veterinaria disinfettante tra animali di gabbie separate. Fare questo 2 - 3 giorni prima l&#39;inizio del trattamento in modo gli animali non sono più manico. </li><li> Trattenere il mouse tenendo l&#39;estremità prossimale della coda e permettono di rilassarsi nel palmo di una mano o superiore del banco di modo da ridurre al minimo lo stress che potrebbe portare a risultati falsi. </li><li> Tenere il NIR (670 nm) LED (light emitting diode) Dispositivo 1 - 2 cm di distanza dal (rasato) area esposta e accendere il dispositivo per 90 secondi (Figura 1A). NOTA: La variazione di temperatura a seguito di esposizione 90 sec stata misurata come &lt;0,2 ° C in 100 ml di acqua. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 2,2-2,3 per il gruppo di trattamento sham degli animali, ma lasciare l&#39;apparecchio spento (Figura 1B). </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 2,2-2,3 per il gruppo di trattamento Nir-bloccato di animali, ma coprire il dispositivo con un foglio di alluminio. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 2,2-2,5 giorni alle approximate 24 intervalli hr per 5 giorni consecutivi. </li><li> Estrarre l&#39;epitelio vestibolare sensoriale (3 creste e 1 macula utricular) da entrambe le orecchie per il quinto giorno dopo il trattamento (vedere paragrafo 3). </li></ol> 3. Tissue estrazione 20 <ol><li> Preparare 300 ml di un liquido cerebrospinale artificiale (ACSF) basato glicerolo-costituiti (in mM): 26 NaHCO3, 11 glucosio, 250 glicerolo, 2,5 KCl, 1,2 NaH 2 PO 4, 1.2 MgCl 2, 2,5 e CaCl 2. Prima dell&#39;aggiunta di CaCl 2, gas la soluzione con CarboGen (95% O 2 e 5% CO 2) per stabilire un pH di 7,4 e di evitare la precipitazione di calcio (nuvolosità). Raffreddare la soluzione in un -80 ° C freezer per 45 minuti in modo da formare una sospensione di ghiaccio. </li><li> Preparare il tampone di lisi isolamento RNA etichettati microtubi tappo a vite (ferma il popping dei coperchi, quando le variazioni di pressione del tubo tra congelamento e scongelamento in azoto liquido) in basele istruzioni del fabbricante o usuali pratiche di laboratorio. Avere azoto liquido pronto in un matraccio dewar alluminio. NOTA: Usare indumenti protettivi e eyeware durante la manipolazione di azoto liquido. Assicurarsi che l&#39;azoto liquido viene utilizzato in una stanza ben ventilata come il volume della sua forma di gas è di circa 700 volte quella della sua forma liquida e può causare asfissia. </li><li> Profondamente anestetizzare topi con ketamina (400 mg / kg) tramite una iniezione intra-peritoneale. Lasciare che il riflesso arti posteriori a placarsi del tutto come indicazione che i topi sono completamente anestetizzati. </li><li> Decapitare topi con le forbici in acciaio inossidabile affilate e fare un&#39;incisione lungo la pelle sagittale del cranio con una lama di rasoio (arrotondato # 22). A questo punto e tutto passi 3,5-3,9, mantenere il più fresco possibile, l&#39;applicazione regolare di ACSF ghiacciato sopra il tessuto della volta cranica, cervello e apparato vestibolare sottostante. </li><li> Utilizzando il braccio punta di forbici modello standard fare un small &#39;incisione nel cranio a Lambda e tagliare lungo la sutura sagittale. </li><li> Scorrere delicatamente un braccio di un superficiale rongeurs sotto l&#39;osso parietale mantenendo la lama più vicino possibile alla superficie