Gli autori desiderano ringraziare: Dr. Frank Jiang, il dottor David Lin, il Dr. Bernard Yurke e il Dr. Uday Chippada per i loro contributi sullo sviluppo della tecnologia del gel del DNA; Dr. Norell Hadzimichalis, Smit Shah, Kimberly Peterman, Robert Arter per i loro commenti e le modifiche di questo manoscritto; fonti di finanziamento, tra cui il New Jersey Commissione su Spinal Cord Research (Grant # 07A-019-SCR1, NAL) e New Jersey Neuroscience Institute (MLP); e editori di Ingegneria Tissutale, parte A, per il permesso di ristampare figure 2 e 4 e Biomateriali per il permesso di ristampare figura 3.

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+rigid+spherical+inclusions+in+young's+moduli+determination:+Application+to+DNA-crosslinked+gels.">Use of rigid spherical inclusions in young's moduli determination: Application to DNA-crosslinked gels.</a> J Biomech Eng. 127 (4), 571-579 (2005).</li><li>Luo, Y., Shoichet, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-activated+immobilization+of+biomolecules+to+agarose+hydrogels+for+controlled+cellular+response.">Light-activated immobilization of biomolecules to agarose hydrogels for controlled cellular response.</a> Biomacromolecules. 5 (6), 2315-2323 (2004).</li><li>Marklein, R. A., Burdick, J. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction+in+development+A+growing+role+for+contractility.">Mechanotransduction in development A growing role for contractility.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10 (1), 34-43 (2009).</li><li>Wuerfel, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mr-elastography+reveals+degradation+of+tissue+integrity+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Mr-elastography reveals degradation of tissue integrity in multiple sclerosis.</a> Neuroimage. 49 (3), 2520-2525 (2012).</li><li>Zaari, N., Rajagopalan, P., Kim, S. K., Engler, A. J., Wong, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photopolymerization+in+microfluidic+gradient+generators+Microscale+control+of+substrate+compliance+to+manipulate+cell+response.">Photopolymerization in microfluidic gradient generators Microscale control of substrate compliance to manipulate cell response.</a> Adv Mater. 16 (23-24), 2133-2137 (2004).</li></ol>

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La capacità del gel di DNA per ammorbidire o irrigidire prima e dopo l&#39;adesione cellulare li rende un modello ideale per studiare il ruolo della rigidità dei tessuti dinamica sulla funzione delle cellule. Tutti e tre i disegni sono stati utilizzati in studi meccanici e biologici. Tuttavia, tutti e tre i disegni hanno elasticità simili in varie percentuali di reticolazione, indicante la lunghezza di reticolazione non influenza l&#39;elasticità del gel del DNA (Tabella 2). Al contrario, la concent...

