Questo lavoro è sostenuto da finanziamenti del Fondo UO generale G110 e ricerca di eccellenza Fondo della ricerca biomedica e OSU-HRS Fondo 013.000. Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Lauren Chen per la sua assistenza nella preparazione di questo manoscritto.

Tutte le procedure che coinvolgono soggetti animali sono stati approvati e completati in conformità e il rispetto degli Institutional Animal Care ed uso commissione Ohio State University (IACUC) norme e linee guida. 1. Topo Anestesia <ol><li> Istituire un tavolo procedura pulita con un pad isotermica riscaldata avvolta in un asciugamano chirurgico. Il rilievo di riscaldamento deve essere mantenuta tra 30 ° C e 34 ° C per stabilizzare la temperatura interna dell&#39;animale, riducendo la probabilità di stress per l&#39;animale. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse in una camera di induzione di anestesia con i seguenti parametri: flusso di ossigeno impostato a 1,5 L / min e vaporizzatore isoflurano impostato a 3,5%. Sedazione completa dovrebbe avvenire entro 1-2 min. Se una camera di induzione non è disponibile, una campana di vetro può essere utilizzato con una rete metallica posizionata nella parte inferiore per evitare il contatto diretto con l&#39;animale isoflurano. </li><li> Rimuovere immediatamente il mouse dalla camera di induzione voltaè completamente anestetizzato (raggiunta quando il mouse perde la funzione motoria volontaria). Applicare un naso-cono all&#39;animale per il mantenimento dell&#39;anestesia. Il flusso di ossigeno deve essere diminuito di circa 0,5 L / min e il vaporizzatore isoflurano dovrebbe essere impostato in un range da 1,5 a 2,5%. <ol><li> Applicare una piccola quantità di pomata oftalmica direttamente alle cornee per ridurre la secchezza degli occhi 8. Inoltre, durante l&#39;anestesia, il mouse dovrebbe mantenere l&#39;assenza del riflesso ritiro pedale, le mucose dovrebbero rimanere di colore rosa, e la respirazione dovrebbe apparire costante. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparazione per Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging procedura <ol><li> Trattenere ogni tappa del mouse sulla tabella procedura riscaldata con un adesivo rimovibile, come nastro chirurgico. </li><li> Usando un rasoio elettrico, rimuovere i capelli sulla superficie ventrale del corpo tra il modo addome e mezza la cavità toracica. Applicare crema depilatoria per ulteriori respostare i capelli rimanenti non tagliata dal rasoio. Pulire la crema con una garza umida dopo 2-3 minuti. </li><li> Rimuovere i peli in eccesso utilizzando una garza imbevuta di acqua e pulire la regione rasata con il 70% di alcool o equivalente antisettico. La sonda ad ultrasuoni viene applicato a questa zona per visualizzare la funzione diaframma. Un analgesico topico può essere fornito agli animali che avvertono lievi irritazioni cutanee a causa di depilazione. </li></ol> 3. Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging Protocol <ol><li> Accendere il dispositivo ad ultrasuoni e regolare la potenza di uscita (se necessario) sull&#39;apparecchio per percentuale avere risoluzione ottimale. </li><li> Impostare la macchina ad ultrasuoni a uno B (luminosità)-mode, M (moto)-mode, o entrambi prima di imaging, che consente la corretta visualizzazione della contrazione diaframma mouse. </li><li> Applicare una piccola quantità di gel ultrasuoni sull&#39;addome superiore del mouse e massaggiare il gel verso la cavità toracica. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;ultrasuono trasduttore in questa zona e l&#39;angolo verso l&#39;alto verso il cuore. Regolare la sonda fino a raggiungere una risoluzione ottimizzata dell&#39;immagine. Nota: per questo protocollo, una matrice di micro-convessa o lineare phased array di trasduttori è una sonda ideale da usare grazie al minimo ingombro e un&#39;eccellente risoluzione assiale 9; richiede la frequenza da regolare attraverso la larghezza di banda e per questi esperimenti una gamma di 6.5-12 MHz può essere utilizzata. </li><li> Premere il pulsante FREEZE per salvare temporaneamente le immagini diaframma e visualizzare le contrazioni selezionati. </li><li> Salvare la registrazione come cine loop, che permette di successive misure di escursione diaframmatica, così come il tasso di respirazione. Nota: fotogrammi di immagini possono essere salvate nella memoria del computer o su un disco rigido esterno per le analisi future 9. <ol><li> Proprio misurare la profondità del movimento del diaframma dal relax alla contrazione utilizzando calibri elettronici che fanno parte del software ultrasuoni. </li><li> Convertire ilfile di cine loop in un file MPEG e determinare il tasso di respirazione contando il numero di contrazioni diaframmatiche durante il periodo di registrazione. In alternativa, il numero di contrazioni al minuto (frequenza respiratoria) può essere conteggiato dall&#39;immagine M-mode. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Post anestesia recupero degli animali <ol><li> Il mouse dovrebbe recuperare completamente dall&#39;anestesia entro 1 ora. Non lasciare l&#39;animale incustodito fino a quando non ha ripreso conoscenza sufficiente per mantenere decubito sternale. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Snyder, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementarity+of+ultrasound+and+fluorescence+imaging+in+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.</a> BMC Cancer. 9, 106 (2009).</li><li>Franchi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+cardiac+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+renovascular+hypertension.">Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in a mouse model of renovascular hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. , (2013).</li><li>Coatney, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+imaging:+principles+and+applications+in+rodent+research.">Ultrasound imaging: principles and applications in rodent research.</a> ILAR Journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 42, 233-247 (2001).</li><li>Morenz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+air+trapping+in+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+by+low+frequency+ultrasound.">Detection of air trapping in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by low frequency ultrasound.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 12, 8 (2012).</li><li>Gilliam, L. A., Moylan, J. S., Ann Callahan, L., Sumandea, M. P., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+causes+diaphragm+weakness+in+murine+models+of+cancer+chemotherapy.">Doxorubicin causes diaphragm weakness in murine models of cancer chemotherapy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 43, 94-102 (2011).</li><li>Ferreira, L. F., Campbell, K. S., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+sulfur-containing+antioxidants+in+delaying+skeletal+muscle+fatigue.">Effectiveness of sulfur-containing antioxidants in delaying skeletal muscle fatigue.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43, 1025-1031 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, L., Clanton, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+oxygen+species+formation+in+the+transition+to+hypoxia+in+skeletal+muscle.">Reactive oxygen species formation in the transition to hypoxia in skeletal muscle.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 289, 207-216 (2005).</li><li>Helms, M. N., Torres-Gonzalez, E., Goodson, P., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+tracheal+instillation+of+solutes+into+mouse+lung.">Direct tracheal instillation of solutes into mouse lung.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Hedrick, W. R., Hykes, D. L., Starchman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. , 445 (2005).</li><li>von Sarnowski, B., Khaw, A. V., Kessler, C., Schminke, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+microconvex+array+transducer+for+the+ultrasonographic+examination+of+the+intrathoracic+segments+of+the+supraaortic+arteries.">Evaluation of a microconvex array transducer for the ultrasonographic examination of the intrathoracic segments of the supraaortic arteries.</a> Journal of Neuroimaging: Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 20, 246-250 (2010).</li><li>Stocksley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Abdominal Ultrasound. , 7-8 (2001).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W., Taylor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+in+ultrasound+imaging.">Artifacts in ultrasound imaging.</a> Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 5, 227-237 (1986).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+Ultrasound:+Principles+and+Instruments.">Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments.</a> Saunders Elsevier. , 521 (2006).</li><li>Laing, F. C., Kurtz, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+ultrasonic+side-lobe+artifacts.">The importance of ultrasonic side-lobe artifacts.</a> Radiology. 145, 763-768 (1982).</li><li>Abu-Zidan, F. M., Hefny, A. F., Corr, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+ultrasound+physics.">Clinical ultrasound physics.</a> Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4, 501-503 (2011).</li><li>Gargani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound:+a+new+tool+for+the+cardiologist.">Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist.</a> Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 9, 6 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, R. C., Winter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Sonography A Practical Guide. , 632 (2007).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Il protocollo sperimentale attuale sviluppa diagnostici tecniche di imaging ad ultrasuoni specifica dell&#39;attività diaframma in un modello murino mediante un approccio non invasivo vivo. Le impostazioni di apparecchi per anestesia sono valori approssimati, che possono essere leggermente adattate per ciascun animale in quanto topi individuo può rispondere in modo diverso ad anestesia. Per evitare somministrazione anestesia improprio, è importante controllare regolarmente i segni vitali del topo co...

