Este trabajo fue parcialmente apoyado por KAKENHI (25708020, 15K13812, 15H00860, 15H00986, 16H02081) de JSPS / MEXT Japón, la Asahi Glass Foundation y la Universidad de Tsukuba Pre-estratégica iniciativa, &quot;Conjunto de luz con asuntos y vida&quot;.

1. Protocolos de Fabricación de Microsferas de Polímero <ol><li> Método de Difusión de Vapor <ol><li> Se disuelven 2 mg de polímeros conjugados, tales como P1 (poli [(9,9 - dioctilfluoreno - 2,7 - diil) - alt - (5 - octiltieno [3,4 - c ] pirrol - 4,6 - diona - 1, 3 - diil)]) 28 y P2 (poli [(N- (2 - heptilundecyl) carbazol - 2,7 - diil) - alt - (4,8 - bis [(dodecil) carbonil] benzo [1,2b] : 4,5- b &#39;] ditiofeno-2,6-diil)]) 28 , en 2 ml de cloroformo (un buen disolvente) en un vial de 5 ml. </li><li> Ponga 5 ml de metanol (un disolvente pobre) en un vial de 50 ml. </li><li> Colocar el vial de 5 ml que contiene la solución de cloroformo del polímero en el vial de 50 ml que contiene metanol. </li><li> Se tapa el vial de 50 ml y se mantiene durante 3 días a 25 ° C para permitir la precipitación de las microesferas de polímero. </li></ol></li><li> Método de la mini-emulsión <ol><li> Disolver 5 mg de polímeros conjugados, tales como polY [9,9-di-n-octilfluorenil-2,7-diil] (PFO) y poli [2-metoxi-5- (3 &#39;, 7&#39;-dimetiloctiloxi) -1,4-fenilenvinileno] (MDMOPPV) En 1 ml de cloroformo. </li><li> Disolver 30 mg (~ 50 mM) de dodecilsulfato sódico (SDS) en 2 mL de agua desionizada. </li><li> Añadir 100 μl de la solución de cloroformo del polímero a 2 ml de agua que contiene SDS. </li><li> Agitar vigorosamente la mezcla de cloroformo / agua usando un homogeneizador de ultra alta velocidad a 30.000 rpm durante 2 minutos para emulsionar la solución. </li><li> Manténgalo durante 1 día sin tapar el vial para evaporar el cloroformo. </li><li> Centrifugar la dispersión en un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml durante 5 min a 2,200 x g. Eliminar la solución acuosa sobrenadante que contiene SDS. </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de agua desionizada y agitar vigorosamente. </li><li> Repita los pasos 1.2.6 y 1.2.7 tres veces para lavar el SDS residual. </li></ol></li><li> Método de precipitación de la interfaz </li><li> Disolver 200 μg de poliestireno (PS) y 10 μG de colorante fluorescente (borir dipirina, BODIPY) a 0,2 ml de tetrahidrofurano (THF). </li><li> Verter suavemente la solución de THF en 1 mL de la capa de agua. </li><li> Mantenga el THF / agua separado de dos capas durante 6 h sin tapar el vial para permitir la precipitación de las microesferas de polímero. </li></ol> 2. Micro-fotoluminiscencia (μ-PL) Medición <ol><li> Preparación de la muestra <ol><li> Diluir una suspensión de las microesferas preparadas en la sección 1 en un no disolvente ( es decir, metanol o agua desionizada). </li><li> Se centrifuga una gota (20-30 μl) de la suspensión diluida de las microesferas sobre un substrato de cuarzo usando un recubridor por centrifugación (típicamente, 2000 rpm durante 50 s). </li><li> Secar al aire la película moldeada resultante hasta que los disolventes se hayan evaporado completamente (~ 5 min). </li></ol></li><li> Configuración experimental <ol><li> Poner el sustrato de cuarzo (15 x 15 x 0,5 mm 3 ) en la etapa de muestra de un micrófono ópticoOscope </li><li> Encuentre microesferas bien definidas que estén aisladas de otras esferas y apropiadas para la medición μ-PL. </li><li> Seleccione un láser ( es decir, longitud de onda, onda continua o pulso, tiempo de irradiación, integración, etc. ). </li><li> Seleccione la ampliación de la lente. </li></ol></li><li> Mediciones <ol><li> Utilice un rayo láser enfocado para irradiar la microesfera. Utilice la siguiente condición láser: cw o láser pulsado con longitudes de onda de excitación ( λ ex ) de 405 nm (cw), 450 nm (cw), 355 nm (láser de pulso, frecuencia, 1 kHz, duración del impulso, 7 ns) y 470 Nm (pulso láser, frecuencia, 2,5 MHz, duración del impulso, 70 ps). </li><li> Registre el espectro PL en el punto excitado utilizando un espectrómetro con una rejilla de 300 o 1.200 ranuras mm -1 . </li><li> Tome una imagen fluorescente. </li><li> Cambie el punto de excitación moviendo la etapa de muestra. </li><li> Cambiar el punto de detección inclinando el colimador(si necesario). </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Técnica de Micromanipulación <ol><li> Manipulación de microesferas <ol><li> Establecer un sustrato de cuarzo sobre el que las microesferas se inmovilizan en la etapa de la muestra de un microscopio óptico. </li><li> Encuentre una microesfera bien definida apropiada para la medición μ-PL. </li><li> Coloque una microaguja de plástico en un aparato de micro-manipulación. </li><li> Mueva la micro-aguja con un joystick controlado por computadora para recoger una microesfera. </li><li> Mueva la microesfera y conéctela a otra microesfera. </li><li> Mida el μ-PL de la microesfera conectada. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer mic...