Supporti statici e dinamici sono due categorie di biomateriali che sono stati sviluppati per studiare gli effetti di elasticità dei tessuti o di rigidità sulla funzione cellulare. Supporti statici sono in grado di cambiare le loro proprietà fisiche dopo che sono stati fabbricati e / o una volta che le cellule sono placcati. Poliacrilammide (PA) gel sono stati i primi bidimensionali, supporti statici che sono stati sintetizzati per le indagini mechanobiology 5,17. Gel PA sono facili da preparare, economico, versatile e può essere fabbricato con una vasta gamma di moduli elastici. Anche se questi vantaggi tecnici rendono PA gelifica un substrato comunemente applicato, supporti statici non sono indicativi della natura dinamica della matrice extracellulare (ECM) e di ambiente cellulare circostante in vivo. Ad esempio, l&#39;ECM subisce alterazioni rigidità come risultato di lesioni, sviluppo, o malattia. Supporti dinamici sono quindi favoriti come modelli substrato di tessuto-mimando negli studi mechanobiology <sup&gt; 22,24,25. Numerosi sintetico, bidimensionale biomateriali, tridimensionali, statiche e dinamiche naturali sono stati sviluppati per imitare il tessuto rigidità 1,3,6,16,23,26. Alcuni supporti dinamici richiedono calore, ai raggi UV, corrente elettrica, gli ioni, e variazioni di pH per alterare le loro proprietà meccaniche 2,4,7,8,12,15,16, ma questi stimoli possono limitare bio-applicazione del idrogel. Idrogel di poliacrilamide DNA-reticolato (gel di DNA) sono substrati elastici bidimensionali dinamici. Legami crociati DNA permettono la modulazione temporale, spaziale, e reversibile di gel DNA rigidità con l&#39;aggiunta di DNA a singola elica (ssDNA) a supporto o tampone 9-11,13,14,18,21. A differenza dei gel dinamici suddetti in cui si applicano stimoli per la modulazione di elasticità, i gel di DNA basano sulla diffusione di ssDNA applicata per la modifica di elasticità. Pertanto, la superficie del gel superiore, dove si coltivano cellule, è la prima zona modulato perché il tasso omodulazione elasticità f dipende dallo spessore del gel. Gel di DNA sono simili alle loro controparti gel PA dal fatto che essi hanno un backbone poliacrilammide, tuttavia i legami crociati bis-acrilamide vengono sostituiti con legami crociati costituite da DNA (Figura 1). Due ssDNAs (SA1 e SA2) ibridano con un filamento reticolante (L2) per compensare i legami crociati DNA del gel. SA1 e SA2 hanno sequenze distinte che contengono sia una modifica Acrydite alla fine 5&#39;per incorporazione efficace nella rete PA. Per la preparazione del gel, SA1 e SA2 sono individualmente polimerizzati in una spina dorsale PA e, in seguito, la SA1 e SA2 polimerizzato sono mescolati insieme. L2, il reticolante, viene aggiunto alla miscela SA1 e SA2. La sequenza di basi L2 è complementare ad entrambe le sequenze SA1 e SA2 e L2 si ibrida con SA1 SA2 più per formare i legami crociati DNA. , Elasticità del gel DNA iniziale è determinato da entrambe le concentrazioni L2 e reticolazione (tabelle 1 </strong&gt; e 2). Gel di DNA contenenti uguali quantità stechiometriche di L2, SA1, SA2 e sono i gel più rigide perché SA1 e SA2 sono reticolati al 100% da L2 (designato come 100% gel). Concentrazioni minori di risulta L2 in una percentuale inferiore di reticolazione DNA e, quindi, più morbide gel di DNA. Gel a partire da 50% reticolato (designato come il 50% gel) sono stati costruiti 9-11. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51323/51323fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1 gel DNA reticolazione e uncrosslinking schematica 9-11,13,14,18,21 Passo 1:. SA1 (rosso) e SA2 (blu) sono individualmente polimerizzati in una spina dorsale poliacrilammide (nero). Dopo la polimerizzazione, soluzioni polimerizzati SA1 e SA2 sono mescolati insieme. Fase 2: L2 (verde) si aggiunge e si ibrida con SA1 SA2 più per formare i legami crociati del gel. Fase 3: R2 ibrida con tegli toehold di L2. Fase 4: ibridazione Toehold R2 spinge la decompressione di L2 da SA1 e SA2. A differenza dei gel PA, gel DNA possono irrigidirsi e ammorbidire dopo la sintesi. Per questo motivo, le cellule coltivate su gel di DNA possono essere sottoposti a modifiche di rigidità dinamica. Per irrigidire gel cellule aderenti, L2 può essere aggiunto al mezzo di coltura di gel basse percentuali di aumentare la percentuale di legami crociati. Per ammorbidire gel cellule aderenti, L2 può essere rimosso per diminuire la percentuale di legami crociati 10,13,21. L2 ha una sequenza appiglio supplementare al fine di consentire 3&#39;L2 a uncrosslink da SA1 e SA2 (Tabella 1). Rimozione di L2 è compiuta mediante ibridazione di un filamento inversione chiamato R2. R2 è complementare alla lunghezza della L2 e si ibrida con il primo appiglio L2. Toehold ibridazione spinge la decompressione di L2 da SA1 e SA2, che elimina la reticolazione e riduce la rigidità gel. In questa relazione evideo, passo-passo le istruzioni sono fornite per la preparazione di irrigidimento e ammorbidire gel di DNA. Mentre 100% e 80% preparazioni gel sono descritti, questo protocollo può essere adattato per creare gel di DNA di altre percentuali reticolato iniziali e finali. In generale, 100% e 80% gel vengono preparati, immobilizzati su vetrini di vetro, funzionalizzati, e seminati con cellule. L2 viene aggiunto ai media di 80% gel e R2 si aggiunge ai media di 100% gel, 48 ore dopo la placcatura. L&#39;aggiunta di L2 ai media irrigidisce 80% gel 100% reticolato, mentre l&#39;aggiunta di R2 ai media ammorbidisce 100% gel al 80% reticolato. Gel irrigiditi sono designati come 80 → 100% gel e gel ammorbiditi sono designati come 100 → 80% gel nel testo. Per il controllo o gel statici, ssDNA composto da Ts o AS è consegnato ad un altro gruppo di 100% e 80% gel. Dopo un minimo di due giorni modulazione elasticità, le cellule possono essere elaborati ed analizzati. <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" fo:kEEP-together.within-page = &quot;always&quot;&gt; <tbody align="center"><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"> Reticolazione DNA </td><td rowspan="2"> # Di basi </td><td> Sequence (Toehold) </td><td rowspan="2"> Modifica </td><td rowspan="2"> Temperatura di fusione (T m, ° C) </td><td rowspan="2"> Commenti </td></tr><tr><td> 5 &#39;→ 3&#39; </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"> Disegno 1 </td><td> SA1 </td><td> 10 </td><td> GCA CCT TTG C </td><td> 5 &#39;Acrydite </td><td> 34.9 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SA2 </td><td> 10 </td><td> GTC AGA ATG A </td><td> 5 &#39;Acrydite </td><td> 23.6 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L2 </td><td> 30 </td><td> TCA TTC TGA C GC AAA GGT GC G CTA CAC TTG </td><td></td><td> 56 </td><td>Una sequenza toehold 10 bp è incluso. </td></tr><tr><td> R2 </td><td> 30 </td><td> CAA GTG TAG CGC ACC TTT GCG TCA GAA TGA </td><td></td><td></td><td> R2 è complementare a L2 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"> Design 2 </td><td> SA1 </td><td> 14 </td><td> CGT GGC ATA GGA CT </td><td> 5 &#39;Acrydite </td><td> 46.9 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SA2 </td><td> 14 </td><td> GTT TCC CAA TCA GA </td><td> 5 &#39;Acrydite </td><td> 40.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L2 </td><td> 40 </td><td> TCT GAT TGG GAA AC A GTC CTA TGC CAC G GT TAC CTT CAT C </td><td></td><td> 65.9 </td><td> A 12 bp sequenza appiglio è incluso. </td></tr><tr><td> R2 </td><td> 40 </td><td> GAT GAA GGT AAC CGT GGC ATA GGA CTG TTT CCC AAT CAG A </td><td></td><td> 65.9 </td><td> R2 è complementare a L2 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> Design 3 </td><td> SA1 </td><td> 20 </td><td> ACG GAG GTG TAT GCA ATG TC </td><td> 5 &#39;Acrydite </td><td> 55 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SA2 </td><td> 20 </td><td> CAT GCT TAG GGA CGA CTG GA </td><td> 5 &#39;Acrydite </td><td> 56.6 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L2 </td><td> 40 </td><td> TCC AGT CGT CCC TAA GCA TG G ACA TTG CAT ACA CCT CCG T </td><td></td><td> 68.8 </td><td> Toehold non è incluso. </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> Controllo </td><td rowspan="2"> Controllo </td><td rowspan="2"> 20-40 </td><td> AAA AAA (ecc) o </td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td> TTT TTT (etc.) </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. sequenze di base per ssDNA 9-11,13,14,18,21. Cellulare e studi meccanici hanno utilizzato diversi ddisegni di reticolazione ifferent per generare gel di DNA con una gamma di statici e dinamici proprietà meccaniche. I parametri modulati nel design di reticolazione sono sequenza di basi e lunghezza della sequenza o la lunghezza di reticolazione. Caratteri in grassetto e in corsivo illustrano appaiamento delle basi tra SA1 e L2 e tra SA2 e L2 rispettivamente. <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" fo:keep-together.within-page="always"><tbody align="center"><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="8"> Design </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"> 1 </td><td colspan="3"> 2 </td><td colspan="2"> 3 </td></tr><tr><td> Acrilamide Concentrazione (%) </td><td colspan="3"> 10 </td><td colspan="3"> 10 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 4 </td></tr><tr><td> SA1 SA2 più ibridato a L2 (% reticolato) </td><td> 50 </td><td> 80 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 50 </td><td> 80 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td> &lt;strong&gt; Elasticità (kPa, media ± SEM) </td><td> 6.6 ± 0.6 </td><td> 17.1 ± 0.8 </td><td> 29.8 ± 2.5 </td><td> 5.85 ± 0.62 </td><td> 12.67 ± 1.33 </td><td> 22.88 ± 2.77 </td><td> 25.2 ± 0.5 </td><td> 10.4 ± 0.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 2 Modulo di Young (E) del gel del DNA 9-11,13,14,18,21. Concentrazione di acrilamide, percentuale di reticolazione, e la lunghezza di reticolazione può essere modulata in gel di DNA. Designs 1, 2, e 3 hanno 20, 28, e 40 bp lunghezze di reticolazione, rispettivamente. 100% gel per tutti i disegni hanno moduli simili indicante la lunghezza di reticolazione non influenza l&#39;elasticità del gel. Tuttavia, le variazioni della concentrazione di acrilamide alterano l&#39;elasticità del gel del DNA.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ssDNA</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa) idtdna.com</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Do not vortex ssDNA. Gentle invert the vial and/or pipette solution to mix.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS with calcium and magnesium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X Tris-EDTA buffer (TE buffer)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Loius, MO) sigmaldrich.com</td>
			<td>T9285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer (TBE buffer)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Loius, MO)</td>
			<td>93290</td>
			<td>TBE is a reproductive toxin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% Acrylamide solution</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>BP14021</td>
			<td>Acrylamide is a toxin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate (APS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Loius, MO)</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
			<td>Prepare a 2% solution in TE buffer. APS is a toxin and irratant.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Loius, MO)</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
			<td>Prepare a 20% solution in TE buffer. TEMED is flammable, a corrosive, and a toxin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">12-mm diameter round coverglass</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA) fishersci.com</td>
			<td rowspan="2">12-545-82</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norland optical adhesive 72</td>
			<td>Norland Products (Cranbury, NJ) norlandprod.com</td>
			<td>NOA72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">24-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2">Any brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2">Any brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfo-SANPAH</td>
			<td>ProteoChem or Thermo Fisher, (Rockland, IL) proteochem.com or thermofisher.com</td>
			<td>C111 or 22589</td>
			<td>Prepare a 0.315 mg/ml solution in water immediately before use. Dissolve at 37&#176;C and filter sterilze. It is normal to observe undisolved sulfo-SANPAH in the filter. Sulfo-SANPAH is light sensitive and, therefore, the solution should be protect from light until UV exposure.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine (PDL)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Loius, MO)</td>
			<td>P6407</td>
			<td>Prepare a 0.2 mg/ml solution in water and filter sterilize.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Type I</td>
			<td>Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) affymetrix.com</td>
			<td>13813</td>
			<td>Prepare a 0.2 mg/ml solution in 0.2 N acetic acid. Solution needs to remain cold at all times to avoid polymerization. Acetic acid is a flammable, toxic, and corrosive.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 X 60 cover glass</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>12-544-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive-displacement pipette</td>
			<td>Gilson, Inc (Middletown, WI) gilson.com</td>
			<td>F148504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>11-718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV light source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place gels as close as possible to the UV light. UV light can cause skin or eye injury.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas</td>
			<td>GTS-Welco (Flemington, NJ) www.praxairmidatlantic.com/</td>
			<td>NI 5.0UH-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of dna-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels

