מחקר זה נתמך על ידי מרכז יישום פולימר GreenPAC במסגרת פרויקט 140413: "הדפסת תלת-ממד בייצור". ברצוננו להודות אלברט הרטמן, קורין ון Noordenne, המקומות ואן Leeuwen, Anniek ברואינס, Femke Tamminga, Jur ואן Dijken, אלברט Woortman להקלה על הירי וידאו.

אזהרה: נא עיין כל גליונות נתונים גשמי בטיחות (MSDS) לפני השימוש.
1. הכנת Photocurable שרף
הערה: אנא השתמש ציוד מגן אישי (בטיחות משקפיים, כפפות, חלוק המעבדה) במהלך ההליך הבא. על סעיף זה, עיין שלנו העבודה הקודם12 לפרטים נוספים.
<ol><li>יוצקים 50 גר' 1,10-decanediol diacrylate (SA5201) ב- 500 מ ל Erlenmeyer את הבקבוק.</li>
	<li>להוסיף 1.0 גר' diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) תחמוצת פוספין (TPO) ו- g 0.40 של 2, 5 -bis(5 -טרט-בוטיל-benzoxazol-2-yl) thiophene (bbot ב) על הבקבוק.</li>
	<li>לצייד את הבקבוק עם בחישה מכני ומערבבים את התערובת ב 200 סל"ד למשך 5 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר על מנת להמיס מונומר אקרילט TPO, bbot.</li>
	<li>להוסיף 100 גרם של pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, 100 גרם של רב תכליתיים אפוקסי אקרילט (ראה טבלה של חומרים) לתערובת.</li>
	<li>מערבבים את התערובת ב 200 סל"ד למשך 30 דקות ב 50 ° C כדי להבטיח שרף הומוגנית.</li>
	<li>הסר את קדירות מכני, להתאים את הבקבוק עם פקק. הבקבוקון עטופה רדיד אלומיניום על שרף photopolymer אקרילט (BAPR) biobased מפני אור. הערה: הפרוטוקול אפשר לעצור כאן.</li>
	<li>מכסים צלחת התחתון של rheometer עם גאומטריה במקביל-צלחת עם photoresin.</li>
	<li>הגדר את הפער בין הלוחות-1 מ מ, לכסות את rheometer עם ברדס עמיד UV.</li>
	<li>למדוד את צמיגות שרף בטמפרטורת החדר הטיה המחירים החל מ- 0.1 ל 100 s-1; למשל,0.100, 0.126, 0.158, 0.200, 0.251, 0.316, 0.398, 0.501, 0.631, 0.794, 1.00, 1.26, 1.58, 2.00, 2.51, 3.16, 3.98, 5.01, 6.31, 7.94, 10.0, 12.6, 15.8, 20.0, 25.1, 31.6, 39.8, 50.1, 63.1, 79.4, ו- 100 s-1.</li>
</ol>2. Stereolithographic הדפסה תלת-ממדית עם Biobased Acrylates
הערה: ראה שלנו העבודה הקודם12 לפרטים נוספים על סעיף זה.
<ol><li>להפעיל במדפסת תלת-ממד SLA ולבחור את מצב הפתיחה.</li>
	<li>להפעיל את התוכנה הכנת מודל במחשב. לבחור את הגדרות ההדפסה הרצוי: חומר (נקה), גירסה (V4) ועובי שכבת (50 מיקרומטר).</li>
