עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקה על ידי KAKENHI (25708020, 15K13812, 15H00860, 15H00986, 16H0986, 16H02081) מ JSPS / MEXT יפן, קרן אסאהי זכוכית, ואת אוניברסיטת Tsukuba מראש יוזמה אסטרטגית, &quot;אנסמבל של אור עם ענייני החיים.&quot;

1. ייצור פרוטוקולים של פולימרים Microspheres <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שיטת דיפוזיה של אדי <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ממיסים 2 מ&quot;ג של פולימרים מצומדות, כגון P1 (poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) - alt - (5-octylthieno [3,4- c ] pyrrole-4,6-dione-1, 3-דיל)] 28 ו - P2 (פולי ([N- (2-heptylundecyl) carbazole-2,7-diyl) - alt - (4,8-bis [dodecyl] carbonyl] benzo [1,2- : 4,5- b &#39;] dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] 28 , ב 2 מ&quot;ל של כלורופורם (ממס טוב) בבקבוק 5 מ&quot;ל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שים 5 מ&quot;ל של מתנול (ממס מסכן) בקבוקון 50 מ&quot;ל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שים את בקבוקון 5 מ&quot;ל המכיל את הפתרון כלורופורם של הפולימר לתוך בקבוקון 50 מ&quot;ל המכיל מתנול. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מכסה את בקבוקון 50 מ&quot;ל ולשמור אותו במשך 3 ימים על 25 מעלות צלזיוס כדי לאפשר משקעים של microspheres פולימר. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מיני אמולסיה שיטה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ממיסים 5 מ&quot;ג של פולימרים מצומדות, כגון פולY [9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl] (PFO) ו- poly [2-methoxy-5- (3 &#39;, 7&#39;-dimethyloctyloxy) -1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV) ב 1 מ&quot;ל של כלורופורם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ממיסים 30 מ&quot;ג (~ 50 מ&quot;מ) של נתרן dodecyl סולפט (SDS) ב 2 מ&quot;ל של מים deionized. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 100 μL של הפתרון chloroform של הפולימר ל 2 מ&quot;ל של מים המכילים SDS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבים את תערובת כלורופורם / מים במרץ באמצעות homogenizer Ultra-Speed ​​ב 30,000 סל&quot;ד במשך 2 דקות כדי emulsify את הפתרון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שמור את זה במשך יום אחד ללא מכסת הבקבוקון כדי להתאדות את כלורופורם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צנטריפוגה פיזור בצינור microcentrifuge 1.5 מ&quot;ל במשך 5 דקות ב 2,200 x גרם. הסר את הפתרון מימית supernatant המכיל SDS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 2 מ&quot;ל של מים deionized ולרעוד במרץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזור על שלב 1.2.6 ו 1.2.7 שלוש פעמים לשטוף את SDS שיורית. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ממשק ממשק שיטת </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ממיסים 200 מיקרוגרם של פוליסטירן (PS) ו 10 μגרם של צבע פלואורסצנטי (בורון dipyrrin, BODIPY) ל 0.2 מ&quot;ל של tetrahydrofuran (THF). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעדינות לשפוך את הפתרון THF על 1 מ&quot;ל של שכבת המים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שמור על שתי שכבות מופרדות THF / מים במשך 6 שעות ללא מכסה את הבקבוקון כדי לאפשר משקעים של microspheres פולימר. </li></ol> 2. Micro-photoluminesencence (μ-PL) מדידה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכנת דוגמאות <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדלל את ההשעיה של microspheres מוכן בסעיף 1 ב שאינו ממס ( כלומר, מתנול או מים deionized). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ספין להטיל טיפה אחת (20-30 μL) ההשעיה מדולל של microspheres על גבי מצע קוורץ באמצעות ספין- coater (בדרך כלל, 2,000 סל&quot;ד עבור 50 שניות). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אוויר יבש את הסרט יצוק כתוצאה עד ממיסים התאדו לחלוטין (~ 5 דקות). </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרה ניסיונית <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שים את המצע קוורץ (15 x 15 x 0.5 מ&quot;מ 3 ) על השלב המדגם של micr אופטיאוסקופ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מצא היטב microspheres מוגדרים כי הם מבודדים בתחומים אחרים המתאימים למדידת μ-PL. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בחר לייזר ( כלומר, אורך גל, גל רציף או הדופק, זמן הקרנה, אינטגרציה, וכו &#39; ). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בחר את ההגדלה של העדשה. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מידות <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש קרן לייזר ממוקדת כדי להקרין את microsphere. השתמש במצב הלייזר הבא: cw או לייזר פולס עם אורכי גל ( λ ex ) של 405 ננומטר (cw), 450 ננומטר (cw), 355 ננומטר (לייזר הדופק, תדר, 1 קילוהרץ, משך הדופק, 7 ns) ו -470 Nm (לייזר הדופק, תדר, 2.5 MHz, משך הדופק, 70 ps). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הקלט את ספקטרום PL בנקודה נרגשת באמצעות ספקטרומטר עם סורגים של 300 או 1,200 חריצים מ&quot;מ -1 . </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קח תמונה פלורסנט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשנות את נקודת עירור על ידי הזזת הבמה המדגם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שינוי נקודת איתור על ידי הטיית collimator(אם נחוץ). </li></ol></li></ol> 3. טכניקת המיקרו-מניפולציה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניפולציה של microspheres <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר מצע קוורץ שעליו microspheres משותקים על השלב המדגם של מיקרוסקופ אופטי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מצא microsphere מוגדר היטב המתאים למדידה μ-PL. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר מיקרו פלסטיק מחט על מכשיר מניפולציה מיקרו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הזז את המחט מיקרו באמצעות ג&#39;ויסטיק מבוקרת מחשב להרים microsphere. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להזיז את microsphere ולחבר אותו microsphere אחר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדוד את μ-PL מן microsphere מחובר. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Mater. 14, 651-655 (2002).</li><li>Okada, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Color-Tunable+Resonant+Photoluminescence+and+Cavity-Mediated+Multistep+Energy+Transfer+Cascade.">Color-Tunable Resonant Photoluminescence and Cavity-Mediated Multistep Energy Transfer Cascade.</a> ACS Nano. 10, 7058-7063 (2016).</li><li>Pecher, J., Mecking, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticles+of+Conjugated+Polymers.">Nanoparticles of Conjugated Polymers.</a> Chem. Rev. 110, 6260-6279 (2010).</li><li>Gather, M. C., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Cell+Biological+Lasers.">Single-Cell Biological Lasers.</a> Nat. Photon. 5, 406-410 (2011).</li><li>Schubert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lasing+within+Live+Cells+Containing+Intracelluler+Optical+Microresonators+for+Barcode-Type+Cell+Tagging+and+Tracking.">Lasing within Live Cells Containing Intracelluler Optical Microresonators for Barcode-Type Cell Tagging and Tracking.</a> Nano Lett. 15, 5647-5652 (2015).</li></ol>