Las partículas de nano / micro dimensiones de polímero se usan ampliamente para una variedad de aplicaciones, incluyendo como soporte de catalizador, cargas de cromatografía en columna, agentes de liberación de fármacos, sondas fluorescentes para seguimiento de células, medios ópticos, etcétera 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . En particular, los polímeros conjugados con π tienen propiedades luminescentes inherentes y propiedades de conducción de carga que son beneficiosas para aplicaciones ópticas, electrónicas y optoelectrónicas que utilizan esferas de polímero 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , especialmente aplicaciones de láser que usan soft orgAnic materials 15 , 16 , 17 . Por ejemplo, la integración tridimensional de esferas con varios cientos de diámetros de nanómetro forma cristales coloidales, que muestran holguras de bandas fotónicas a una cierta longitud de onda 18 , 19 . Cuando la luz está confinada en la estructura periódica de la intersfera, la acción láser aparece en el centro de la banda de parada. Por otra parte, cuando el tamaño de las esferas aumenta a la escala de varios micrómetros, la luz se confina dentro de una sola microesfera a través de la reflexión interna total en la interfaz polımero / aire 20 . La propagación de la onda luminosa en la circunferencia máxima resulta en interferencia, dando lugar a la aparición de un modo resonante con líneas de emisión agudas y periódicas. Estos modos ópticos son los llamados &quot;modos de galería susurrantes&quot; (WGMs). El término &quot;galería susurrante&quot; se originóSt. Paul&#39;s Cathedral en Londres, donde las ondas sonoras se propagan a lo largo de la circunferencia de la pared, permitiendo susurros ser escuchado por una persona en el otro lado de la galería. Debido a que la longitud de onda de la luz está en la escala sub-micrométrica, que es mucho más pequeña que las ondas sonoras, una cúpula tan grande no es necesaria para el WGM de la luz: vasos diminutos, micrométricos, bien definidos, como microesferas, microdiscos , Y los microcristales, cumplen las condiciones de WGM. La ecuación 1 es una forma simple de la condición de resonancia WGM 21 : Nπd = lλ (1) Donde n es el índice de refracción del resonador, d es el diámetro, l es el número entero y λ es la longitud de onda de la luz. La parte izquierda de (1) es la longitud de la trayectoria óptica a través de una propagación de un círculo. Cuando la trayectoria óptica coincide con laMúltiplo entero de la longitud de onda, se produce resonancia, mientras que en la otra longitud de onda, la onda luminosa disminuye al redondear. Este documento presenta varios métodos experimentales para preparar microesferas para resonadores WGM a partir de polímeros conjugados en disolución: difusión de vapor 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , mini-emulsión 31 y precipitación en interfase 32 . Cada método tiene características únicas; Por ejemplo, el método de difusión de vapor proporciona microesferas bien definidas con esfericidad muy alta y superficies lisas, pero sólo polímeros de baja cristalinidad pueden formar estas microesferas. Por otra parte, para la mini-emulsión, Varios tipos de polímeros conjugados, incluyendo polímeros de alta cristalina, pueden formar esferas, pero la morfología superficial es inferior a la obtenida a partir del método de difusión de vapor. El método de precipitación de interfases es preferible para crear microesferas a partir de polímeros no conjugados dopados con colorante. En todos los casos, la selección del disolvente y del no disolvente juega un papel importante en la formación de la morfología esférica. En la segunda mitad de este trabajo se presentan técnicas de micro-manipulación y μ-PL. Para la técnica μ-PL, se dispersan microesferas sobre un sustrato, y se utiliza un haz láser enfocado, a través de una lente de microscopio, para irradiar una única microesfera aislada 24 . El PL generado desde una esfera es detectado por un espectrómetro a través de la lente del microscopio. Mover la etapa de muestreo puede variar la posición del punto de excitación. El punto de detección también es variable inclinando la óptica del colimador de la excitaciónTación con respecto al eje óptico de la trayectoria de detección 28 , 32 . Para investigar la propagación de luz intersphere y la conversión de longitud de onda, la técnica de micro-manipulación se puede utilizar [ 32] . Para conectar varias microesferas con diferentes propiedades ópticas, es posible recoger una esfera utilizando una microaguja y colocarla en otra esfera. Conjuntamente con las técnicas de micromanipulación y el método μ-PL, se pueden realizar diversas mediciones ópticas utilizando esferas de polímero conjugado, que se preparan mediante un método de autoensamblaje simple. Este documento de vídeo será útil para los lectores que deseen utilizar materiales poliméricos blandos para aplicaciones ópticas.

