Name: characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water
Uploaded: 2016-08-03T09:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 34 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

עבור בקרת איכות, כמו נוהל מקובל, חסר מעבדה, מגבלות של גילוי (לוד), החלמה, ואת הדירות נבדקו 23. כמה חומרי דברה התגלו בדגימות הריקות ברמות ריכוז נמוכות. LODs נקבעו כערך של הנקודה הנמוכה ביותר על עקומת כיול אשר עונה על הקריטריונים של יחס אות לרעש של 3. LODs הממוצע היו 8.0 pg מו?...

דברה הם הציגו ברציפות בסביבה המימית ועלולה לסכן את אורגניזמים ימיים 1. ניטור של חומרי הדברה בסביבה המימית טיפוסי מבוצע דגימה לתפוס, לעומת זאת, טכניקת דגימה זו אינה מסבירה במלואה את הווריאציות זמניות בריכוזים בשל תנודות בתשומות זרימה או אפיזודי (למשל, משקעים, גלישות ביוב בשילוב, הלגונה ביוב שחרור) 2 , 3. לפיכך, שיטות ניטור צריכות להשתפר עבור אמידה טובה יותר של סיכונים סביבתיים הקשורים חומרי הדברה. דגימה פסיבית מאפשר ניטור רציף על פני תקופה ארוכה של זמן עם תשתית מינימלית וריכוזי מזהמים נמוכה 4,5. דוגמים פסיביים הוכחו להיות כלי רב ערך עבור הניטור מי תהום 6, מים מתוקים 7-10, שפכי 11 ו במי אוקיינוס ​​12. מלבד מעקב אחר מטרות <sup&gt; 13,14, סמפלרים פסיבי גם שימשו לניתוח יעד שאינו 15, בדיקות הרעלים 16,17, ו כחלופה sediment- ו מסויים מופעל 18. דוגמים פסיביים לצבור כימיקלים ברציפויות ממים ולספק זמן ממוצע משוקלל (TWA) ריכוזים 14. את הספיגה של חומר המזהם תלוי קצב הדגימה (R S) ואת מקדם חלוקת סמפלר-מים פסיבי (K PW), אשר תלוי בעיצוב סמפלר הפסיבי, חומר סמפלר, מאפייני physicochemical של חומר המזהם, ותנאים סביבתיים (למשל, מים מערבולת, טמפרטורה) 13,14,19,20. הסרטון המפורט שמטרתו להראות כיצד לכייל ולהחיל דוגמים פסיביים הדברה במים. היעדים הספציפיים הכלולים i) כדי לבצע הכנה, מיצוי וניתוח אינסטרומנטלי עבור 124 חומרי הדברה בודדים באמצעות חמישה סוגים שונים של sampl פסיביers, כולל גומי סיליקון, סמפלר אינטגרטיבי כימיים אורגניים קוטבי (POCIS) -A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS ו- C 18 דיסק, ii) להעריך R S ו- K PW עבור חומרי הדברה במחקר ספיגת מעבדה, ו- III) כדי להדגים כיצד לבחור את סמפלר הפסיבית המתאימה של מתחם היעד של עניין וכיצד לחשב ריכוזי TWA עבור סמפלר הפסיבית בהתאמה. התייחסות לסטנדרטים והתקנים סמפלר פסיבי תרכובות יעד כללו 124 מורשת וכיום חומרי הדברה בשימוש כולל קוטלי עשבים, קוטלי חרקים וקוטלי פטריות (טבלה 1). תערובת פנימית סטנדרטית (IS תערובת) כללה fenoprop (2,4,5-TP), clothianidin 3-D, ethion ו terbuthylazine-D 5. כימיקלים המשמשים אחרות כללו מתנול (MeOH), אצטוניטריל (ACN), אצטון (ACE), dichloromethane (DCM), cyclohexane (CH), אתיל אצטט (EA), et נפטלה (PE), 2-propanol, פתרון אמוניה 25%, חומצה אצטית (HAC) וחומצה פורמית (FA). חמישה מכשירים דגימה פסיבית שונות התאפיינו, כולל גומי סיליקון, POCIS-A ו- POCIS-B, SDB-RPS, ו 1,21 דיסק 18 C. טבלה 1. קצב הדגימה סמפלר פסיבי (ר &#39;S, L יום -1), מקדמי החלוקה סמפלר-מים (K&#39; PW, L ק&quot;ג -1) ומשוואות (Eq.) המשמש לחישוב ריכוזים בדגימות שדה לאדם חומרי הדברה א. (נדפס מן ביומן של כרומטוגרפיה, 1405, לוץ אהרנס, Atlasi Daneshvar, אנה א לאו, ג&#39;ני Kreuger, אפיון חמישה מכשירי דגימה פסיבית לניטור של חומרי הדברה במים, 1-11, כל הזכויות שמורות (2015), באישור Elsevier .) 22 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי להוריד את הקובץ.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06035.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00029.2500&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00012.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-propanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00272.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06054.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammoniak</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.05428.1000</td><td>Purity 25%</td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>94318-50ML-F</td><td>Purity ~98%</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31063-2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Petroleum ether&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34491-4X2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320099-500ML</td><td>Purity &amp;ge;99.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclohexane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Chemicals</td><td>C/8933/17</td><td>for residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &amp;mu;m porosity, volume 6&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Supelco</td><td>57026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, C&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;, diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66883-U</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66886-U&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-A&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-HLB</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-B</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-Pesticide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td><td>EST</td><td>PES</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone rubber sheet</td><td>Altec</td><td>03-65-4516</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 5975C</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>5975C</td><td>GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>HP-5MS UI</td><td>J&amp;amp;W Scientific</td><td>HP-5MS</td><td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 6460</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>6460</td><td>HPLC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata X</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Isolute phase separator, 25 ml</td><td>Biotage</td><td>120-1907-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Ejot &amp;amp; Avdel</td><td>951222</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