	<li>פתח את המודל הדיגיטלי של האבטיפוס בצורת קומפלקס, קובץ שפה (.stl) פסיפס רגיל (ראה קובץ קידוד משלימה) ובחרו את המיקום והכיוון על פלטפורמה לבנות.  להעלות את משימת ההדפסה מתוך התוכנה הכנת מודל במדפסת תלת-ממד SLA. הערה: בהתאם הארכיטקטורה של המוצר, מבנה תמיכה יכול להיות משולב דגם התלת-ממד כדי לייצב את הבונה במהלך ייצור. במקרה של האבטיפוס בצורת קומפלקס המודגמות כאן, מבנה התמיכה אינה נדרשת אם מודפס רגיל לכיוון לבנות.</li>
	<li>יוצקים 200 מ של photoresin biobased לתוך טנק שרף. פתח את המדפסת 3D והר למיכל שרף כראוי.</li>
	<li>הר פלטפורמת לבנות וסגור במדפסת תלת-ממד.</li>
	<li>הפעל משימת ההדפסה.</li>
	<li>לאפשר למדפסת תלת-ממד כדי לפברק טיפוס בצורת מורכבים.  אל תפתח את המדפסת עד לסיום משימת ההדפסה. הערה: לפני ההדפסה, ודא כי המדפסת התלת-ממד היא החלקה. עבור פרוטוקול והפגינו, הוא אורך הגל של הלייזר UV 405 ננומטר. זמן הדפסה של האובייקט הוא 2.5 h.</li>
</ol>3. שלאחר הטיפול של תלת-ממד מודפסים אובייקטים
הערה: אנא השתמש ציוד מגן אישי (בטיחות משקפיים, כפפות) במהלך ההליך הבא.
<ol><li>עם סיום משימת ההדפסה, פתח את המדפסת. להסיר את פלטפורמת לבנות, עם החלקים המיוצרים מצורף וסגור את המדפסת.</li>
	<li>לפתוח תחנת כביסה, מלא אלכוהול איזופרופיל, והכנס את הפלטפורמה לבנות. להתחיל את הליך ולשטוף במשך 20 דקות להסיר שרף unreacted.</li>
	<li>עם סיום ההליך השטיפה, להסיר את הפלטפורמה לבנות תחנת כביסה ולנתק אבות-טיפוס של פלטפורמת לבנות.</li>
	<li>לאפשר את טיפוס אל אוויר יבש למשך 30 דקות. בינתיים, מחממים תנור UV ב 60 מעלות צלזיוס. הערה: חימום ייקח לפחות 15 דקות. אורך הגל UV של התנור הוא 405 ננומטר, אורך הגל של הלייזר SLA זהה.</li>
	<li>לפתוח את דלת התנור UV ולמקם במהירות אבות-טיפוס על פלטפורמה מסתובבת. סגור את התנור UV ואת התרופה עבור 60 דקות ב 60 ° C כדי להבטיח המרה מלאה.</li>
	<li>עם סיום ההליך פוסט-ריפוי, לפתוח את דלת התנור UV, להוציא אבות-טיפוס.</li>
</ol>4. אפיון של פני השטח המורפולוגיה של טיפוס בצורת קומפלקס
הערה: ראה שלנו העבודה הקודם12 לפרטים נוספים על סעיף זה.
<ol><li>לחתוך ca. 1 ס מ של סליל פנימי של האבטיפוס בצורת מורכבים בעזרת סכין גילוח.</li>
	<li>לצרף את הדגימה בעל מדגם עם קלטת מוליך פחמן צדדית כפולה.</li>
	<li>לפני הדמיה, מעיל הדגימה עם 30 ננומטר Pt/Pd (80:20) על מערכת המלהגים.</li>
	<li>להכניס את הדגימה במיקרוסקופ אלקטרונים סריקה הפעלה במתח מאיץ של 5 kV. לרכוש מספר תמונות של המדגם 30 X 120 X הגדלה.</li>
</ol>