Recentemente, tecniche di imaging ad ultrasuoni di diagnostica sono state applicate a modelli murini di ipertensione renovascolare e pancreas 1,2 cancro. Tuttavia, queste tecniche non sono stati ampiamente utilizzati in roditori respiratoria saggio di funzione muscolare. Pertanto, abbiamo sviluppato un metodo di imaging ad ultrasuoni di diagnostica come un valido strumento per le valutazioni in vivo longitudinali di mobilità del diaframma nei topi. Ci sono diversi vantaggi per diagnostica ecografica. Per esempio, è invasivo, sicuro, portatile, e consente misurazioni in tempo reale ad un costo relativamente basso 3. In particolare, alcuni dispositivi ad ultrasuoni a bassa frequenza sono stati in grado di rilevare air trapping, una caratteristica clinica della malattia polmonare ostruttiva cronica (BPCO) con lieve a grave limitazione al flusso aereo 4. Così, diagnostica ecografica può servire come un metodo di screening facilmente accessibile e riproducibile per il monitoraggio in tempo reale<html> di disturbi respiratori. Tecniche di imaging ad ultrasuoni di diagnostica sono spesso applicati agli animali più grandi o soggetti umani. Tuttavia, ci sono stati un numero limitato di studi di imaging ad ultrasuoni su modelli murini, che è probabilmente dovuto alle sfide di eseguire ultrasuoni su soggetti di piccole dimensioni. Il protocollo attuale delinea una nuova procedura per misurare la funzione diaframma nel topo. Inoltre, anche se ci sono stati diversi studi sui roditori sulla funzione del diaframma, la maggior parte dei risultati sono stati ottenuti isolando fasce muscolari direttamente dall&#39;animale eutanasia 5-7. Al contrario, utilizzando un metodo di imaging diagnostico ad ultrasuoni in vivo per analizzare l&#39;attività diaframma diminuirebbe il numero di animali sacrificati per la sperimentazione. Inoltre, i trattamenti a lungo termine incentrati sul rafforzamento della membrana contrattilità possono essere valutati con precisione con gli ultrasuoni in modelli di roditori senza sacrificare animali. S copi &quot;&gt; Nel nostro laboratorio, abbiamo sviluppato un metodo efficace per la visualizzazione e l&#39;analisi dell&#39;attività diaframma mouse usando una macchina ad ultrasuoni, che aiuta la comprensione della funzione di diaframma in vivo, evita metodi invasivi agli animali, e facilita lo sviluppo di terapeutica trattamenti per la disfunzione respiratoria.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