inferiore dell&#39;osso senza trascinare il cervello. Sicuro e tirare via l&#39;osso parietale laterale e l&#39;osso occipitale posteriormente fino a quando il cervello è esposto. </li><li> Utilizzare una piccola spatola di acciaio inox e sollevare il cervello dal anteriore e centrale fossa cranica per esporre il nervo vestibolococleare (CN VIII). Transetto il nervo per evitare inutili tensioni sui assoni afferenti primari che innervano direttamente le cellule ciliate vestibolari. </li><li> Rimuovere il cervello in toto dopo resezione del CN VIII. </li><li> Osservare il labirinto osseo contiene la coclea e gli organi vestibolari periferici nella fossa cranica media. Fare due piccole incisioni accanto a ogni labirinto osseo e asportare l&#39;intera struttura tenendo il canale semicircolare anteriore e tirare tardialleato. </li><li> Immergere immediatamente labirinti escisse in un piatto dissezione contenente soluzione ACSF ghiacciata (come descritto al punto 3.1), mentre continua perfusione con CarboGen. </li><li> Sotto uno stereomicroscopio, tenere premuto il labirinto della coclea e fissarla al fondo del piatto con una pinza. <ol><li> Utilizzare pinze dritto fini graffiare una piccola apertura nel midollo sopra anteriore canale semicircolare (SSC) ampolla. </li><li> Allargare delicatamente questa apertura raggiungendo immediatamente sotto l&#39;osso e sfogliando verso l&#39;esterno lontano dal ampolla. Fare attenzione qui per non spingere pinze nell&#39;apertura e danneggiare il labirinto membranoso fragile sotto. Continuare in questo modo fino a quando il utricolo, anteriore e ampolle laterale sono tutti esposti. Se possibile rimuovere anche l&#39;ampolla posteriori. </li></ol></li><li> Utilizzando una pinza sottile, sollevare delicatamente il utricolo e ampolle dal labirinto osseo fino a quando non sono completamente staccati. Ove possibile, tenerlidai canali semicircolari associati per evitare di danneggiare l&#39;epitelio sensoriale. In alcuni casi, la parte prossimale del condotto membranoso semicircolare può avere bisogno di essere tagliato con forbici iris per rilasciare le ampolle dall&#39;osso. </li><li> Saldamente cogliere gli organi vestibolari tra la punta di una pinza e posto nel buffer di lisi preparata in precedenza al punto 3.2. Mescolare delicatamente la pinza intorno nel buffer per garantire organi vestibolari hanno staccato dalla pinza. Controllare questo è il caso per portare le pinze con lo stereomicroscopio. <ol><li> Avvitare sul coperchio microtubuli e congelare il campione in azoto liquido immediatamente. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. RNA Estrazione e RT-PCR <ol><li> Seguire metodi standard di RNA messaggero (mRNA) di estrazione secondo le istruzioni del fabbricante o protocolli di laboratorio preferito. NOTA: un kit commerciale che utilizzava RNA carrier per aiutare isolare le piccole rese di mRNA è stato utilizzato in questoprotocollo. Volumi di eluizione inferiori possono essere usati per aumentare le concentrazioni finali di mRNA. NOTA: Controlli negativo &quot;no enzima&quot; (NEC) e controlli &quot;non modello DNA&quot; (NTC) devono essere completati per garantire la validità degli effetti osservati. </li><li> Applicare metodi standard di trascrizione inversa di mRNA a DNA complementare (cDNA) e l&#39;amplificazione di geni bersaglio 21-23. </li></ol>