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הייצור מוספים מוחלת על ייצור של תפורים אבי טיפוס וסדרות קטנות, עלויות ייצור גבוהות יותר לכל חלק יכול להתחרות עם תהליכים המקובלת מאחר שאין צורך לייצור תבניות וכלים. בעשור האחרון, הרווחים של שירותים ומוצרים הקשורים הייצור מוספים גדלו בצורה אקספוננציאלית13. השבר הגדול של מכירות ...

שטנץ מהירה מאפשר חופש הפקה ועיצוב לפי דרישה ומאפשר שייצור יעיל של תלת-ממד בונה ב שכבה-על האופן1. כתוצאה מכך, הדפסת תלת-ממד כמו טכניקה ייצור פיתחה במהירות בשנים האחרונות2. טכנולוגיות שונות זמינות, כל הסתמכות על התרגום של מודלים וירטואליים לתוך עצמים פיזיים, ויישום תהליכים כגון הבלטה, התצהיר ישיר אנרגיה, אבקת התמצקות, למינציה גיליון ו- photopolymerization. האחרון כרוך stepwise UV לריפוי שרפים photopolymer נוזלי. בשנת 1986, גוף ועמיתים פיתח מנגנון stereolithography (SLA), UV מבוססת לייזר מדפסת תלת-ממד. לאחרונה, תהליך דומה הנקרא אור דיגיטלי עיבוד (DLP) הפך זמין, אשר photopolymerization הוא שיזם מקרן אור. יחד, dlp® ו- SLA מכונים stereolithography הדפסה 3D3.
SLA מיושמת שטנץ ברזולוציה גבוהה ייצור של התקנים ביו4,5. טכנולוגיה זו עדיפה העדות מאוחה בשימוש נרחב דוגמנות (FDM) מבחינת דיוק, גימור פני השטח, רזולוציה6. בהתאם הארכיטקטורה של המוצר, מבנה תמיכה משולב דגם התלת-ממד כדי לייצב את הבונה במהלך ייצור. יתר על כן, טיפול פוסט-הדפסה של החלקים הוא נדרש7,8. בדרך כלל, מודפסים אובייקטים נשטפים באמבט אלכוהול כדי להמיס שרף unreacted, ריפוי עוקבות בתנור UV מבוצע כדי להבטיח המרה מלאה של פלמור9.
באופן כללי, שרפים לייצור תוסף מבוסס-ליתוגרפיה מסתמכים על מערכות photocurable המכיל acrylates או epoxides רב תכליתיים10. שרפים photopolymer הנוכחי בשוק המסחרי הם מאובנים מבוססי, יקר, בעוד הזמינות של שרפים מתחדשת נמוכים יש צורך להקל ללא פסולת ומקומיים בייצור של מוצרים בני-קיימא תלת-ממד עבור הכלכלה biobased1 , 6. לאחרונה, שרפים photopolymer מבוסס על acrylates מתחדשת היו להתפתח והחיל בהצלחה stereolithography 3D ההדפסה11,12. ב פרוטוקול מפורט זה, נדגים את שטנץ מהירה עם שרפים biobased על מנגנון stereolithography מסחרי. תשומת לב מיוחדת לשלבים קריטיים בשגרה, קרי, טיפולים ניסוח והדפסת פוסט-שרף, כדי לעזור למתרגלים חדשים בתחום הייצור מוספים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Isobornyl acrylate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sartomer</td><td>SA5102</td><td>Acrylate monomer</td></tr><tr><td>1,10-decanediol diacrylate</td><td>Sartomer</td><td>SA5201</td><td>Acrylate monomer</td></tr><tr><td>Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate</td><td>Sartomer</td><td>SA5400</td><td>Acrylate monomer</td></tr><tr><td>Multifunctional epoxy acrylate</td><td>Sartomer</td><td>SA7101</td><td>Acrylate oligomer</td></tr><tr><td>Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO), 97%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>415952</td><td>Photoinitiator</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-bis(5-&lt;em&gt;tert&lt;/em&gt;-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT), 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>223999</td><td>Optical absorber</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 99%</td><td>Bleko</td><td>1010500</td><td>For alcohol bath (applied in Form Wash)</td></tr><tr><td>Paar Physica MCR300&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Anton Paar</td><td>-</td><td>Rheometer with parallel plate geometry</td></tr><tr><td>Form 2 Printer</td><td>Formlabs</td><td>-</td><td>Desktop SLA 3D printer</td></tr><tr><td>Form Wash&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Formlabs</td><td>-</td><td>Washing station</td></tr><tr><td>Form Cure</td><td>Formlabs</td><td>-</td><td>UV oven</td></tr><tr><td>Instron 4301 1KN Series IX</td><td>Instron</td><td>-</td><td>Universal testing machine</td></tr><tr><td>Philips XL30 ESEM-FEG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Philips</td><td>-</td><td>Scanning electron microscope</td></tr></tbody></table>