<table><tbody><tr><td>polystyrene</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>132427-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td><td>Kanto Kagaku</td><td>372035-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Wako</td><td>206-08744</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Wako</td><td>038-18495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>139-13995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>571652-500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&amp;prime;,7&amp;prime;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>546461-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&amp;prime;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 32</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Microscope</td><td>Nicon</td><td>Eclipse LV-N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>laser_405 nm</td><td>Hutech</td><td>DH405-10-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Lambda Vision</td><td>LV-MC3/T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homogenizer</td><td>Microtech Nichion</td><td>Physcotron NS-360D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulation</td><td>Microsupport</td><td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

Este documento describe tres métodos de preparación de microesferas fluorescentes que comprenden polímeros conjugados o no conjugados: difusión de vapor, precipitación en interfase y mini-emulsión. En todos los métodos, se obtienen esferas bien definidas de tamaño micrométrico a partir de un proceso de autoensamblaje en solución. El método de difusión de vapor puede dar lugar a esferas con la mayor esfericidad y suavidad superficial, aunque los tipos de polímeros capaces de formar estas esferas son limitados. Por otra parte, en el método de mini-emulsión, las microesferas se pueden fabricar a partir de diversos tipos de polímeros, incluso de polímeros altamente cristalinos con espinas dorsales coplanares, conjugadas con π. Las propiedades fotoluminiscentes (PL) de las microesferas aisladas aisladas son inusuales: la PL está confinada dentro de las esferas, se propaga en la circunferencia de las esferas a través de la reflexión interna total en la interfase polımero / aire y se autointerfiere para mostrar resonancias agudas y periódicas Líneas PL. Estos resonanciaG son los denominados &quot;modos de galería susurrantes&quot; (WGMs). Este trabajo demuestra cómo medir WGM PL a partir de esferas aisladas aisladas utilizando la técnica de micro-fotoluminiscencia (μ-PL). En esta técnica, un rayo láser enfocado irradia una sola microesfera, y la luminescencia es detectada por un espectrómetro. A continuación, se utiliza una técnica de micromanipulación para conectar las microesferas una a una y para demostrar la propagación de la intersphere PL y la conversión de color a partir de microesferas acopladas por excitación en el perímetro de una esfera y detección de PL desde la otra microesfera. Estas técnicas, μ-PL y micromanipulación, son útiles para experimentos en aplicaciones de micro-óptica utilizando materiales poliméricos.