Mechanobiology è un settore scientifico emergente che affronta il ruolo critico di segnali fisici nel dirigere la morfologia e la funzione delle cellule. Ad esempio, l&#39;effetto di elasticità dei tessuti sulla funzione delle cellule è un importante area di ricerca mechanobiology perché la rigidità del tessuto modula con la malattia, lo sviluppo, e lesioni. Materiali tessuto-mimando statiche, o materiali che non possono alterare la rigidezza volta che le cellule sono placcati, vengono prevalentemente utilizzati per studiare gli effetti della rigidità dei tessuti sulle funzioni cellulari. Mentre le informazioni raccolte da studi statici è prezioso, questi studi non sono indicativi della natura dinamica del microambiente cellulare in vivo. Per affrontare meglio gli effetti della rigidità dinamica sulla funzione delle cellule, abbiamo sviluppato un sistema di poliacrilammide idrogel DNA-reticolato (gel di DNA). A differenza di altri supporti dinamici, gel di DNA hanno la capacità di aumentare o diminuire la rigidità dopo la fabbricazione, senza stimoli. Gel di DNA sono costituiti da DNA crosslinchiostri che vengono polimerizzate in una spina dorsale di poliacrilamide. Aggiunta e rimozione di legami crociati con la consegna di DNA a singolo filamento permette temporale, spaziale, e il controllo reversibile di elasticità del gel. Abbiamo dimostrato in precedenti relazioni che la modulazione dinamica di elasticità del gel DNA influenza dei fibroblasti e neuroni comportamento. In questo rapporto e video, forniamo uno schema che descrive i meccanismi di reticolazione gel del DNA e passo-passo le istruzioni su gel di preparazione del DNA.