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

I risultati rappresentativi qui descritti mostrano che breve consegna transcranica di NIR luce (90 sec / giorno per 5 giorni) è sufficiente per aumentare i livelli di espressione antiossidante nei topi anziani rispetto ai topi sham trattati. Mentre calore emesso potrebbe rappresentare una fonte di mitocondriale e / o l&#39;attivazione neuronale, come riportato per ratto vestibolare afferenti 24 - nostra misurazione del calore emesso dal LED NIR dispositivo era &lt;0,2 ° C superiore al 90 sec, e come tale è...

Il calo delle prestazioni equilibrio e cadute successive sono comuni, e le caratteristiche, purtroppo, spesso definiscono di invecchiamento naturale 1. L&#39;impatto di questo declino può essere sia fisica che sociale, e riduce in modo significativo la qualità della vita per le persone anziane. In risposta, terapie fisiche e riabilitazione sono stati al centro della ricerca di cadute, ma non sono stati associati con la riduzione consistente della prevalenza di cadute ripetute. Allo stesso tempo, il lavoro indagando i cambiamenti nel sistema periferico o centrale vestibolare (il sistema responsabile per mantenere l&#39;equilibrio) è scarso, e potenziali strategie terapeutiche destinate a questi sistemi e le cause di squilibrio limitato. Un recente lavoro su malattie neurodegenerative legate all&#39;età, tra cui età-correlate degenerazione maculare 2-4, modelli di malattia di Alzheimer 5-8, e il morbo di Parkinson 9-12 hanno mostrato effetti neuroprotettivi di simple applicazione non invasiva del vicino infrarosso (NIR) luce. Inoltre, nel sistema vestibolare, NIR è stato usato per aumentare l&#39;attività di neuroni vestibolari afferenti primari in vitro 13. Mentre il meccanismo di Nir luce non è ben compreso,, maggior parte degli studi che utilizzano NIR hanno suggerito che Nir stimola mitocondri complesso IV (citocromo c ossidasi) 14-17 per facilitare il metabolismo cellulare. Nel epitelio sensoriale vestibolare piastra sottocuticolare delle cellule ciliate che tipo è denso in mitocondri 18 e come tale può rappresentare un luogo di azione per il trattamento terapeutico Nir. Qui, una breve, regime di trattamento non invasivo transcranially applicato NIR che può essere utilizzato per misurare il metabolismo cellulare (e di conseguenza, la funzione mitocondriale) nel topo vestibolare dell&#39;epitelio sensoriale descritto. Anche discusso è una preparazione dell&#39;epitelio sensoriale vestibolare e si dimostra che NIR aumenta l&#39;espressione di un ubiquitonoi anti-ossidante (superossido dismutasi 1) nell&#39;epitelio sensoriale - precedentemente dimostrato di essere importante per la sopravvivenza delle cellule dei capelli coclea 19.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Quantum WARP 10</td><td>Quantum Devices</td><td>2070N030-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screw top microtubules</td><td>Quality Scientific Plastics</td><td>520-GRD-Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Parnell, Alexandria Australia</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard pattern scissors</td><td>FST</td><td>14001-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon steel surgical blades #22</td><td>Livingstone</td><td>SBLDCL 22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Friedman-Pearson rongeurs</td><td>FST</td><td>16221-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscope</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td>A60S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 SF forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>11252-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isolate II RNA Micro Kit</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-52075</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

near infrared (nir) light increases expression of a marker of mitochondrial function in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium

Strategie per attenuare il declino in funzione di bilanciamento con l&#39;aumentare dell&#39;età sono prevalentemente concentrati su terapie fisiche, tra cui le attività di bilancio e l&#39;esercizio fisico. Tuttavia, questi approcci non affrontano le cause alla base dell&#39;equilibrio declino. Usando topi, è stato valutato l&#39;effetto di luce vicino infrarosso (NIR) sul metabolismo di cellule dell&#39;epitelio sensoriale vestibolare. I dati raccolti mostrano che questo intervento semplice e sicuro può proteggere queste cellule vulnerabili dagli effetti deleteri di invecchiamento naturale. mRNA è stato estratto dalla isolato epitelio periferico vestibolare sensoriale (ampollare crista e macula utricular) e successivamente trascritto in una libreria di cDNA. Questa libreria è stato poi indagato per l&#39;espressione di antiossidanti onnipresente (SOD-1). Antiossidante espressione genica è stato poi utilizzato per quantificare il metabolismo cellulare. Utilizzando consegna transcranica di Nir in giovane (4 settimane) e anziani (8-9 mesi) i topi, e un regime di trattamento breve (90 sec / giorno per 5 days), questo lavoro suggerisce Nir sola può essere sufficiente per migliorare la funzione mitocondriale nell&#39;epitelio sensoriale vestibolare. Dal momento che non ci sono attualmente disponibili, a prezzi accessibili, i metodi non invasivi di terapia per migliorare la funzione delle cellule dei capelli vestibolare, l&#39;applicazione delle radiazioni NIR esterna fornisce una strategia potenziale per contrastare l&#39;impatto dell&#39;invecchiamento sul metabolismo cellulare inthe vestibolare epitelio sensoriale.

Per confrontare l&#39;impatto del trattamento Nir nei giovani (4 settimane) e anziani (8-9 mesi) topi abbiamo misurato l&#39;espressione di antiossidanti superossido dismutasi 1 (SOD-1) nei giovani (n = 16) e anziani (n = 20) i topi che erano NIR-trattata, sham-trattati, o Nir-bloccato. figura 2 mostra un aumento significativo normalizzato SOD-1 β-actina di oltre 2 volte nei giovani Nir-animali trattati rispetto ai giovani animali sham trattati (p &lt;0.01) e animali giovani NIR-bloccati (p &lt;0.01). ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium at JoVE.com

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Disfunzione mitocondriale è una caratteristica della senescenza cellulare. Questo documento utilizza nel vicino infrarosso (NIR) trattamento non invasivo per migliorare la funzione mitocondriale nel invecchiamento del mouse vestibolare epitelio sensoriale.