Analisi Funzione di roditore muscoli scheletrici respiratorio, in particolare il diaframma, viene comunemente eseguita isolando strisce muscolari utilizzando procedure chirurgiche invasive. Anche se questo è un metodo efficace di valutazione in vitro dell&#39;attività diaframma, esso comporta un intervento chirurgico non-sopravvivenza. L&#39;applicazione di non invasiva ecografia come una procedura in vivo è utile in quanto non solo riduce il numero di animali sacrificati, ma è adatto anche per monitorare la progressione della malattia in topi vivi. Così, il nostro metodo di imaging ad ultrasuoni può probabilmente contribuire allo sviluppo di nuove terapie che alleviano lesione muscolare indotto da varie malattie respiratorie. In particolare, nella diagnosi clinica delle malattie polmonari ostruttive, ecografia ha il potenziale di essere utilizzato in combinazione con altri test standard per rilevare l&#39;insorgenza precoce di affaticamento muscolare diaframma. Nel protocollo attuale, si descrive come valutare con precisione diaframma contractilità in un modello murino utilizzando una tecnica diagnostica ecografica.

Una tipica immagine ecografica di un diaframma mouse viene mostrato nella Figura 1A. Il diaframma topo spostamento verticale massima è stata registrata. Questa distanza è stata calcolata misurando con precisione la profondità di movimento del diaframma da relax contrazione utilizzando calibri elettronici che fanno parte del software ultrasuoni. Tabella 1 visualizza queste misurazioni della distanza di contrazioni diaframmatici da tre diversi topi. Dopo la conversione del file cine lo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Diagnostica ecografica ha dimostrato di essere efficace nella diagnosi delle diverse malattie respiratorie in soggetti umani e animali. Dimostriamo un protocollo ecografia completa utilizzata da laboratorio del Dr. Zuo per analizzare la cinetica del diaframma in particolare in modelli murini. Questa è anche una tecnica di ricerca non invasiva che può fornire informazioni quantitative sulla funzione dei muscoli respiratori mouse.

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging di funzione mouse Diaframma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

diagnostic-ultrasound-imaging-of-mouse-diaphragm-function

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K Views.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine.  Diagnostica ecografica ha dimostrato di essere efficace nella diagnosi delle diverse malattie respiratorie in soggetti umani e animali. Dimostriamo un protocollo ecografia completa utilizzata da laboratorio del Dr. Zuo per analizzare la cinetica del diaframma in particolare in modelli murini. Questa è anche una tecnica di ricerca non invasiva che può fornire informazioni quantitative sulla funzione dei muscoli respiratori mouse. 

Video: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

L&#39;ecocardiografia murini e imaging a ultrasuoni

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

Ricerca

Medicina

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Una applicazione Novel di muscoloscheletrico Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

Stato dell&#39;arte cranica Ultrasound Imaging in neonati

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Ad alta frequenza di Ecografia del mouse cervicali Linfonodi

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

Valutazione ecografica della funzione endoteliale: una Direttiva tecnica del test dilatazione flusso-mediata

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

Quantificazione di Levator Ani iato allargamento mediante risonanza magnetica in maschi e femmine con prolasso degli organi pelvici

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Risonanza magnetica cardiaca per la valutazione di un trombo cardiaco sospetto: tecniche convenzionali ed emergenti

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

Fotoimmunoterapia nel vicino infrarosso per modelli murini di disseminazione pleurica

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

Procedura diagnostica interventistica: una guida pratica per la valutazione della funzione vascolare coronarica

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

Un metodo non invasivo per generare il modello di lesione cartilaginea intra-articolare indotta dal carico ciclico del ginocchio di ratto

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging di funzione mouse Diaframma

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L'ecocardiografia murini e imaging a ultrasuoni