Prima i nostri studi, le interazioni cellula-ECM sono stati osservati sui biomateriali compatibili statici o su supporti dinamici irreversibili e unidirezionali. Questi substrati non riflettono con precisione la natura dinamica del microambiente cellulare. Il nostro lavoro si sposta i paradigmi tecnici esistenti, fornendo un modello più fisiologica per lo studio delle interazioni cellula-ECM sul rammollimento e irrigidimento biomateriali dinamici. In studi precedenti, abbiamo analizzato gli effetti dei supporti dinamic...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels at JoVE.com

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

Il nostro laboratorio ha sviluppato idrogel di poliacrilamide DNA-reticolato, un sistema dinamico di idrogel, per comprendere meglio gli effetti di modulazione rigidità dei tessuti sulla funzione delle cellule. Qui, forniamo schemi, descrizioni e protocolli per preparare questi idrogel.

Preparazione di DNA-reticolato poliacrilammide idrogel

Mechanobiology is an emerging scientific area that addresses the critical role of physical cues in directing cell morphology and function. For example, ...

preparation-of-dna-crosslinked-polyacrylamide-hydrogels

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.5K Views.  JFK Medical Center.  Il nostro laboratorio ha sviluppato idrogel di poliacrilamide DNA-reticolato, un sistema dinamico di idrogel, per comprendere meglio gli effetti di modulazione rigidità dei tessuti sulla funzione delle cellule. Qui, forniamo schemi, descrizioni e protocolli per preparare questi idrogel. 