stereolithographic 3d printing with renewable acrylates

הנגישות של חומרי מתחדשת תחרותי עלות ויישומם בייצור תוסף חיוני עבור כלכלה biobased יעיל. נדגים את שטנץ מהירה של שרפים בר קיימא באמצעות מדפסת תלת-ממד stereolithographic. ניסוח שרף מתקיים על ידי ערבוב פשוטה של biobased אקרילט מונומרים ו oligomers עם photoinitiatior, בולם אופטי. שרף צמיגות נשלטת על ידי מונומר אוליגומר יחס, נקבע כפונקציה של שיעור הטיה על ידי rheometer עם גאומטריה צלחת מקבילים. מנגנון stereolithographic מואשם שרפים biobased הוא מועסק כדי לייצר טיפוס בצורת מורכבים עם רמת דיוק גבוהה. המוצרים דורשים טיפול פוסט, כולל אלכוהול שטיפה, הקרנת UV, כדי להבטיח ריפוי מלא. רזולוציה גבוהה תכונה של גימור של אבות-טיפוס מעולה השטח מתגלה על ידי מיקרוסקופ אלקטרונים סורק.

ארבע יצירות שרף נציג מוצגים בטבלה 1, יחד עם פחמן biobased הממוצע שלהם תוכן (לפנה ס) נגזר מן ה לפנה ס הבודדים המרכיבים. צמיגות שרף (איור 1) מושפע על ידי היחס של מונומרים אקרילט ו oligomers ומדגים בדרך כלל התנהגות הניוטונית. תכונות מכניות של חלקים המיוצרים שרפי...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates at JoVE.com

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

פרוטוקול לייצור תוסף עם שרפים מתחדשת photopolymer על מנגנון stereolithography מוצג.

הדפסה תלת-ממדית Stereolithographic עם Acrylates מתחדשת

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. ...

stereolithographic-3d-printing-with-renewable-acrylates

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.4K Views.  NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. פרוטוקול לייצור תוסף עם שרפים מתחדשת photopolymer על מנגנון stereolithography מוצג.

Video: Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

הדפסה מישוריים תלת ממדי של דיו מוליך

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Bioengineering

3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D structures are most often perceived using the two-dimensional and exclusively visual medium of the computer screen. Converting digital 3D molecular data into real objects enables information to be perceived through an expanded range of human senses, including direct stereoscopic vision, touch, and interaction. Such tangible models facilitate new insights, enable hypothesis testing, and serve as psychological or sensory anchors for conceptual information about the functions of biomolecules. Recent advances in consumer 3D printing technology enable, for the first time, the cost-effective fabrication of high-quality and scientifically accurate models of biomolecules in a variety of molecular representations. However, the optimization of the virtual model and its printing parameters is difficult and time consuming without detailed guidance. Here, we provide a guide on the digital design and physical fabrication of biomolecule models for research and pedagogy using open source or low-cost software and low-cost 3D printers that use fused filament fabrication technology.

Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.

3D הדפסה של מודלים Biomolecular למחקר פדגוגיה

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D ...

Engineering

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Bioprinting is an emerging technology that has its origins in the rapid prototyping industry. The different printing processes can be divided into contact bioprinting1-4 (extrusion, dip pen and soft lithography), contactless bioprinting5-7 (laser forward transfer, ink-jet deposition) and laser based techniques such as two photon photopolymerization8. It can be used for many applications such as tissue engineering9-13, biosensor microfabrication14-16 and as a tool to answer basic biological questions such as influences of co-culturing of different cell types17. Unlike common photolithographic or soft-lithographic methods, extrusion bioprinting has the advantage that it does not require a separate mask or stamp. Using CAD software, the design of the structure can quickly be changed and adjusted according to the requirements of the operator. This makes bioprinting more flexible than lithography-based approaches.
Here we demonstrate the printing of a sacrificial mold to create a multi-material 3D structure using an array of pillars within a hydrogel as an example. These pillars could represent hollow structures for a vascular network or the tubes within a nerve guide conduit. The material chosen for the sacrificial mold was poloxamer 407, a thermoresponsive polymer with excellent printing properties which is liquid at 4 &deg;C and a solid above its gelation temperature ~20 &deg;C for 24.5% w/v solutions18. This property allows the poloxamer-based sacrificial mold to be eluted on demand and has advantages over the slow dissolution of a solid material especially for narrow geometries. Poloxamer was printed on microscope glass slides to create the sacrificial mold. Agarose was pipetted into the mold and cooled until gelation. After elution of the poloxamer in ice cold water, the voids in the agarose mold were filled with alginate methacrylate spiked with FITC labeled fibrinogen. The filled voids were then cross-linked with UV and the construct was imaged with an epi-fluorescence microscope.