Vicino infrarosso (NIR) Luce aumenta l&#39;espressione di un marcatore di mitocondriale Funzione nel mouse vestibolare sensoriale Epithelium

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and ...

near-infrared-nir-light-increases-expression-marker-mitochondrial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

9.9K Views.  University of Sydney.  Disfunzione mitocondriale è una caratteristica della senescenza cellulare. Questo documento utilizza nel vicino infrarosso (NIR) trattamento non invasivo per migliorare la funzione mitocondriale nel invecchiamento del mouse vestibolare epitelio sensoriale. 

Video: Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured neurons for extended durations1-3. This is now possible through the use of vital dyes and fluorescent proteins with which cytoskeletal components, organelles, and other structures in living cells can be labeled and then visualized via dynamic fluorescence microscopy. For example, in embryonic chicken sympathetic neurons, mitochondrial movement was characterized using the vital dye rhodamine 1234. In another study, mitochondria were visualized in rat forebrain neurons by transfection of mitochondrially targeted eYFP5. However, imaging of primary neurons over minutes, hours, or even days presents a number of issues. Foremost among these are: 1) maintenance of culture conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pH during long imaging sessions; 2) a strong, stable fluorescent signal to assure both the quality of acquired images and accurate measurement of signal intensity during image analysis; and 3) limiting exposure times during image acquisition to minimize photobleaching and avoid phototoxicity.
Here, we describe a protocol that permits the observation, visualization, and analysis of mitochondrial movement in cultured hippocampal neurons with high temporal resolution and under optimal life support conditions. We have constructed an affordable stage-top incubator that provides good temperature regulation and atmospheric gas flow, and also limits the degree of media evaporation, assuring stable pH and osmolarity. This incubator is connected, via inlet and outlet hoses, to a standard tissue culture incubator, which provides constant humidity levels and an atmosphere of 5-10% CO2/air. This design offers a cost-effective alternative to significantly more expensive microscope incubators that don't necessarily assure the viability of cells over many hours or even days. To visualize mitochondria, we infect cells with a lentivirus encoding a red fluorescent protein that is targeted to the mitochondrion. This assures a strong and persistent signal, which, in conjunction with the use of a stable xenon light source, allows us to limit exposure times during image acquisition and all but precludes photobleaching and phototoxicity. Two injection ports on the top of the stage-top incubator allow the acute administration of neurotransmitters and other reagents intended to modulate mitochondrial movement. In sum, lentivirus-mediated expression of an organelle-targeted red fluorescent protein and the combination of our stage-top incubator, a conventional inverted fluorescence microscope, CCD camera, and xenon light source allow us to acquire time-lapse images of mitochondrial transport in living neurons over longer durations than those possible in studies deploying conventional vital dyes and off-the-shelf life support systems.

We describe a protocol that allows imaging of mitochondria in living neurons via fluorescence microscopy over long durations. Imaging over extended periods is accomplished through lentivirus-mediated expression of a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein and use of an inexpensive stage-top incubator that was designed and built in our laboratory.

Neuromodulazione e mitocondriale di trasporto: Imaging Live in neuroni dell&#39;ippocampo oltre durate a lungo

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

Un isolato semi-intatte Preparazione del mouse vestibolare epitelio sensoriale di Elettrofisiologia e ad alta risoluzione microscopia a due fotoni