Video: Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

Horizontal Slice Preparation of the Retina

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. However, many of retinal neurons, such as amacrine cells, expand their dendrites horizontally, so that the morphology of the cells is supposed to be severely damaged in the vertical slices. In the whole-mount preparation, especially for patch-clamp recordings, retinal neurons in the middle layer are not easily accessible due to the extensive coverage of glial cell (Mueller cell) s endfeets. Here, we describe the novel slicing method to preserve the dendritic morphology of retinal neurons intact. The slice was made horizontally at the inner layer of the retina using a vibratome slicer after the retina was embedded in the low-temperature melting agarose gel. In this horizontal slice preparation of the retina, we studied the function of retinal neurons compared with their morphology, by using patch-clamp recording, calcium imaging technique, immunocytochemistry, and single-cell RT-PCR.

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. Here, we describe the novel slicing method to preserve the dendritic morphology of retinal neurons intact.

Slice preparazione orizzontale della Retina

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. However, many of ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Preparation of Dissociated Mouse Cortical Neuron Cultures

This video will guide you through the process for generating cortical neuronal cultures from late embryo and early postnatal mouse brain. These cultures can be used for a variety of applications including immunocytochemistry, biochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium and sodium imaging, protein and/or RNA isolation. These cultures also provide a platform to study the neuronal development of transgenic animals that carry a late embryonic or postnatal lethal gene mutation. The procedure is relatively straight forward, requires some experience in tissue culture technique and should not take longer than two to three hours if you are properly prepared. Careful separation of the cortical rind from the thalamo-cortical fiber tract will reduce the number of unwanted non-neuronal cells. To increase yields of neuronal cells triturate the pieces of the cortical tissue gently after the enzyme incubation step. This is imperative as it prevents unnecessary injury to cells and premature neuronal cell death. Since these cultures are maintained in the absence of glia feeder cells, they also offer an added advantage of growing cultures enriched in neurons.

This video shows a procedure for generating neuronal cultures from late embryo and early postnatal mouse cortex. These cultures can be used for immunocytochemistry, biochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium and sodium imaging and provide a platform to study the neuronal development of transgenic animals that carry a postnatal lethal gene mutation.

Preparazione del dissociato Culture Neuron mouse corticale

This video will guide you through the process for generating cortical neuronal cultures from late embryo and early postnatal mouse brain. These cultures ...

Fast and Sensitive Colloidal Coomassie G-250 Staining for Proteins in Polyacrylamide Gels

Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) is a dye commonly used for the visualization of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, offering a simple staining procedure and high quantitation. Furthermore, it is completely compatible with mass spectrometric protein identification. But despite these advantages, CBB is regarded to be less sensitive than silver or fluorescence stainings and therefore rarely used for the detection of proteins in analytical gel-based proteomic approaches.
Several improvements of the original Coomassie protocol1 have been made to increase the sensitivity of CBB. Two major modifications were introduced to enhance the detection of low-abundant proteins by converting the dye molecules into colloidal particles: In 1988, Neuhoff and colleagues applied 20% methanol and higher concentrations of ammonium sulfate into the CBB G-250 based staining solution2, and in 2004 Candiano et al. established Blue Silver using CBB G-250 with phosphoric acid in the presence of ammonium sulfate and methanol3. Nevertheless, all these modifications just allow a detection of approximately 10 ng protein. A widely fameless protocol for colloidal Coomassie staining was published by Kang et al. in 2002 where they modified Neuhoff's colloidal CBB staining protocol regarding the complexing substances. Instead of ammonium sulfate they used aluminum sulfate and methanol was replaced by the less toxic ethanol4. The novel aluminum-based staining in Kang's study showed superior sensitivity that detects as low as 1 ng/band (phosphorylase b) with little sensitivity variation depending on proteins.
Here, we demonstrate application of Kang's protocol for fast and sensitive colloidal Coomassie staining of proteins in analytical purposes. We will illustrate the quick and easy protocol using two-dimensional gels routinely performed in our working group.

This video shall popularize a colloidal Coomassie G-250 staining protocol according to Kang et al. for the detection of average 4 ng protein in gels. The staining is completed within 2 hours and without any effort. We routinely use Kang's protocol for analytical purposes in gel-based proteomics.

Veloce e sensibile colloidale Coomassie G-250 colorazione per le proteine ​​in gel di poliacrilammide

Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) is a dye commonly used for the visualization of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, offering a simple staining procedure and ...