A bioprinter was used to create patterned hydrogels based on a sacrificial mold. The poloxamer mold was backfilled with a second hydrogel and then eluted, leaving voids which were filled with a third hydrogel. This method uses fast elution and good printability of poloxamer to generate complex architectures from biopolymers.

הדפסת תבניות היפוך Thermoresponsive ליצירת בדוגמת הידרוג דו רכיבים-תרבות תאי 3D

Bioprinting is an emerging technology that has its origins in the rapid prototyping industry. The different printing processes can be divided into contact ...

Immunology and Infection

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support substrates. Accomplishing this transfer in a highly controlled, mechanized, and reproducible manner can eliminate the creation of macroscale defect structures (e.g., tears, cracks, and wrinkles) within the thin film that compromise device performance and the usable area per sample. Here, we describe a general protocol for the highly controlled and mechanized transfer of a polymeric thin film onto an arbitrary porous support substrate for eventual use as a water filtration membrane device. Specifically, we fabricate a block copolymer (BCP) thin film on top of a sacrificial, water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layer and silicon wafer substrate. We then utilize a custom-designed, 3D-printed transfer tool and drain chamber system to deposit, lift-off, and transfer the BCP thin film onto the center of a porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) support disc. The transferred BCP thin film is shown to be consistently placed onto the center of the support surface due to the guidance of the meniscus formed between the water and the 3D-printed plastic drain chamber. We also compare our mechanized transfer-processed thin films to those that have been transferred by hand with the use of tweezers. Optical inspection and image analysis of the transferred thin films from the mechanized process confirm that little-to-no macroscale inhomogeneities or plastic deformations are produced, as compared to the multitude of tears and wrinkles produced from manual transfer by hand. Our results suggest that the proposed strategy for thin film transfer can reduce defects when compared to other methods across many systems and applications.

We present a procedure for highly controlled and wrinkle-free transfer of block copolymer thin films onto porous support substrates using a 3D-printed drain chamber. The drain chamber design is of general relevance to all procedures involving transfer of macromolecular films onto porous substrates, which is normally done by hand in an irreproducible fashion.

נוהל העברת סרטים פולימריים אל מצעים נקבובי עם פגמים ממוזערים

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support ...

Three-dimensional Biomimetic Technology: Novel Biorubber Creates Defined Micro- and Macro-scale Architectures in Collagen Hydrogels

Tissue scaffolds play a crucial role in the tissue regeneration process. The ideal scaffold must fulfill several requirements such as having proper composition, targeted modulus, and well-defined architectural features. Biomaterials that recapitulate the intrinsic architecture of in vivo tissue are vital for studying diseases as well as to facilitate the regeneration of lost and malformed soft tissue. A novel biofabrication technique was developed which combines state of the art imaging, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and selective enzymatic activity to create a new generation of biomaterials for research and clinical application. The developed material, Bovine Serum Albumin rubber, is reaction injected into a mold that upholds specific geometrical features. This sacrificial material allows the adequate transfer of architectural features to a natural scaffold material. The prototype consists of a 3D collagen scaffold with 4 and 3 mm channels that represent a branched architecture. This paper emphasizes the use of this biofabrication technique for the generation of natural constructs. This protocol utilizes a computer-aided software (CAD) to manufacture a solid mold which will be reaction injected with BSA rubber followed by the enzymatic digestion of the rubber, leaving its architectural features within the scaffold material.

An innovative biofabrication technique was developed to engineer three-dimensional constructs that resemble the architectural features, components, and mechanical properties of in vivo tissue. This technique features a newly developed sacrificial material, BSA rubber, which transfers detailed spatial features, reproducing the in vivo architectures of a wide variety of tissues.

