אנו מודים ד ר אלכסנדר Mourot על דבריו על כתב היד. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענקים סוכנות הידיעות נאסיונאל דה לה רשרש (ANR 2011 MALZ 003 01; ANR-15-CE16-0010 ו- ANR-17-CE37-0010-03), בניין נתמך על-ידי אחוות מ Fondation pour la רשרש סור אלצהיימר. אנו מודים את המתקן בעלי חיים IBPS (פריז, צרפת).

המחברים אין לחשוף.

יחיד תא מולטיפלקס RT-PCR לאחר תיקון-קלאמפ יכול בו זמנית ובאמינות לחקור את הביטוי של גנים יותר מ-30 תאים מזוהה electrophysiologically5. ניתוח ביטוי גנים ברמת תא בודד דורש תחל PCR יעילים ביותר. אחד הצעדים המגביל ביותר הוא אוסף של תוכנו של התא. היעילות שלה תלוי הקוטר של קצה פיפטה תיקון, אשר חייב לה?...

קליפת כוללת סוגי תאים רבים המעורבים בתהליכים פיזיולוגיים שונים. זיהוי ואפיון שלהם, תנאי הכרחי להבנה של הפונקציות הספציפיות שלהם, יכולה להיות מאוד מאתגרת בהתחשב גדול מורפולוגי, הפיזיולוגית המולקולריים הרב גוניות המאפיינת את סלולרי קורטיקלית סוגים1 ,2,3,4.
תא בודד מולטיפלקס RT-PCR מבוססת על השילוב של תיקון-קלאמפ וטכניקות RT-PCR. זה יכול לחקור בו זמנית את הביטוי של גנים מוגדרים מראש יותר מ-30 תאים מזוהה electrophysiologically5 ההכללה של מכשיר מעקב עצביים ב ההקלטה פיפטה נוספת מאפשרת אפיון מורפולוגי של התאים מוקלט אחרי התגלות פתולוגיה6,7,8,9, 10. זאת שיטה מאוד שימושי עבור הסיווג של סוגי עצביים מבוסס על ניתוח רב משתני שלהם תכונות פנוטיפי5,9,10,11,12 13, ,14. תא בודד מולטיפלקס RT-PCR מתאים גם אפיון תאים שאינם עצביים כגון האסטרוציטים15,16,17, ולא ניתן להחיל כמעט על כל המוח מבנה18, 19,20,21,22,23 תא וסוג, בהנחה שהם ניתן להקליט בתצורה של כל תא.
טכניקה זו היא מאוד נוח עבור זיהוי מקורות הסלולר ו/או מטרות של שידור מערכות7,8,15,16,20,21, 24,25,26,27,28, במיוחד כאשר נוגדנים ספציפיים חסרים. זה מסתמך על תיקון-קלאמפ הקלטות של תאים שזוהה באופן חזותי29, ובכך מאפשר גם את המיקוד של תאים ב-15,8,16בסביבה התאית הספציפית. יתר על כן מאז cytoarchitecture של רקמת המוח נשמר פרוסות המוח, גישה זו גם מאפשרת חקר הקשרים האנטומי של התאים מאופיין עם אלמנטים שאינם עצבית עצביים7,8 , 18.
מאז בטכניקה זו הוא מוגבל לפי כמות הציטופלסמה שנקטפו ועל ידי יעילות RT, הגילוי של mRNA באה לידי ביטוי במספר עותק נמוך יכול להיות קשה. למרות גישות אחרות מבוסס על טכנולוגיית RNaseq לאפשר לנתח את כל transcriptome של תאים בודדים3,4,30,31, הם צריכים תפוקה גבוהה סקוונסרים יקר. לא בהכרח זמין בכל מעבדה. מאז הטכניקה RT-PCR תא בודד מולטיפלקס משתמשת מובילים PCR, זה רק דורש thermocyclers הנפוצה. זה יכול להתפתח בקלות במעבדות מצויד אלקטרופיזיולוגיות set-ups, לא דורשת ציוד יקר. זה יכול לספק, בתוך יום אחד, ניתוח איכותי של הביטוי של ערכה מוגדרת מראש של גנים. לפיכך, גישה זו מציעה גישה נוחה אפיון מולקולרי תאים בודדים בצורה מהירה.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MACAW v.2.0.5</td>
			<td>NCBI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple alignement for primer design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>443852A</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random primers</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>11034731001</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTPs</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>28-4065-52</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNasin Ribonuclease Inhibitors</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2511</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064014</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>201205</td>
			<td>PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>M5904-5ML</td>
			<td>PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR primers</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PCR / desalted and diluted at 200 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes, 0.5 mL, flat cap</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AB0350</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT10 Series - 10 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT10</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT20 Series - 20 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT20</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT200 Series - 200 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT200</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT1000 Series - 1000 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT1000.96</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Thermal Cylcer</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Cetus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium Bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>E1510-10ML</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>T4415-1L</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Agarose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16500-500</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;X174 DNA-Hae III Digest</td>
			<td>NEB (New England BioLabs)</td>
			<td>N3026S</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDA 290</td>
			<td>Kodak</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis Power supply EPS 3500</td>
			<td>Pharmacia Biotech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midi Horizontal Elecrophoresis Unit Model SHU13</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smooth paper with satin appearance</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>1748B</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Hydroxyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>60377</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium D-gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>M1028</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5500 Vapor Pressure Osmometer</td>
			<td>Wescor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biocytin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>B4261</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S5016</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>49159</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S6191</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>60128</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>31437-M</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S5011</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>63069</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>21115</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kynurenic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>K3375</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal Healthcare UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VT 1000S</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>14047235613</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td>Patch Clamp set-up cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Wall Glass Capillaries with filament</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PP-83</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Microloader</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5242956003</td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BX51WI Upright microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XC-ST70/CE CCD B/W VIDEO CAMERA</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axopatch 200B Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCLAMP 10 software suite</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS-10ES</td>
			<td>Expelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E Series with Straight Body (Holder)</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>64-0997</td>
			<td>Expelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S8282</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from cold water fish skin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>G7041</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S11223</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single cell multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after patch-clamp