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and postsynaptic projections to the visual cortex. Based on its distinct anatomical structure and convenient accessibility, it has become the favored structure for studies on neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advancements in MR imaging have enabled the in vivo visualization of the retino-tectal part of this projection using manganese mediated contrast enhancement (MEMRI). Here, we present a MEMRI protocol for illustration of the visual projection in mice, by which resolutions of (200 &#181;m)3 can be achieved using common 3 Tesla scanners. We demonstrate how intravitreal injection of a single dosage of 15 nmol MnCl2 leads to a saturated enhancement of the intact projection within 24 hr. With exception of the retina, changes in signal intensity are independent of coincided visual stimulation or physiological aging. We further apply this technique to longitudinally monitor axonal degeneration in response to acute optic nerve injury, a paradigm by which Mn2+ transport completely arrests at the lesion site. Conversely, active Mn2+ transport is quantitatively proportionate to the viability, number, and electrical activity of axon fibers. For such an analysis, we exemplify Mn2+ transport kinetics along the visual path in a transgenic mouse model (NF-&#954;B p50KO) displaying spontaneous atrophy of sensory, including visual, projections. In these mice, MEMRI indicates reduced but not delayed Mn2+ transport as compared to wild type mice, thus revealing signs of structural and/or functional impairments by NF-&#954;B mutations.
In summary, MEMRI conveniently bridges in vivo assays and post mortem histology for the characterization of nerve fiber integrity and activity. It is highly useful for longitudinal studies on axonal degeneration and regeneration, and investigations of mutant mice for genuine or inducible phenotypes.

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

This video illustrates a method, using a clinical 3 T scanner, for contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the na&#239;ve mouse visual projection and for repetitive and longitudinal in vivo studies of optic nerve degeneration associated with acute optic nerve crush injury and chronic optic nerve degeneration in knock-out mice (p50KO).

In vivo imaging di Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by MRI Contrast-Enhanced nei topi

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

In Vitro e In Vivo rilevamento di Mitophagy in cellule umane, C. Eleganse topi

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Medicina

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

Un protocollo per la terapia di fotobiomodulazione Transcranial in topi

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is important for neuronal viability and function. Although mitochondria contain several redox systems, the highly abundant thiol-disulfide redox buffer glutathione is considered a central player in antioxidant defenses. Therefore, measuring the mitochondrial glutathione redox potential provides useful information about mitochondrial redox status and oxidative stress. Glutaredoxin1-roGFP2 (Grx1-roGFP2) is a genetically encoded, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based ratiometric indicator of the glutathione redox potential that has two redox-state-sensitive excitation peaks at 400 nm and 490 nm with a single emission peak at 510 nm. This article describes how to perform confocal live microscopy of mitochondria-targeted Grx1-roGFP2 in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons. It describes how to assess steady-state mitochondrial glutathione redox potential (e.g., to compare disease states or long-term treatments) and how to measure redox changes upon acute treatments (using the excitotoxic drug N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) as an example). In addition, the article presents co-imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and the mitochondrial membrane potential indicator, tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE), to demonstrate how Grx1-roGPF2 can be multiplexed with additional indicators for multiparametric analyses. This protocol provides a detailed description of how to (i) optimize confocal laser scanning microscope settings, (ii) apply drugs for stimulation followed by sensor calibration with diamide and dithiothreitol, and (iii) analyze data with ImageJ/FIJI.

This article describes a protocol to determine differences in basal redox state and redox responses to acute perturbations in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons using confocal live microscopy. The protocol can be applied to other cell types and microscopes with minimal modifications.

Imaging dal vivo dello stato redox del glutatione mitocondriale nei neuroni primari utilizzando un indicatore raziometrico

Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is important for neuronal viability and function. Although mitochondria contain several redox systems, the highly abundant ...

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and experimentally tractable. It is economical and easy to culture and dispense in liquid medium which makes it well suited for medium-throughput screening. We have previously validated the use of transgenic luciferase expressing C. elegans strains to provide rapid in vivo assessment of the nematode&#8217;s ATP levels.1-3 Here we present the required materials and procedure to carry out bioassays with the bioluminescent C. elegans strains PE254 or PE255 (or any of their derivative strains). The protocol allows for in vivo detection of sublethal effects of drugs that may identify mitochondrial toxicity, as well as for in vivo detection of potential beneficial drug effects. Representative results are provided for the chemicals paraquat, rotenone, oxaloacetate and for four firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds. The methodology can be scaled up to provide a platform for screening drug libraries for compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial function. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug toxicity is often carried out on immortalized cancerous human cell lines which derive ATP mostly from glycolysis and are often tolerant of mitochondrial toxicants.4,5 In contrast, C. elegans depends on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain development into adulthood, drawing a parallel with humans and providing a unique opportunity for compound evaluation in the physiological context of a whole live multicellular organism.

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

A protocol is described for in vivo detection of effects of mitochondrial inhibitors in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and for identification of potential enhancing compounds. This protocol can be used to screen drug libraries for compounds modulating mitochondrial function.