La Figura 1 muestra representaciones esquemáticas del método de difusión de vapor (a), método de mini-emulsión (b) y método de precipitación de interfaz (c). Para el método de difusión de vapor ( Figura 1a ), se colocó un vial de 5 ml que contenía una solución de polímeros de CHCl $ ₃ $ (0,5 mg ml -1 , 2 ml) en un vial de 50 ml que contenía 5 ml de un no disolvente, tal como MeOH . El vial exterior se ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Se presentan protocolos para la síntesis de microesferas a partir de polímeros, la manipulación de microesferas y medidas de micro-fotoluminiscencia.

Fabricación de microesferas de polímero para aplicaciones de resonador óptico y láser

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.0K vistas.  University of Tsukuba.  Se presentan protocolos para la síntesis de microesferas a partir de polímeros, la manipulación de microesferas y medidas de micro-fotoluminiscencia. 

Video: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

La fabricación de sílice de alta calidad Ultra microresonators Factor

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Los metamateriales Fabricacion mediante el método de dibujo de fibra

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

Desarrollo de la Whispering Gallery Mode poliméricos micro-ópticos Sensores de campos eléctricos

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

Microondas Fotónica sistemas basados ​​en resonadores-gallery-mode Whispering

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

Fabricación y Caracterización de Polímeros desordenados Fibras ópticas para Transversal Anderson Localización de Luz

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

Fabricación y Pruebas de microfluidos optomecánicos Osciladores

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

Estimulada Stokes y Antistokes Raman Scattering en microesférico Whispering Gallery Mode resonadores

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

Fabricación Microfluídica De Fibras Poliméricas Y Biohíbridas Con Tamaño y Forma Prediseñados

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

Bioingeniería

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

La fabricación de 1-D de cristal fotónico cavidad en un nanofibras Uso de ablación inducida por láser de femtosegundo

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

Fabrication of High-Quality Whispering Gallery Mode Microbubble Resonators

We demonstrate a robust and standardized method for the fabrication of high-quality factor (Q-factor) Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) Microbubble resonators (MBRs) with a precision glass processing machine (PGP). Microbubble resonators are a unique class of WGM devices with integrated fluidic channels, making them ideal for diverse sensing applications. Herein, we show a standardized protocol to fabricate high-Q microbubble resonators through the optimization of key performance metrics, such as Q-factor and wall thickness. We also show methods to improve the sensitivity of the platform to refractive index changes and other sensing targets through Hydrofluoric acid (HF) wet etching. Lastly, a brief analysis of the resistance of microbubbles to fluid flow is discussed, showing that smaller-diameter microbubbles exhibit greater resistance to flow for analyte delivery - a factor that should be considered for analyte delivery. The implementation of this refined fabrication protocol not only increases the success rate of device production but also reduces fabrication time. Moreover, the protocol can be expanded to other techniques used to produce MBRs, such as CO2 laser-based methods.

Here, we demonstrate a robust and standardized protocol for fabricating high-quality factor (Q-factor) Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) Microbubble resonators (MBRs) with a precision glass processing machine (PGP).

Fabricación de resonadores de microburbujas en modo de galería susurrante de alta calidad

We demonstrate a robust and standardized method for the fabrication of high-quality factor (Q-factor) Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) Microbubble resonators ...

Fabricación de microesferas de polímero para aplicaciones de resonador óptico y láser

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