Denaturing Urea Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Urea PAGE)

Urea PAGE or denaturing urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis employs 6-8 M urea, which denatures secondary DNA or RNA structures and is used for their separation in a polyacrylamide gel matrix based on the molecular weight. Fragments between 2 to 500 bases, with length differences as small as a single nucleotide, can be separated using this method1. The migration of the sample is dependent on the chosen acrylamide concentration. A higher percentage of polyacrylamide resolves lower molecular weight fragments. The combination of urea and temperatures of 45-55 &deg;C during the gel run allows for the separation of unstructured DNA or RNA molecules.
In general this method is required to analyze or purify single stranded DNA or RNA fragments, such as synthesized or labeled oligonucleotides or products from enzymatic cleavage reactions.
In this video article we show how to prepare and run the denaturing urea polyacrylamide gels. Technical tips are included, in addition to the original protocol 1,2.

Denaturing Urea Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Urea PAGE

Denaturing urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to separate single-stranded DNA or RNA up to a limit of 500 nucleotides. Urea in combination with heat denatures samples and unstructured single strands migrate within the gel matrix according to their molecular weight.

Denaturazione Urea elettroforesi su gel poliacrilammide (PAG Urea)

Urea PAGE or denaturing urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis employs 6-8 M urea, which denatures secondary DNA or RNA structures and is used for their ...

Cellular Encapsulation in 3D Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering 

The 3D encapsulation of cells within hydrogels represents an increasingly important and popular technique for culturing cells and towards the development of constructs for tissue engineering. This environment better mimics what cells observe in vivo, compared to standard tissue culture, due to the tissue-like properties and 3D environment. Synthetic polymeric hydrogels are water-swollen networks that can be designed to be stable or to degrade through hydrolysis or proteolysis as new tissue is deposited by encapsulated cells. A wide variety of polymers have been explored for these applications, such as poly(ethylene glycol) and hyaluronic acid. Most commonly, the polymer is functionalized with reactive groups such as methacrylates or acrylates capable of undergoing crosslinking through various mechanisms. In the past decade, much progress has been made in engineering these microenvironments - e.g., via the physical or pendant covalent incorporation of biochemical cues - to improve viability and direct cellular phenotype, including the differentiation of encapsulated stem cells (Burdick et al.).
The following methods for the 3D encapsulation of cells have been optimized in our and other laboratories to maximize cytocompatibility and minimize the number of hydrogel processing steps. In the following protocols (see Figure 1 for an illustration of the procedure), it is assumed that functionalized polymers capable of undergoing crosslinking are already in hand; excellent reviews of polymer chemistry as applied to the field of tissue engineering may be found elsewhere (Burdick et al.) and these methods are compatible with a range of polymer types. Further, the Michael-type addition (see Lutolf et al.) and light-initiated free radical (see Elisseeff et al.) mechanisms focused on here constitute only a small portion of the reported crosslinking techniques. Mixed mode crosslinking, in which a portion of reactive groups is first consumed by addition crosslinking and followed by a radical mechanism, is another commonly used and powerful paradigm for directing the phenotype of encapsulated cells (Khetan et al., Salinas et al.).

Cellular Encapsulation in 3D Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

We present protocols for the 3-dimensional (3D) encapsulation of cells within synthetic hydrogels. The encapsulation procedure is outlined for two commonly used methods of crosslinking (michael-type addition and light-initiated free radical mechanisms), as well as a number of techniques for assessing encapsulated cell behavior.

Incapsulamento cellulare in idrogel 3D per l&#39;ingegneria tissutale

The 3D encapsulation of cells within hydrogels represents an increasingly important and popular technique for culturing cells and towards the development ...

Studying the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Cellular Function using Acrylamide-based Hydrogels

Tissue stiffness is an important determinant of cellular function, and changes in tissue stiffness are commonly associated with fibrosis, cancer and cardiovascular disease1-11. Traditional cell biological approaches to studying cellular function involve culturing cells on a rigid substratum (plastic dishes or glass coverslips) which cannot account for the effect of an elastic ECM or the variations in ECM stiffness between tissues. To model in vivo tissue compliance conditions in vitro, we and others use ECM-coated hydrogels. In our laboratory, the hydrogels are based on polyacrylamide which can mimic the range of tissue compliances seen biologically12. "Reactive" cover slips are generated by incubation with NaOH followed by addition of 3-APTMS. Glutaraldehyde is used to cross-link the 3-APTMS and the polyacrylamide gel. A solution of acrylamide (AC), bis-acrylamide (Bis-AC) and ammonium persulfate is used for the polymerization of the hydrogel. N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is incorporated into the AC solution to crosslink ECM protein to the hydrogel. Following polymerization of the hydrogel, the gel surface is coated with an ECM protein of choice such as fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen, etc.
The stiffness of a hydrogel can be determined by rheology or atomic force microscopy (AFM) and adjusted by varying the percentage of AC and/or bis-AC in the solution12. In this manner, substratum stiffness can be matched to the stiffness of biological tissues which can also be quantified using rheology or AFM. Cells can then be seeded on these hydrogels and cultured based upon the experimental conditions required. Imaging of the cells and their recovery for molecular analysis is straightforward. For this article, we define soft substrata as those having elastic moduli (E) &lt;3000 Pascal and stiff substrata/tissues as those with E &gt;20,000 Pascal.