קליפת המוח מורכב סוגי תאים רבים מפגין תכונות מורפולוגיות, הפיזיולוגית מולקולרית שונות. המגוון הסלים קל זיהוי ואפיון אחד מסוגי התאים, תנאים מוקדמים ללמוד הפונקציות הספציפיות שלהם. מאמר זה מתאר תא בודד מולטיפלקס שעתוק במהופך פולימראז תגובת שרשרת (RT-PCR) הפרוטוקול, המאפשר, לאחר תיקון-קלאמפ הקלטה לפרוסות, כדי לזהות בו זמנית את הביטוי של עשרות גנים בתא יחיד. שיטה זו פשוטה ניתן ליישם עם אפיון מורפולוגי, והוא החלים נרחב כדי לקבוע את התכונות פנוטיפי של סוגי תאים שונים ועם סביבתם הסלולר מסוים, כמו למשל בקרבת כלי דם. העיקרון של פרוטוקול זה היא כדי להקליט תא עם הטכניקה תיקון-קלאמפ, כדי לקצור ולהפוך לתמלל את התוכן cytoplasmic שלה, כדי לזהות איכותית הביטוי של ערכה מוגדרת מראש של גנים על ידי מגה-פלקס PCR. זה דורש עיצוב זהיר של PCR תחל והפתרון תיקון תאיים-קלאמפ תואמת ל- RT-PCR. כדי להבטיח תעתיק סלקטיבי ואמין זיהוי, טכניקה זו מחייבת גם הפקדים המתאימים הציטופלסמה הקטיף לצעדים הגברה. למרות אמצעי הזהירות שנדונו כאן חייב להיות במעקב בלבד, כמעט כל מעבדה אלקטרופיזיולוגיות באפשרותך להשתמש התא הבודד מולטיפלקס בטכניקת RT-PCR.