Un Screenable<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Saggio per mitocondriale modulatori Uso Transgenic Bioluminescent<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and ...

Biologia

Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential In Vivo using a Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator

Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is critical for mitochondrial functions, including ATP synthesis, ion transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the import of proteins encoded by the nucleus. Existing methods for measuring &#916;&#936;m typically use lipophilic cation dyes, such as Rhodamine 800 and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), but these are limited by low specificity and are not well-suited for in vivo applications. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel protocol utilizing genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), which generate fluorescent signals in response to membrane potential changes, have demonstrated significant potential for monitoring plasma membrane and neuronal potentials. However, their application to mitochondrial membranes remains unexplored. Here, we developed protein-based mitochondrial-targeted GEVIs capable of detecting &#916;&#936;m fluctuations in cells and the motor cortex of living animals. The mitochondrial potential indicator (MPI)offers a non-invasive approach to study &#916;&#936;m dynamics in real-time, providing a method to investigate mitochondrial function under both normal and pathological conditions.

This protocol describes the application of mitochondria-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). These GEVIs offer a significant advantage over traditional mitochondrial membrane potential dyes by enabling specific, in vivo, and real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Misurazione del potenziale della membrana mitocondriale in vivo utilizzando un indicatore di tensione geneticamente codificato

Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is critical for mitochondrial functions, including ATP synthesis, ion transport, reactive oxygen ...

Imaging del perossido mitocondriale in cellule di lievito viventi utilizzando mtHyper7

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, and normal aging. Here, an approach is described to assess mitochondrial function in living yeast cells at cellular and subcellular resolutions using a genetically encoded, minimally invasive, ratiometric biosensor. The biosensor, mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), detects hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mitochondria. It consists of a mitochondrial signal sequence fused to a circularly permuted fluorescent protein and the H2O2-responsive domain of a bacterial OxyR protein. The biosensor is generated and integrated into the yeast genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 marker-free system, for&#160;more consistent expression compared to plasmid-borne constructs.
mtHyPer7 is quantitatively targeted to mitochondria, has no detectable effect on yeast growth rate or mitochondrial morphology, and provides a quantitative readout for mitochondrial H2O2 under normal growth conditions and upon exposure to oxidative stress. This protocol explains how to optimize imaging conditions using a spinning-disk confocal microscope system and perform quantitative analysis using freely available software. These tools make it possible to collect rich spatiotemporal information on mitochondria both within cells and among cells in a population. Moreover, the workflow described here can be used to validate other biosensors.

Autore in primo piano: Avanzamento della ricerca mitocondriale - Biosensore mtHyper7 per l'analisi subcellulare 

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is both a source of oxidative damage and a signaling molecule. This protocol describes how to measure mitochondrial H2O2 using mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), a genetically encoded ratiometric biosensor, in living yeast. It details how to optimize imaging conditions and perform quantitative cellular and subcellular analysis using freely available software.

Imaging di mtHyPer7, un biosensore raziometrico per il perossido mitocondriale, in cellule di lievito viventi

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, ...

Vicino infrarosso (NIR) Luce aumenta l'espressione di un marcatore di mitocondriale Funzione nel mouse vestibolare sensoriale Epithelium

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Neuromodulazione e mitocondriale di trasporto: Imaging Live in neuroni dell'ippocampo oltre durate a lungo

Un isolato semi-intatte Preparazione del mouse vestibolare epitelio sensoriale di Elettrofisiologia e ad alta risoluzione microscopia a due fotoni

In vivo imaging di Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by MRI Contrast-Enhanced nei topi

In Vitro e In Vivo rilevamento di Mitophagy in cellule umane, C. Eleganse topi

Un protocollo per la terapia di fotobiomodulazione Transcranial in topi

Imaging dal vivo dello stato redox del glutatione mitocondriale nei neuroni primari utilizzando un indicatore raziometrico

Un Screenable

Misurazione del potenziale della membrana mitocondriale in vivo utilizzando un indicatore di tensione geneticamente codificato

Imaging di mtHyPer7, un biosensore raziometrico per il perossido mitocondriale, in cellule di lievito viventi

Imaging di mtHyPer7, un biosensore raziometrico per il perossido mitocondriale, in cellule di lievito viventi