חמישה דוגמים פסיביים שונים מים כוילו בתנאי מעבדה למדידת 124 מורשת וחומרי הדברה בשימוש נוכחית. מחקר זה מספק פרוטוקול לעריכת סמפלר פסיבית, כיול, שיטת החילוץ וניתוח אינסטרומנטלי. שיעורי דגימה (R S) ומקדמי מחיצה סמפלר-מים פסיביים (K PW) חושבו עבור גומי סיליקון, POCIS-סמפלר אינטגרטיבי כימי הקוטבי אורגני, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS ודיסק 18 C. הספיגה של התרכובות שנבחרו תלוי מאפייני physicochemical שלהם, כלומר, גומי סיליקון הראה ספיגה טובה יותר עבור תרכובות הידרופובי יותר (יומן מקדם חלוקת octanol-מים (K OW)&gt; 5.3), ואילו POCIS-A, POCIS-B ו- SDB- דיסק RPS היה יותר מתאים תרכובות הידרופיליות (יומן K OW &lt;0.70).

חמש טכניקות סמפלר פסיביות שונות הושוו עבור הספיגה של 124 מורשת וחומרי הדברה בשימוש הנוכחית כולל גומי סיליקון (איור 1), ו POCIS A, B POCIS, SDB-RPS ו- C 18 דיסק (איור 2). המופע של שיטת החילוץ וניתוח אינסטרומנטלי היה מותאם. התוצאה של הניסויים הס?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

אפיון ויישום של דוגמים פסיביים עבור ניטור של דברה במים

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

characterization-application-passive-samplers-for-monitoring

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.5K Views.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Video: Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

משולב שדה Lysimetry וPorewater דגימה להערכת כימית ניידות בקרקעות וצמחייה הוקמה

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

מכויל דגימה פסיבית - מדידות שדה רבה-עלילה של NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; פליטות עם שילוב של שיטת Tube הדינמית דוגמים פסיביים

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

שיטה פשוטה למיצוי שלב המוצק האוטומטי של דגימות מים לניתוח החיסוני של מזהמים קטנים

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

נקי דיגום ואנליזה של נהר ושפכי הנהרות ווטרס ללימודי מתכת עקבות

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

פרוטוקולים לכימות שאריות חומר הדברה להעברת מערכות Turfgrass

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

מערכות טיפול צמחי להסרת מזהמים המשויכים לרעלת פני המים בחקלאות ובנוף העירוני

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Instream רציף ניטור של חומרים מזינים, משקעים ב פרשות מים לחקלאות

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

לכידת משוקלל זרימת מים, חלקיקים מן התעלות חקלאית במהלך אירועים ניקוז

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

רציף הידרולוגיה ומים איכות ניטור של בריכות סולט לייק סיטי

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the local to federal levels. The continuing evolution of PFAS chemistries presents a challenge to the environmental monitoring, where ongoing development of targeted methods necessarily lags the discovery of new chemical compounds. There is a need, therefore, to have forward-looking methodologies that can detect emerging and unexpected compounds, monitor these species over time, and resolve details of their chemical structure to enable future work in human health. To this end, non-targeted analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry offers a broad base detection approach that can be combined with almost any sample preparation scheme and provides significant capabilities for compound identification after detection. Herein, we describe a solid-phase extraction (SPE) based sample concentration method tuned for shorter chain and more hydrophilic PFAS chemistries, such as per fluorinated ether acids and sulfonates, and describe analysis of samples prepared in this fashion in both targeted and non-targeted modes. Targeted methods provide superior quantification when reference standards are available but are intrinsically limited to expected compounds when performing analysis. In contrast, a non-targeted approach can identify the presence of unexpected compounds and provide some information about their chemical structure. Information about chemical features can be used to correlate compounds across sample locations and track abundance and occurrence over time.

Here, we present a protocol for the sequential targeted quantification and non-targeted analysis of fluorinated compounds in water by mass spectrometry. This methodology provides quantitative levels of known fluorochemical compounds and identifies unknown chemicals in related samples with semi-quantitative estimates of their abundance.

זיהוי לכל-כימית Polyfluorinated מינים בזרימת עבודה משולבת יישוב, שאינו ממוקד-סינון ברזולוציה גבוהה ספקטרומטר מסה

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...