המחברים אינם מכריזים על אינטרסים פיננסיים מתחרים.

The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer mic...

פולימרים ננו / מיקרו חלקיקים בגודל נמצאים בשימוש נרחב עבור מגוון רחב של יישומים, כולל תמיכה זרז, מילוי כרומטוגרפיה עמודות, סוכני משלוח סמים, בדיקות ניאון למעקב תאים, מדיה אופטית, וכן הלאה 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . בפרט, π- פולימרים מצומדות יש הטעם הטעינה הטעינה הטעינה הטמון כי הם מועילים אופטי, אלקטרונית, יישומים אופטיים באמצעות תחומים פולימריים 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , במיוחד יישומי לייזר באמצעות org רךחומרים anic 15 , 16 , 17 . לדוגמה, שילוב תלת מימדי של כדורים עם כמה מאות ננומטר בקוטר צורות colloidal גבישים, אשר מראים פערים הלהקה פוטוניים באורך גל 18 , 19 . כאשר האור מוקף במבנה החודשי של החצייה, פעולת הליסינג מופיעה באמצע רצועת העצירה. מצד שני, כאשר גודל של הספירות עולה בקנה מידה של כמה מיקרומטר, האור מוגבל בתוך microsphere יחיד באמצעות השתקפות פנימית מלאה בממשק פולימר / אוויר 20 . התפשטות גל האור בהיקפו המרבי גורמת להפרעה, מה שמוביל להופעת מצב התהודה עם קווי פליטה חדים ותקופתיים. מצבים אופטיים אלה נקראים &quot;לחישת מצבי גלריה&quot; (WGMs). המונח &quot;לוחש גלריה&quot; מקורוקתדרלת סנט פול בלונדון, שבה גלים קוליים מתפשטים לאורך היקף הקיר, ומאפשרים לחישות להישמע על ידי אדם בצד השני של הגלריה. מכיוון שאורך הגל של האור הוא על סולם המיקרומטרים, שהוא הרבה יותר קטן מגלי קול, כיפה גדולה זו אינה נחוצה עבור WGM של אור: כלים זעירים, מיקרומטריים, מוגדרים היטב, כגון microspheres, microdiscs , ו microcrystals, למלא את התנאים WGM. משוואה 1 היא צורה פשוטה של ​​מצב WGM מהדהד 21 : Nπd = l l (1) כאשר n הוא מקדם השבירה של המהוד, d הוא הקוטר, l הוא מספר שלם, λ הוא אורך הגל של האור. החלק השמאלי של (1) הוא אורך נתיב אופטי דרך ריבוי מעגל אחד. כאשר הנתיב האופטי עולה בקנה אחד עםמספר שלם של אורך הגל, תהודה מתרחשת, ואילו באורך גל אחר, גל האור הוא פחתה על עיגול. מאמר זה מציג מספר שיטות ניסיוניות להכנת microspheres עבור מהודים WGM מ פולימרים מצומדות בתמיסה: דיפוזיה אדים 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , מיני תחליב 31 , משקעים ממשק 32 . לכל שיטה מאפיינים ייחודיים; לדוגמה, שיטת דיפוזיה אדי מעניק microspheres מוגדרים היטב עם כדוריות גבוהה מאוד משטחים חלקים, אבל רק פולימרים גביש נמוך יכול ליצור אלה microspheres. מצד שני, עבור מיני תחליבשיטה, סוגים שונים של פולימרים מצומדות, כולל פולימרים גבישי גבוהה, יכול ליצור כדורים, אבל מורפולוגיה פני השטח הוא נחות לזה המתקבל בשיטת דיפוזיה אדי. שיטת משקעים ממשק עדיף ליצירת microspheres מ-מסוממים, פולימרים שאינם מצומדות. בכל המקרים, הבחירה של ממס ממס שאינו ממלא תפקיד חשוב בעיצוב של מורפולוגיה כדורית. במחצית השנייה של מאמר זה, μ-PL ו מיקרו מניפולציה טכניקות מוצגים. עבור הטכניקה μ-PL, microspheres מפוזרים על מצע, קרן לייזר ממוקדת, באמצעות עדשת מיקרוסקופ, משמש להקרין microsphere בודד בודד 24 . PL שנוצר מתוך כדור הוא זוהה על ידי ספקטרומטר דרך העדשה מיקרוסקופ. העברת הבמה המדגם יכול לשנות את המיקום של נקודה עירור. נקודת האיתור משתנה גם על ידי הטיה של אופטיקה collimator של exciקרן לייזר ביחס לציר האופטי של נתיב האיתור 28 , 32 . כדי לחקור את ההתפשטות אור האור ואת ההמרה אורך, הטכניקה מיקרו מניפולציה ניתן להשתמש 32 . כדי לחבר כמה microspheres עם תכונות אופטיות שונות, ניתן להרים כדור אחד באמצעות מיקרו מחט והניח אותו על כדור אחר. בשילוב עם טכניקות micromanipulation ושיטת μ-PL, מדידות אופטיות שונות ניתן לבצע באמצעות תחומים פולימריים מצומדות, אשר מוכנים על ידי פשוטה עצמית הרכבה השיטה. זה נייר וידאו יהיה שימושי לקוראים המעוניינים להשתמש בחומרים פולימריים רך עבור יישומים אופטיים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>polystyrene</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>132427-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td><td>Kanto Kagaku</td><td>372035-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Wako</td><td>206-08744</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Wako</td><td>038-18495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>139-13995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>571652-500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&amp;prime;,7&amp;prime;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>546461-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&amp;prime;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 32</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Microscope</td><td>Nicon</td><td>Eclipse LV-N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>laser_405 nm</td><td>Hutech</td><td>DH405-10-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Lambda Vision</td><td>LV-MC3/T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homogenizer</td><td>Microtech Nichion</td><td>Physcotron NS-360D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulation</td><td>Microsupport</td><td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