The effect of substrata stiffness on cellular function can be modeled in vitro using polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying compliances.

Studiare gli effetti di rigidità Matrix sulla funzione cellulare utilizzando acrilamide a base di idrogeli

Tissue stiffness is an important determinant of cellular function, and changes in tissue stiffness are commonly associated with fibrosis, cancer and ...

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other proteins (Sali, Glaeser et al. 2003). Thus, the study of protein-protein interaction networks requires the detailed characterization of MPCs to gain an integrative understanding of protein function and regulation. For identification and analysis, MPCs must be separated under native conditions. In this video, we describe the analysis of MPCs by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). BN-PAGE is a technique that allows separation of MPCs in a native conformation with a higher resolution than offered by gel filtration or sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and is therefore useful to determine MPC size, composition, and relative abundance (Sch&auml;gger and von Jagow 1991); (Sch&auml;gger, Cramer et al. 1994). By this method, proteins are separated according to their hydrodynamic size and shape in a polyacrylamide matrix. Here, we demonstrate the analysis of MPCs of total cellular lysates, pointing out that lysate dialysis is the crucial step to make BN-PAGE applicable to these biological samples. Using a combination of first dimension BN- and second dimension SDS-PAGE, we show that MPCs separated by BN-PAGE can be further subdivided into their individual constituents by SDS-PAGE. Visualization of the MPC components upon gel separation is performed by standard immunoblotting. As an example for MPC analysis by BN-PAGE, we chose the well-characterized eukaryotic 19S, 20S, and 26S proteasomes.

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis BN-PAGE for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

In this video, we describe the characterization of multiprotein complexes (MPCs) by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). In a first dimension, dialyzed cellular lysates are separated by BN-PAGE to identify individual MPCs. In a second dimension SDS-PAGE, MPCs of interest are further subdivided to analyze their constituents by immunoblotting.

Blu nativi poliacrilammide gel elettroforesi (BN-PAGE) per l&#39;analisi di complessi multiproteici da lisati cellulari

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other ...

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells are inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid or IP6). IP5 and IP6 are the precursors of inositol pyrophosphate molecules that contain one or more pyrophosphate bonds1. Phosphorylation of IP6 generates diphoshoinositolpentakisphosphate (IP7 or PP-IP5) and bisdiphoshoinositoltetrakisphosphate (IP8 or (PP)2-IP4). Inositol pyrophosphates have been isolated from all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. In addition, the two distinct classes of enzymes responsible for inositol pyrophosphate synthesis are highly conserved throughout evolution2-4.
The IP6 kinases (IP6Ks) posses an enormous catalytic flexibility, converting IP5 and IP6 to PP-IP4 and IP7 respectively and subsequently, by using these products as substrates, promote the generation of more complex molecules5,6. Recently, a second class of pyrophosphate generating enzymes was identified in the form of the yeast protein VIP1 (also referred as PP-IP5K), which is able to convert IP6 to IP7 and IP87,8.
Inositol pyrophosphates regulate many disparate cellular processes such as insulin secretion9, telomere length10,11, chemotaxis12, vesicular trafficking13, phosphate homeostasis14 and HIV-1 gag release15. Two mechanisms of actions have been proposed for this class of molecules. They can affect cellular function by allosterically interacting with specific proteins like AKT16. Alternatively, the pyrophosphate group can donate a phosphate to pre-phosphorylated proteins17. The enormous potential of this research field is hampered by the absence of a commercial source of inositol pyrophosphates, which is preventing many scientists from studying these molecules and this new post-translational modification. The methods currently available to isolate inositol pyrophosphates require sophisticated chromatographic apparatus18,19. These procedures use acidic conditions that might lead to inositol pyrophosphate degradation20 and thus to poor recovery. Furthermore, the cumbersome post-column desalting procedures restrict their use to specialized laboratories.
In this study we describe an undemanding method for the generation, isolation and purification of the products of the IP6-kinase and PP-IP5-kinases reactions. This method was possible by the ability of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to resolve highly phosphorylated inositol polyphosphates20. Following IP6K1 and PP-IP5K enzymatic reactions using IP6 as the substrate, PAGE was used to separate the generated inositol pyrophosphates that were subsequently eluted in water.

Inositol pyrophosphates play an important role in human pathologies such cancer, diabetes and obesity; however, the exact mechanism of action is a matter of dispute. The lack of commercially available inositol pyrophosphates renders detailed studies problematic. Here we describe a simple protocol to produce and isolate milligrams of inositol pyrophosphates.

Preparazione di Qualità pirofosfati Inositolo

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells ...