תלת ממדי טכנולוגיה Biomimetic: רומן Biorubber יוצר מוגדרת מיקרו מאקרו בקנה מידה ארכיטקטורות ב הידרוג קולגן

Tissue scaffolds play a crucial role in the tissue regeneration process. The ideal scaffold must fulfill several requirements such as having proper ...

Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue

Biomedical optical imaging is playing an important role in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, the accuracy and the reproducibility of an optical imaging device are greatly affected by the performance characteristics of its components, the test environment, and the operations. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate these devices by traceable phantom standards. However, most of the currently available phantoms are homogeneous phantoms that cannot simulate multimodal and dynamic characteristics of biological tissue. Here, we show the fabrication of heterogeneous tissue-simulating phantoms using a production line integrating a spin coating module, a polyjet module, a fused deposition modeling (FDM) module, and an automatic control framework. The structural information and the optical parameters of a &#34;digital optical phantom&#34; are defined in a prototype file, imported to the production line, and fabricated layer-by-layer with sequential switch between different printing modalities. Technical capability of such a production line is exemplified by the automatic printing of skin-simulating phantoms that comprise the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and an embedded tumor.

Spin coating, polyjet printing, and fused deposition modeling are integrated to produce multilayered heterogeneous phantoms that simulate structural and functional properties of biological tissue.

הדפסת תלת-ממד תלת ממדית של פאנטומים להדמיית רקמה ביולוגית

Biomedical optical imaging is playing an important role in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, the accuracy and the reproducibility of ...

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing

With the growth in accessibility of 3D printing, there has been a growing application of and interest in additive manufacturing processes in chemical laboratories and chemical education. Building on the long and successful history of physical modeling of molecular systems, we present select models along with a protocol to facilitate 3D printing of molecular structures that are able to do more than represent shape and connectivity. Models assembled as described incorporate dynamic aspects and degrees of freedom into saturated hydrocarbon structures. As a representative example, cyclohexane was assembled from parts printed and finished using different thermoplastics, and the resulting models retain their functionality at a variety of scales. The resulting structures show configurational space accessibility consistent with calculations and literature, and versions of these structures can be used as aids to illustrate concepts that are difficult to convey in other ways. This exercise enables us to evaluate successful printing protocols, make practical recommendations for assembly, and outline design principles for physical modeling of molecular systems. The provided structures, procedures, and results provide a foundation for individual manufacture and exploration of molecular structure and dynamics with 3D printing.

Physical modeling of microscopic systems helps obtain insights that are difficult to gain by other means. To facilitate the construction of physical molecular models, we demonstrate how 3D printing can be used to assemble functional macroscopic models that capture qualities of molecular systems in a tactile way.

מודל מולקולרי אינטראקטיבי הרכבה עם הדפסה תלת-ממדית

With the growth in accessibility of 3D printing, there has been a growing application of and interest in additive manufacturing processes in chemical ...

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

3D printing provides facile access to geometrically complex materials. However, these materials have intrinsically linked bulk and interfacial properties dependent on the chemical composition of the resin. In the current work, 3D printed materials are post-functionalized using the 3D printer hardware via a secondary surface-initiated polymerization process, thus providing independent control over the bulk and interfacial material properties. This process begins with preparing liquid resins, which contain a monofunctional monomer, a crosslinking multifunctional monomer, a photochemically labile species that enables initiation of polymerization, and critically, a thiocarbonylthio compound which facilitates reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The thiocarbonylthio compound, known commonly as a RAFT agent, mediates the chain growth polymerization process and provides polymeric materials with more homogeneous network structures. The liquid resin is cured in a layer-by-layer fashion using a commercially available digital light processing 3D printer to give three-dimensional materials having spatially controlled geometries. The initial resin is removed and replaced with a new mixture containing functional monomers and photoinitiating species. The 3D printed material is then exposed to light from the 3D printer in the presence of the new functional monomer mixture. This allows photoinduced surface-initiated polymerization to occur from the latent RAFT agent groups on the surface of the 3D printed material. Given the chemical flexibility of both resins, this process allows a wide range of 3D printed materials to be produced with tailorable bulk and interfacial properties.