אימות נציג של מולטיפלקס RT-PCR מוצג באיור3. הפרוטוקול תוכנן כדי לחקור בו זמנית את הביטוי של גנים שונים 12. VGluT1 טרנספורטר גלוטמט vesicular נלקח בתור פקד חיובי עבור הנוירונים glutamatergic42. גאבא סינתזה אנזימים (GAD65 ו- 67 גד), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ו Somatostatin (סום) שימשו כסמני...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp at JoVE.com

Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

תגובת שרשרת של פולימראז מולטיפלקס שעתוק במהופך תא בודד לאחר תיקון-קלאמפ

פרוטוקול זה מתאר את השלבים הקריטיים של אמצעי הזהירות הנדרשים לביצוע תגובת שרשרת של פולימראז שעתוק במהופך מולטיפלקס תא בודד לאחר תיקון-קלאמפ. טכניקה זו היא שיטה פשוטה ויעילה כדי לנתח את פרופיל ביטוי של קבוצת גנים מתא יחיד מאופיין על ידי תיקון-קלאמפ הקלטות מראש.

The cerebral cortex is composed of numerous cell types exhibiting various morphological, physiological, and molecular features. This diversity hampers ...

single-cell-multiplex-reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K Views.  Sorbonne Université. פרוטוקול זה מתאר את השלבים הקריטיים של אמצעי הזהירות הנדרשים לביצוע תגובת שרשרת של פולימראז שעתוק במהופך מולטיפלקס תא בודד לאחר תיקון-קלאמפ. טכניקה זו היא שיטה פשוטה ויעילה כדי לנתח את פרופיל ביטוי של קבוצת גנים מתא יחיד מאופיין על ידי תיקון-קלאמפ הקלטות מראש.

Video: Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

Culturing and Electrophysiology of Cells on NRCC Patch-clamp Chips

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard of electrophysiology applied to disease models and pharmaceutical screens alike 1. The method traditionally involves gently contacting a cell with a glass pipette filled by a physiological solution in order to isolate a patch of the membrane under its apex 2. An electrode inserted in the pipette captures ion-channel activity within the membrane patch or, when ruptured, for the whole cell. In the last decade, patch-clamp chips have been proposed as an alternative 3, 4: a suspended film separates the physiological medium from the culture medium, and an aperture microfabricated in the film replaces the apex of the pipette. Patch-clamp chips have been integrated in automated systems and commercialized for high-throughput screening 5. To increase throughput, they include the fluidic delivery of cells from suspension, their positioning on the aperture by suction, and automated routines to detect cell-to-probe seals and enter into whole cell mode. We have reported on the fabrication of a silicon patch-clamp chip with optimized impedance and orifice shape that permits the high-quality recording of action potentials in cultured snail neurons 6; recently, we have also reported progress towards interrogating mammalian neurons 7. Our patch-clamp chips are fabricated at the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre 8, a commercial foundry, and are available in large series. We are eager to engage in collaborations with electrophysiologists to validate the use of the NRCC technology in different models. The chips are used according to the general scheme represented in Figure 1: the silicon chip is at the bottom of a Plexiglas culture vial and the back of the aperture is connected to a subterranean channel fitted with tubes at either end of the package. Cells are cultured in the vial and the cell on top of the probe is monitored by a measuring electrode inserted in the channel.The two outside fluidic ports facilitate solution exchange with minimal disturbance to the cell; this is an advantage compared to glass pipettes for intracellular perfusion.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3288/3288fig1.jpg" />
Figure 1. Principle of measurement using the NRCC patch-clamp chip
We detail here the protocols to sterilize and prime the chips, load them with medium, plate them with cells, and finally use them for electrophysiological recordings.

We show how planar patch-clamp chips fabricated at the National Research Council of Canada are sterilized, primed, loaded with medium, plated with cells, and used for electrophysiological recordings.