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels

Articular cartilage suffers from a limited repair capacity when damaged by mechanical insult or degraded by disease, such as osteoarthritis. To remedy this deficiency, several medical interventions have been developed. One such method is to resurface the damaged area with tissue-engineered cartilage; however, the engineered tissue typically lacks the biochemical properties and durability of native cartilage, questioning its long-term survivability. This limits the application of cartilage tissue engineering to the repair of small focal defects, relying on the surrounding tissue to protect the implanted material. To improve the properties of the developed tissue, mechanical stimulation is a popular method utilized to enhance the synthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix as well as the resultant mechanical properties of the engineered tissue. Mechanical stimulation applies forces to the tissue constructs analogous to those experienced in vivo. This is based on the premise that the mechanical environment, in part, regulates the development and maintenance of native tissue1,2. The most commonly applied form of mechanical stimulation in cartilage tissue engineering is dynamic compression at physiologic strains of approximately 5-20% at a frequency of 1 Hz1,3. Several studies have investigated the effects of dynamic compression and have shown it to have a positive effect on chondrocyte metabolism and biosynthesis, ultimately affecting the functional properties of the developed tissue4-8. In this paper, we illustrate the method to mechanically stimulate chondrocyte-agarose hydrogel constructs under dynamic compression and analyze changes in biosynthesis through biochemical and radioisotope assays. This method can also be readily modified to assess any potentially induced changes in cellular response as a result of mechanical stimuli.

The biosynthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix by chondrocytes can be affected by application of mechanical stimuli. This method describes the technique of applying dynamic compressive strains to chondrocytes encapsulated in 3D constructs and the evaluation of induced changes in chondrocyte metabolism.

La stimolazione meccanica di condrociti-agarosio idrogel

Articular cartilage suffers from a limited repair capacity when damaged by mechanical insult or degraded by disease, such as osteoarthritis. To remedy ...

FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly employ two-dimensional (2D) culture, which does not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment. A method to perform quenched emission FRET imaging using conventional widefield epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a 3D hydrogel environment is presented. Here an analysis method for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the probe activation range is described. Measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is demonstrated in chondrocytes under forskolin stimulation using a probe for EPAC1 activation (ICUE1) and the ability to detect differences in cAMP signaling dependent on hydrogel material type, herein a photocrosslinking hydrogel (PC-gel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a thermoresponsive hydrogel (TR-gel). Compared with 2D FRET methods, this method requires little additional work. Laboratories already utilizing FRET imaging in 2D can easily adopt this method to perform cellular studies in a 3D microenvironment. It can further be applied to high throughput drug screening in engineered 3D microtissues. Additionally, it is compatible with other forms of FRET imaging, such as anisotropy measurement and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and with advanced microscopy platforms using confocal, pulsed, or modulated illumination.

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is a powerful tool for real-time cell biology studies. Here a method for FRET imaging cells in physiologic three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel microenvironments using conventional epifluorescence microscopy is presented. An analysis for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the activation range is described.

FRET Imaging in idrogel tridimensionali

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly ...

Preparazione di DNA-reticolato poliacrilammide idrogel

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Slice preparazione orizzontale della Retina

Preparazione del dissociato Culture Neuron mouse corticale

Veloce e sensibile colloidale Coomassie G-250 colorazione per le proteine in gel di poliacrilammide

Denaturazione Urea elettroforesi su gel poliacrilammide (PAG Urea)

Incapsulamento cellulare in idrogel 3D per l'ingegneria tissutale

Studiare gli effetti di rigidità Matrix sulla funzione cellulare utilizzando acrilamide a base di idrogeli

Blu nativi poliacrilammide gel elettroforesi (BN-PAGE) per l'analisi di complessi multiproteici da lisati cellulari

Preparazione di Qualità pirofosfati Inositolo

La stimolazione meccanica di condrociti-agarosio idrogel

FRET Imaging in idrogel tridimensionali

Preparazione di DNA-reticolato poliacrilammide idrogel

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Slice preparazione orizzontale della Retina

Preparazione del dissociato Culture Neuron mouse corticale

Veloce e sensibile colloidale Coomassie G-250 colorazione per le proteine ​​in gel di poliacrilammide

Denaturazione Urea elettroforesi su gel poliacrilammide (PAG Urea)

Incapsulamento cellulare in idrogel 3D per l'ingegneria tissutale

Studiare gli effetti di rigidità Matrix sulla funzione cellulare utilizzando acrilamide a base di idrogeli

Blu nativi poliacrilammide gel elettroforesi (BN-PAGE) per l'analisi di complessi multiproteici da lisati cellulari

Preparazione di Qualità pirofosfati Inositolo

La stimolazione meccanica di condrociti-agarosio idrogel

FRET Imaging in idrogel tridimensionali

Veloce e sensibile colloidale Coomassie G-250 colorazione per le proteine in gel di poliacrilammide