מאמר זה מתאר שלוש שיטות להכנת microspheres פלואורסצנטי המורכב π- מצומדות או שאינם מצומדות פולימרים: דיפוזיה אדי, משקעים ממשק, מיני תחליב. בכל השיטות, בתחומים מוגדרים היטב, מיקרומטר בגודל מתקבלים תהליך הרכבה עצמית בפתרון. שיטת דיפוזיה אדי יכול לגרום כדורים עם כדוריות הגבוהה ביותר ואת חלקות השטח, אך סוגי הפולימרים מסוגל ליצור את הספירות האלה מוגבלים. מצד שני, בשיטת המיני אמולסיה, microspheres יכול להיות עשוי סוגים שונים של פולימרים, אפילו פולימרים גבישיים מאוד עם coplanar, π- מצומדות עמוד השדרה. תכונות photoluminescent (PL) של microspheres בודדים בודדים הם יוצאי דופן: PL מוגבל בתוך תחומי, מתפשט על היקף של תחומים באמצעות השתקפות פנימית מלאה בממשק פולימר / אוויר, והתערבות עצמית כדי להראות חדה תקופתיים התהודה קווי PL. אלה resonatinמצבי G הם כביכול &quot;לחישה מצבי גלריה&quot; (WGMs). עבודה זו מדגימה כיצד למדוד את ה- WGM PL ממקומות בודדים בודדים תוך שימוש בטכניקה של מיקרו-פוטולומינציה (μ-PL). בטכניקה זו, קרן לייזר ממוקדת מקרינה microsphere יחיד, ואת הארה מזוהה על ידי ספקטרומטר. טכניקה micromanipulation משמש אז כדי לחבר את microspheres אחד אחד כדי להדגים את התפשטות PL כדור הארץ המרה צבע מ microspheres יחד עם עירור על היקף של כדור אחד וגילוי של PL מן microsphere אחרים. טכניקות אלה, μ-PL ו micromanipulation, שימושיים עבור ניסויים על יישום מיקרו אופטי באמצעות חומרים פולימריים.

איור 1 מציג ייצוגים סכמטיים של שיטת דיפוזית אדים (א), שיטת אמולסיה מיני (b) ושיטת משקעים ממשק (c). עבור שיטת דיפוזיה אדי ( איור 1 א ), בקבוקון 5 מ&quot;ל המכיל פתרון CHCl 3 של פולימרים (0.5 מ&quot;ג מ&quot;ל -1 , 2 מ&quot;ל) הוצב בקבו...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

פרוטוקולים לסינתזה של microspheres מפולימרים, מניפולציה של microspheres, ומדידות photoluminesencence מיקרו מוצגים.

ייצור של פולימרים microspheres עבור מהוד אופטי ויישומי לייזר

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.0K Views.  University of Tsukuba.  פרוטוקולים לסינתזה של microspheres מפולימרים, מניפולציה של microspheres, ומדידות photoluminesencence מיקרו מוצגים. 

Video: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

ייצור של אולטרה סיליקה Microresonators באיכות גבוהה פקטור

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Metamaterials בודה בשיטת ציור הסיבים

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

פיתוח של חיישני Whispering גלרית Mode פולימריים מייקר אופטי שדה חשמליים

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

מיקרוגל Photonics מערכות המבוססות על מהודי לחישות-גלריה של מצב

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

ייצור ואפיון של סיבים אופטיים הפרעות פולימר ללוקליזציה רוחבית אנדרסון אור

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

ייצור ובדיקה של מתנדים optomechanical Microfluidic

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

המאולץ סטוקס Antistokes פיזור ראמאן ב Microspherical Whispering גלרית מצב מההודים

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

ייצור מיקרופלואידי של סיבים פולימריים וביוהיברידים עם גודל וצורה מעוצבים מראש

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

Bioengineering

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

המצאה של 1-D פוטוניים Crystal חלל על nanofiber שימוש Femtosecond אבלציה לייזר המושרה

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and morphology of the obtained microsphere. A microsphere copolymerized with an acrydite-DNA probe was successfully fabricated. Different methods such as asymmetric PCR, exonuclease digestion, and isolation on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads can be used to synthesize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, these methods cannot efficiently use large amounts of highly purified ssDNA. Here, we describe a microsphere-PCR protocol detailing how ssDNA can be efficiently amplified and separated from dsDNA simply by pipetting from a PCR reaction tube. The amplification of ssDNA can be applied as potential reagents for the DNA microarray and DNA-SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) processes.

This work provides a method for the fabrication of droplet-based microfluidic platforms and the application of polyacrylamide microspheres for microsphere-PCR amplification. The microsphere-PCR method makes it possible to obtain single-stranded DNA amplicons without separating double-stranded DNA.