Culturing ו Electrophysiology של תאים על Patch-clamp צ&#39;יפס NRCC

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard ...

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate retina. Two classes of retinal neurons, photoreceptors and bipolar cells, accomplish this by using ribbon-type active zones, which enable sustained and high-throughput neurotransmitter release over long time periods. ON-type mixed bipolar cell (Mb) terminals in the goldfish retina, which depolarize to light stimuli and receive mixed rod and cone photoreceptor input, are suitable for the study of ribbon-type synapses both due to their large size (~10-12 &mu;m diameter) and to their numerous lateral and reciprocal synaptic connections with amacrine cell dendrites. Direct access to Mb bipolar cell terminals in goldfish retinal slices with the patch-clamp technique allows the measurement of presynaptic Ca2+ currents, membrane capacitance changes, and reciprocal synaptic feedback inhibition mediated by GABAA and GABAC receptors expressed on the terminals. Presynaptic membrane capacitance measurements of exocytosis allow one to study the short-term plasticity of excitatory neurotransmitter release 14,15. In addition, short-term and long-term plasticity of inhibitory neurotransmitter release from amacrine cells can also be investigated by recordings of reciprocal feedback inhibition arriving at the Mb terminal 21. Over short periods of time (e.g. ~10 s), GABAergic reciprocal feedback inhibition from amacrine cells undergoes paired-pulse depression via GABA vesicle pool depletion 11. The synaptic dynamics of retinal microcircuits in the inner plexiform layer of the retina can thus be directly studied.
The brain-slice technique was introduced more than 40 years ago but is still very useful for the investigation of the electrical properties of neurons, both at the single cell soma, single dendrite or axon, and microcircuit synaptic level 19. Tissues that are too small to be glued directly onto the slicing chamber are often first embedded in agar (or placed onto a filter paper) and then sliced 20, 23, 18, 9. In this video, we employ the pre-embedding agar technique using goldfish retina. Some of the giant bipolar cell terminals in our slices of goldfish retina are axotomized (axon-cut) during the slicing procedure. This allows us to isolate single presynaptic nerve terminal inputs, because recording from axotomized terminals excludes the signals from the soma-dendritic compartment. Alternatively, one can also record from intact Mb bipolar cells, by recording from terminals attached to axons that have not been cut during the slicing procedure. Overall, use of this experimental protocol will aid in studies of retinal synaptic physiology, microcircuit functional analysis, and synaptic transmission at ribbon synapses.

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Here we describe a protocol for the preparation of agar-embedded retinal slices that are suitable for electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging. This method allows one to study ribbon-type synapses in retinal microcircuits using direct patch-clamp recordings of single presynaptic nerve terminals.

Patch-clamp מדידות קיבול ו Ca 2 + הדמיה על מסופי עצב יחיד ב Slices רשתית

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

הקלטות קלאמפ תיקון בתאי שיער באוזן פנימיים מבודדות מדג הזברה

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

הצמד תיקון נייד לכל חוקר את המנגנונים של גירוי עצבי אינפרא אדום

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

תיקון הקלטות קלאמפ מתאים עוברי דג הזברה מאוטנר

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

מערכת תיקון מהדק Multi-אלקטרודה בסיוע מחשב

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

הקלטות תיקון מהדק כל התא מMorphologically- וinterneurons היפוקמפוס זיהה Neurochemically

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

הקלטת אור עורר תגובות Postsynaptic בנוירונים מותאמים-Dark, תכשירי עכבר רשתית Slice באמצעות טכניקות הצמד התיקון

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

הקלטות תיקון מהדק כל תא פרוסות המוח

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.

תגובת שרשרת של פולימראז מולטיפלקס שעתוק במהופך תא בודד לאחר תיקון-קלאמפ

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Culturing ו Electrophysiology של תאים על Patch-clamp צ'יפס NRCC

Patch-clamp מדידות קיבול ו Ca^{2 +} הדמיה על מסופי עצב יחיד ב Slices רשתית