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

The present protocol describes the digital light processing-based 3D printing of polymeric materials using type I photoinitiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and the subsequent in situ material post-functionalization via surface-mediated polymerization. Photoinduced 3D printing provides materials with independently tailored and spatially controlled bulk and interfacial properties.

הדפסה תלת-ממדית ושינוי פני השטח של סיטו באמצעות סוג I photoinitiated פילמור העברת שרשרת חיבור-פיצול הפיך

3D printing provides facile access to geometrically complex materials. However, these materials have intrinsically linked bulk and interfacial properties ...

Novel Process for 3D Printing Decellularized Matrices

3D bioprinting aims to create custom scaffolds that are biologically active and accommodate the desired size and geometry. A thermoplastic backbone can provide mechanical stability similar to native tissue while biologic agents offer compositional cues to progenitor cells, leading to their migration, proliferation, and differentiation to reconstitute the original tissues/organs1,2. Unfortunately, many 3D printing compatible, bioresorbable polymers (such as polylactic acid, PLA) are printed at temperatures of 210 &#176;C or higher - temperatures that are detrimental to biologics. On the other hand, polycaprolactone (PCL), a different type of polyester, is a bioresorbable, 3D printable material that has a gentler printing temperature of 65 &#176;C. Therefore, it was hypothesized that decellularized extracellular matrix (DM) contained within a thermally protective PLA barrier could be printed within PCL filament and remain in its functional conformation. In this work, osteochondral repair was the application for which the hypothesis was tested. As such, porcine cartilage was decellularized and encapsulated in polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres which were then extruded with polycaprolactone (PCL) into filament to produce 3D constructs via fused deposition modeling. The constructs with or without the microspheres (PLA-DM/PCL and PCL(-), respectively) were evaluated for differences in surface features.

This protocol describes the production of polycaprolactone (PCL) filament with embedded polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres which contain decellularized matrices (DM) for 3D printing of structural tissue engineering constructs.

הרומן תהליך הדפסת תלת-ממד Decellularized מטריצות

3D bioprinting aims to create custom scaffolds that are biologically active and accommodate the desired size and geometry. A thermoplastic backbone can ...

הידרוג'לים מודפסים ביולוגית הניתנים לצילום כדי לחקור תגובות תאיות להתקשות ECM

3D Bioprinting Phototunable Hydrogels to Study Fibroblast Activation

Phototunable hydrogels can transform spatially and temporally in response to light exposure. Incorporating these types of biomaterials in cell-culture platforms and dynamically triggering changes, such as increasing microenvironmental stiffness, enables researchers to model changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occur during fibrotic disease progression. Herein, a method is presented for 3D bioprinting a phototunable hydrogel biomaterial capable of two sequential polymerization reactions within a gelatin support bath. The technique of Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) bioprinting was adapted by adjusting the pH of the support bath to facilitate a Michael addition reaction. First, the bioink containing poly(ethylene glycol)-alpha methacrylate (PEG&#945;MA) was reacted off-stoichiometry with a cell-degradable crosslinker to form soft hydrogels. These soft hydrogels were later exposed to photoinitator and light to induce the homopolymerization of unreacted groups and stiffen the hydrogel. This protocol covers hydrogel synthesis, 3D bioprinting, photostiffening, and endpoint characterizations to assess fibroblast activation within 3D structures. The method presented here enables researchers to 3D bioprint a variety of materials that undergo pH-catalyzed polymerization reactions and could be implemented to engineer various models of tissue homeostasis, disease, and repair.

מחבר זרקור: הבנת מחלות ריאה כרוניות באמצעות הידרוג'לים פוטו-ממדיים מודפסים בתלת-ממד 

This article describes how to 3D bioprint phototunable hydrogels to study extracellular matrix stiffening and fibroblast activation.

הדפסה ביולוגית תלת-ממדית הידרוג'לים פוטו-ממדיים לחקר הפעלת פיברובלסטים

Phototunable hydrogels can transform spatially and temporally in response to light exposure. Incorporating these types of biomaterials in cell-culture ...